Lingua最新文献_第5页

Pragmatics of second person address variation in New Zealand Sign Language 新西兰手语中第二人称称呼变化的语用学研究

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104009

Rachel McKee , Mireille Vale , George Major , Sara Pivac Alexander , Miriam Meyerhoff

Expansion of contexts and purposes for the use of New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) and the affordances of online video communication modes have led to the emergence of new genre features which have not yet been described. Focusing on contemporary online informative videotexts in NZSL, we take a variationist pragmatics lens to examining variation in second person address between index-finger and whole-hand pointing forms. Forms of address are significant in the construction of social relations between speakers and addressees, having the potential to index dimensions of status, social distance and speaker stance. This study used mixed methods to investigate the use and social indexicality of a whole-hand pronominal variant in NZSL, including analysis of its distribution and associated factors in a dataset of online videotexts and data from other genres and time periods. Metapragmatic insight of NZSL signers about contextual and social motivations for the use of whole-hand pointing address enriches our interpretation of observations in the video data. In addition to confirming that the whole-hand form of address is a modern usage, participants identified four other associations with this form: genre, mode, politeness, and Māori context. We conclude that the typical use of whole-hand address in these informative online videos is a feature re-mediated from in-person public speaking contexts, which is now associated with and replicated in the online modality of this public address genre.

新西兰手语（NZSL）使用的语境和目的的扩展以及在线视频通信模式的支持导致了尚未描述的新类型特征的出现。着眼于当代新西兰语的在线信息视频文本，我们采用变异语用学的视角来研究食指和全手指向形式之间第二人称称呼的变异。称呼形式在构建说话人和被说话人之间的社会关系中具有重要意义，具有指示地位、社会距离和说话人立场维度的潜力。本研究采用混合方法调查了NZSL中全手代词变体的使用和社会索引性，包括分析其在在线视频文本数据集中的分布和相关因素，以及来自其他类型和时间段的数据。NZSL签字人对使用全手指向地址的语境和社会动机的元语用洞察丰富了我们对视频数据中观察到的解释。除了确认全手称呼是一种现代用法外，参与者还确定了与这种称呼的其他四种联系：类型、模式、礼貌和Māori语境。我们得出的结论是，在这些信息丰富的在线视频中，全手演讲的典型使用是一种从面对面的公共演讲环境中重新中介的特征，现在与这种公共演讲类型的在线模式相关联并复制。

{"title":"Pragmatics of second person address variation in New Zealand Sign Language","authors":"Rachel McKee , Mireille Vale , George Major , Sara Pivac Alexander , Miriam Meyerhoff","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Expansion of contexts and purposes for the use of New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) and the affordances of online video communication modes have led to the emergence of new genre features which have not yet been described. Focusing on contemporary online informative videotexts in NZSL, we take a variationist pragmatics lens to examining variation in second person address between index-finger and whole-hand pointing forms. Forms of address are significant in the construction of social relations between speakers and addressees, having the potential to index dimensions of status, social distance and speaker stance. This study used mixed methods to investigate the use and social indexicality of a whole-hand pronominal variant in NZSL, including analysis of its distribution and associated factors in a dataset of online videotexts and data from other genres and time periods. Metapragmatic insight of NZSL signers about contextual and social motivations for the use of whole-hand pointing address enriches our interpretation of observations in the video data. In addition to confirming that the whole-hand form of address is a modern usage, participants identified four other associations with this form: genre, mode, politeness, and Māori context. We conclude that the typical use of whole-hand address in these informative online videos is a feature re-mediated from in-person public speaking contexts, which is now associated with and replicated in the online modality of this public address genre.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 104009"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sundanese verbal groups: Towards a systemic functional linguistic description 巽他语语群：走向系统功能语言描述

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104027

Lungguh A. Bangga

This paper focuses on the description of verbal groups in Sundanese, a Malayo-Polynesian language of West Java, Indonesia, from a Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) perspective. Verbal groups in Sundanese are described in relation to their functions in the clause, their interactions with other systemic options at group rank, and their morphology at word rank. It begins by reviewing relevant descriptions of Sundanese verbs. Drawing on SFL theory, verbal groups are then interpreted in relation to their co-textual (discourse semantics) and contextual (register and genre) features. In particular, the paper reveals the contribution of verbal groups to interpersonal and experiential meanings at clause rank. Interpersonally, verbal groups in Sundanese play a role in the negotiation of information and goods-and-services, realise the mood, modality and polarity systems implicated in the tenor of discourse within the context. Experientially, they contribute to the expression of different types of experience in ideational discourse semantics, providing resources for construing the events and states implicated in the field of discourse within context.

本文从系统功能语言学的角度对印尼西爪哇马来-波利尼西亚语巽他语的语群进行了描述。对巽他语的语群进行了描述，包括它们在分句中的功能、它们在组级上与其他系统选项的相互作用以及它们在词级上的形态。本文首先回顾了巽他语动词的相关描述。根据非母语语言理论，对言语群进行共文（话语语义）和语境（语域和体裁）特征的解释。特别地，本文揭示了言语群体在子句层次上对人际意义和经验意义的贡献。在人际关系上，巽他语的言语群体在信息和商品服务的谈判中发挥着作用，在语境中实现了话语基调中隐含的情绪、情态和极性系统。在经验上，它们有助于在概念话语语义学中表达不同类型的经验，为在语境中构建话语场中涉及的事件和状态提供资源。

{"title":"Sundanese verbal groups: Towards a systemic functional linguistic description","authors":"Lungguh A. Bangga","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper focuses on the description of verbal groups in Sundanese, a Malayo-Polynesian language of West Java, Indonesia, from a Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) perspective. Verbal groups in Sundanese are described in relation to their functions in the clause, their interactions with other systemic options at group rank, and their morphology at word rank. It begins by reviewing relevant descriptions of Sundanese verbs. Drawing on SFL theory, verbal groups are then interpreted in relation to their co-textual (discourse semantics) and contextual (register and genre) features. In particular, the paper reveals the contribution of verbal groups to interpersonal and experiential meanings at clause rank. Interpersonally, verbal groups in Sundanese play a role in the negotiation of information and goods-and-services, realise the <span>mood, modality</span> and <span>polarity</span> systems implicated in the tenor of discourse within the context. Experientially, they contribute to the expression of different types of experience in ideational discourse semantics, providing resources for construing the events and states implicated in the field of discourse within context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 104027"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The production of the subjunctive in child heritage Spanish: an examination of early acquired contexts 儿童遗产西班牙语中虚拟语气的产生：早期习得语境的考察

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104026

Laura Solano-Escobar

The present study examined the production of the subjunctive among 30 child heritage speakers, 30 monolingual children, 15 immigrant parents and 15 monolingual parents in two early acquired deontic predicates that differ in selection type (predicates of volition and reported commands, including querer “to want” and decir “to say/tell”). Additionally, it explored the role of chronological age, proficiency, language exposure and language use on the production of the subjunctive. The results obtained via a sentence completion task showed high rates of subjunctive use among the heritage children. Nonetheless, the heritage children differed from the other groups in the production of alternative responses. Results also showed a significant role of chronological age and proficiency in the probability of subjunctive use. The more proficient and the older the children were, the more they produced the subjunctive. Individual results showed variability in the children’s performance with some children exhibiting categorical use of the subjunctive and others showing variable use of it. The study argues for protracted development stemming from the interaction between age and proficiency. It also highlights the importance of considering individual variability in morphosyntactic acquisition, as such variability reflects the dynamic and individualized nature of bilingual development.

本研究考察了30名传统儿童、30名单语儿童、15名移民父母和15名单语父母在两种不同选择类型的早期习得义务谓语（意愿谓语和报告命令谓语，包括询问者“想要”和指示者“说/告诉”）中虚拟语气的产生。此外，本研究还探讨了实足年龄、熟练程度、语言暴露和语言使用对虚拟语气产生的影响。通过完成句子任务获得的结果显示，传统儿童使用虚拟语气的比例很高。尽管如此，遗产儿童在产生替代反应方面与其他群体不同。结果还显示，实足年龄和熟练程度对虚拟语气使用概率的影响显著。孩子越熟练，年龄越大，他们使用虚拟语气的次数就越多。个别结果显示，儿童的表现存在差异，一些儿童表现出对虚拟语气的绝对使用，而另一些儿童表现出对虚拟语气的可变使用。该研究认为，长期发展源于年龄和熟练程度之间的相互作用。它还强调了在形态句法习得中考虑个体差异的重要性，因为这种差异反映了双语发展的动态和个性化。

{"title":"The production of the subjunctive in child heritage Spanish: an examination of early acquired contexts","authors":"Laura Solano-Escobar","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study examined the production of the subjunctive among 30 child heritage speakers, 30 monolingual children, 15 immigrant parents and 15 monolingual parents in two early acquired deontic predicates that differ in selection type (predicates of volition and reported commands, including <em>querer</em> “to want” and <em>decir</em> “to say/tell”). Additionally, it explored the role of chronological age, proficiency, language exposure and language use on the production of the subjunctive. The results obtained via a sentence completion task showed high rates of subjunctive use among the heritage children. Nonetheless, the heritage children differed from the other groups in the production of alternative responses. Results also showed a significant role of chronological age and proficiency in the probability of subjunctive use. The more proficient and the older the children were, the more they produced the subjunctive. Individual results showed variability in the children’s performance with some children exhibiting categorical use of the subjunctive and others showing variable use of it. The study argues for protracted development stemming from the interaction between age and proficiency. It also highlights the importance of considering individual variability in morphosyntactic acquisition, as such variability reflects the dynamic and individualized nature of bilingual development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 104026"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Brain activation in noun-based- and predicate-Eojeol processing during Korean visual word recognition 韩国语视觉词识别过程中名词和谓词加工的脑激活

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104018

Jeahong Kim , Sung Bum Pyun , Kichun Nam

This study explored the neural mechanisms involved in processing noun-based- and predicate-Eojeols, morphologically complex word forms in the Korean language. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a lexical decision task, we examined brain activation patterns for these two word types. The results indicated both shared and distinct neural activation patterns: shared regions, including the lingual gyrus and precentral areas, were associated with primary visual processing and higher-order cognitive functions. Distinct activation was observed in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, particularly for predicate Eojeols, which may be related to their greater morpho-syntactic complexity and increased cognitive load. Behavioral data aligned with these findings, showing slower reaction times and lower accuracy for predicate Eojeols. In discussion, we suggest that morphological complexity contributes to differences in how predicate- and noun-based-Eojeols are processed, which could offer insights into language processing beyond Indo-European languages.

本研究探讨了韩国语词形复杂的名词词形和谓语词形加工的神经机制。在词汇决策任务中，我们使用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）检查了这两种词汇类型的大脑激活模式。结果表明，共享和不同的神经激活模式：共享区域，包括舌回和中央前区，与初级视觉处理和高级认知功能有关。在双侧额下回中观察到明显的激活，特别是在谓词额下回，这可能与它们更高的形态句法复杂性和增加的认知负荷有关。行为数据与这些发现相一致，表明预测Eojeols的反应时间较慢，准确性较低。在讨论中，我们认为形态复杂性导致了基于谓词和基于名词的外来语的处理方式的差异，这可能为印欧语言以外的语言处理提供见解。

引用次数: 0

Lexical-semantic and morphological co-development in L2 Chinese: a complex network approach 二语汉语词汇、语义和形态的共同发展：一个复杂的网络研究方法

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104004

Jian Li , Heng Chen

Using a complex network approach, this study explores the co-development of lexical-semantic knowledge and morphological awareness in second language (L2) Chinese learners. By tracking specific network metrics—such as the steady decline in density (ND) alongside non-monotonic shifts in weighted average degree (WAD) in the lexical-semantic networks, and the persistent rise in average degree (AD) in the word-formation networks—across three proficiency levels, we show how learners move from breadth-focused vocabulary growth toward deeper semantic integration, while their characters show enhanced compounding productivity and cohesive morphological linking. A strong correlation between these two competences is observed, with pivotal characters serving as critical links between the networks. While lexical-semantic knowledge and morphological awareness in L2 Chinese learners co-develop with increasing proficiency, they remain distinct from those of native Chinese speakers. These findings underscore the necessity of integrated, targeted, and stage-specific instructional strategies to facilitate the development of learners’ lexical competence. The study also provides practical insights for teaching Chinese as a foreign language (TCFL) through quantitative and visual analyses of L2 development.

本研究采用复杂网络研究方法，探讨了第二语言汉语学习者词汇语义知识和形态意识的共同发展。通过跟踪特定的网络指标，如词汇语义网络中密度（ND）的稳步下降以及加权平均程度（WAD）的非单调变化，以及构词法网络中平均程度（AD）的持续上升，我们展示了学习者如何从以广度为重点的词汇增长向更深层次的语义整合转变，同时他们的特征显示出增强的复合生产力和内聚形态连接。这两种能力之间存在很强的相关性，关键特征是网络之间的关键联系。虽然二语汉语学习者的词汇语义知识和词形意识是随着熟练程度的提高而共同发展的，但它们与汉语母语者仍然存在差异。这些发现强调了综合的、有针对性的、有阶段的教学策略对于促进学习者词汇能力发展的必要性。本研究还通过对二语发展的定量和可视化分析，为对外汉语教学提供了实用的见解。

{"title":"Lexical-semantic and morphological co-development in L2 Chinese: a complex network approach","authors":"Jian Li , Heng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using a complex network approach, this study explores the co-development of lexical-semantic knowledge and morphological awareness in second language (L2) Chinese learners. By tracking specific network metrics—such as the steady decline in density (ND) alongside non-monotonic shifts in weighted average degree (WAD) in the lexical-semantic networks, and the persistent rise in average degree (AD) in the word-formation networks—across three proficiency levels, we show how learners move from breadth-focused vocabulary growth toward deeper semantic integration, while their characters show enhanced compounding productivity and cohesive morphological linking. A strong correlation between these two competences is observed, with pivotal characters serving as critical links between the networks. While lexical-semantic knowledge and morphological awareness in L2 Chinese learners co-develop with increasing proficiency, they remain distinct from those of native Chinese speakers. These findings underscore the necessity of integrated, targeted, and stage-specific instructional strategies to facilitate the development of learners’ lexical competence. The study also provides practical insights for teaching Chinese as a foreign language (TCFL) through quantitative and visual analyses of L2 development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 104004"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effects of linguistic proximity on dependency distance and dependency direction of translated English from 35 languages 语言接近度对35种语言翻译英语依赖距离和依赖方向的影响

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104020

Zhaoxia Liu

As the “third code”, translated language differs from native language in terms of syntactic features. Translations from different source languages can exhibit syntactic variation due to the source language shining-through effect. This study investigates the impact of linguistic proximity on dependency distance and dependency direction of translated English from various source languages. A corpus of native English and translated English from 35 languages was constructed and annotated for analysis. The findings are: (1) Compared to native English, translated English from 17 languages exhibits shorter mean dependency distances (MDD), while translations from 18 languages exhibit longer MDD. Translations from 13 languages are more head-final, while translations from 22 languages are more head-initial. (2) The dependency distance of translated English correlates positively with the linguistic proximity between source language and English, while the clustering of dependency directions is associated with the linguistic proximity of source languages within language families. (3) For languages spoken in countries where English is an official language alongside the native language, the dependency distance and dependency direction of translated English are influenced more by English than by the native language. These differences arise because dependency distance reflects the cognitive demand involved in processing dependency relations, whereas dependency direction functions as a typological marker distinguishing languages.

翻译语言作为“第三码”，在句法特征上不同于母语。由于源语言的闪过效应，不同源语言的译文会出现句法上的差异。本研究探讨了语言接近性对不同源语言翻译英语依赖距离和依赖方向的影响。构建了35种语言的母语英语和翻译英语语料库，并对其进行了注释以供分析。研究发现：(1)与母语英语相比，17种语言翻译的英语平均依赖距离（MDD）较短，而18种语言翻译的英语平均依赖距离（MDD）较长。来自13种语言的翻译更多的是头尾，而来自22种语言的翻译更多的是头首。(2)翻译英语的依赖距离与源语与英语的语言接近度呈正相关，而依赖方向的聚类与语系内源语的语言接近度呈正相关。(3)在英语为官方语言和母语的国家，翻译英语的依赖距离和依赖方向受英语的影响大于受母语的影响。这些差异的产生是因为依赖距离反映了处理依赖关系所涉及的认知需求，而依赖方向则是区分语言的类型标记。

{"title":"The effects of linguistic proximity on dependency distance and dependency direction of translated English from 35 languages","authors":"Zhaoxia Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the “third code”, translated language differs from native language in terms of syntactic features. Translations from different source languages can exhibit syntactic variation due to the source language shining-through effect. This study investigates the impact of linguistic proximity on dependency distance and dependency direction of translated English from various source languages. A corpus of native English and translated English from 35 languages was constructed and annotated for analysis. The findings are: (1) Compared to native English, translated English from 17 languages exhibits shorter mean dependency distances (MDD), while translations from 18 languages exhibit longer MDD. Translations from 13 languages are more head-final, while translations from 22 languages are more head-initial. (2) The dependency distance of translated English correlates positively with the linguistic proximity between source language and English, while the clustering of dependency directions is associated with the linguistic proximity of source languages within language families. (3) For languages spoken in countries where English is an official language alongside the native language, the dependency distance and dependency direction of translated English are influenced more by English than by the native language. These differences arise because dependency distance reflects the cognitive demand involved in processing dependency relations, whereas dependency direction functions as a typological marker distinguishing languages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 104020"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144738550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Resolving homophonous ambiguity in Mandarin adverbs: Contextual constraints and bidirectional optimization 汉语副词同音歧义的消解：语境约束与双向优化

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104007

Yu-Ching Tseng

This study examines homophonous ambiguity in Mandarin adverbs, particularly their ability to function as speaker-oriented, subject-oriented, and manner modifiers. The ambiguity arises when an adverb can be interpreted in multiple ways within the same sentence. In neutral contexts, these interpretations can coexist without contradiction; however, when contextual information highlights conflicts between them, sentences often become semantically incoherent. By analyzing sentence acceptability ratings and interpretation consistency provided by native Mandarin speakers, the data reveal that conflicting contextual cues lead to interpretive conflict and reduced comprehensibility. The study applies Bidirectional Optimality Theory (BiOT) to model how syntactic and semantic constraints interact to produce and interpret ambiguous adverbial structures. BiOT explains how conflicting interpretations compete and how listeners resolve ambiguity by filtering out incoherent readings. The findings suggest that Mandarin speakers rely on lexico-pragmatic association, contextual expansion, and pragmatic inference to navigate ambiguity, and that speaker-oriented adverbs play a crucial role in structuring discourse. This study contributes to linguistic theory by offering a formalized approach to Mandarin adverbial modification and ambiguity resolution, highlighting the role of context and discourse in meaning selection.

本研究考察了汉语副词中的同音歧义，特别是它们作为说话人导向、主语导向和方式导向的能力。当一个副词在同一个句子中可以有多种解释时，歧义就产生了。在中性语境中，这些解释可以共存而没有矛盾；然而，当上下文信息强调它们之间的冲突时，句子往往变得语义不连贯。通过分析以普通话为母语的人提供的句子可接受度评分和口译一致性，数据表明语境线索冲突导致口译冲突和可理解性降低。本研究运用双向最优性理论（BiOT）来模拟句法和语义约束如何相互作用产生和解释歧义状语结构。BiOT解释了相互矛盾的解释是如何相互竞争的，以及听众是如何通过过滤掉不连贯的阅读来解决歧义的。研究结果表明，汉语使用者通过词汇语用关联、语境扩展和语用推理来引导歧义，并且以说话人为导向的副词在语篇结构中起着至关重要的作用。本研究为汉语状语修饰和歧义消解提供了一种形式化的方法，强调了语境和话语在意义选择中的作用，从而为语言学理论做出了贡献。

{"title":"Resolving homophonous ambiguity in Mandarin adverbs: Contextual constraints and bidirectional optimization","authors":"Yu-Ching Tseng","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines homophonous ambiguity in Mandarin adverbs, particularly their ability to function as speaker-oriented, subject-oriented, and manner modifiers. The ambiguity arises when an adverb can be interpreted in multiple ways within the same sentence. In neutral contexts, these interpretations can coexist without contradiction; however, when contextual information highlights conflicts between them, sentences often become semantically incoherent. By analyzing sentence acceptability ratings and interpretation consistency provided by native Mandarin speakers, the data reveal that conflicting contextual cues lead to interpretive conflict and reduced comprehensibility. The study applies Bidirectional Optimality Theory (BiOT) to model how syntactic and semantic constraints interact to produce and interpret ambiguous adverbial structures. BiOT explains how conflicting interpretations compete and how listeners resolve ambiguity by filtering out incoherent readings. The findings suggest that Mandarin speakers rely on lexico-pragmatic association, contextual expansion, and pragmatic inference to navigate ambiguity, and that speaker-oriented adverbs play a crucial role in structuring discourse. This study contributes to linguistic theory by offering a formalized approach to Mandarin adverbial modification and ambiguity resolution, highlighting the role of context and discourse in meaning selection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 104007"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144632596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Regional variation in conventional expressions: a comparative study of Mandarin in Mainland China and Taiwan 习惯用语的地域差异：中国大陆与台湾普通话的比较研究

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104035

Fengming Liu , Xiaoying Liles

This exploratory study investigated regional variation in conventional expressions between two varieties of Mandarin, a pluricentric language, spoken in Mainland China and Taiwan. A timed aural-oral Discourse Completion Task was conducted, and over 9,000 oral responses were collected from 152 L1 speakers in Mainland China and Taiwan. This study adopted the Variational Pragmatics framework and conducted pragmatic analysis at three levels: speech act, pragmatic strategy, and the actional level, specifically focusing on the linguistic realizations of conventional expressions. The results showed that although conventional expressions embody high alignment in these two regions at the speech act level, regional variation was observed at the pragmatic strategy level, the actional level, and in some cases at both levels. At the pragmatic strategy level, speakers in the two regions used different semantic formulas, realized through distinct expressions, to perform the same speech act. At the actional level, while the distribution and production rates of conventional expressions were similar across the two regions, regional variation manifested in two ways: “variation across expressions” and “variation within expressions.” This study provides empirical data to the field of variational pragmatics by examining Mandarin varieties and sheds light on regional pragmatic similarities and differences between these intra-cultural varieties.

本研究探讨了中国大陆和台湾两种多中心语言普通话的区域差异。我们进行了一项定时的听觉-口语话语完成任务，收集了来自中国大陆和台湾的152名母语使用者的9000多份口头回复。本研究采用变分语用学框架，从言语行为、语用策略和行为三个层面进行语用分析，重点关注传统表达的语言实现。结果表明，尽管传统表达在言语行为水平上体现了这两个区域的高度一致性，但在语用策略水平和行为水平上存在区域差异，在某些情况下在两个水平上都存在区域差异。在语用策略层面，两个地区的说话者使用不同的语义公式，通过不同的表达来实现相同的言语行为。在行为层面，虽然两个地区的传统表达的分布和生产速度相似，但区域差异表现为“跨表达的差异”和“表达内的差异”。本研究通过考察普通话变体为变分语用学领域提供了实证数据，并揭示了这些文化内变体之间的区域语用异同。

{"title":"Regional variation in conventional expressions: a comparative study of Mandarin in Mainland China and Taiwan","authors":"Fengming Liu , Xiaoying Liles","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This exploratory study investigated regional variation in conventional expressions between two varieties of Mandarin, a pluricentric language, spoken in Mainland China and Taiwan. A timed aural-oral Discourse Completion Task was conducted, and over 9,000 oral responses were collected from 152 L1 speakers in Mainland China and Taiwan. This study adopted the Variational Pragmatics framework and conducted pragmatic analysis at three levels: speech act, pragmatic strategy, and the actional level, specifically focusing on the linguistic realizations of conventional expressions. The results showed that although conventional expressions embody high alignment in these two regions at the speech act level, regional variation was observed at the pragmatic strategy level, the actional level, and in some cases at both levels. At the pragmatic strategy level, speakers in the two regions used different semantic formulas, realized through distinct expressions, to perform the same speech act. At the actional level, while the distribution and production rates of conventional expressions were similar across the two regions, regional variation manifested in two ways: “variation across expressions” and “variation within expressions.” This study provides empirical data to the field of variational pragmatics by examining Mandarin varieties and sheds light on regional pragmatic similarities and differences between these intra-cultural varieties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 104035"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cultural conceptualisations of karma in American, Indian, and Hong Kong varieties of English 美国、印度和香港英语中因果报应的文化概念

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104010

Yanyan Zhang , Ruoyan Cui

Karma is commonly understood as the belief that morally relevant actions lead to proportionate consequences. By adopting a corpus-based approach, this study examines cultural conceptualisations of karma in American, Indian, and Hong Kong varieties of English from the perspective of Cultural Linguistics. It has been found that cultural schemas of karma mainly involve four themes: creation, operation, effect, and transformation/removal. In American English, karma typically arises from bad secular actions, results in negative secular outcomes, and is transformed or removed through secular practices. In contrast, in Indian and Hong Kong Englishes, karma often links spiritual actions to commensurate outcomes, operates through reincarnation, and is addressed through dharmic practices. Cultural metaphors of karma conceptualise it in both non-agentive and agentive terms. While non-agentive metaphors conceptualise karma in terms of causation, accounting, journey, and contagion, demonstrating cross-varietal similarities and differences, the agentive metaphor – karma is a supernatural agent – is almost exclusively found in American English. A diagram has been proposed to illustrate the interrelationships among the cultural schemas and metaphors of karma, highlighting its multifaceted, procedural, and dynamic nature. This study demonstrates the viability of a cultural-linguistic approach to studying English varieties by focusing on a specific cultural concept.

因果报应通常被理解为相信与道德相关的行为会导致相应的后果。本文采用语料库为基础，从文化语言学的角度考察了美国、印度和香港英语变体中因果报应的文化概念。研究发现，业力的文化图式主要包括四个主题：创造、运作、效果和转化/消除。在美式英语中，业力通常源于世俗的不良行为，导致消极的世俗结果，并通过世俗的实践来转化或消除。相反，在印度和香港英语中，业力通常将精神行为与相应的结果联系起来，通过转世运作，并通过佛法实践来解决。业力的文化隐喻在非代理和代理术语中概念化它。非代理隐喻从因果关系、会计、旅程和传染等方面对因果报应进行了概念化，展示了跨品种的相似性和差异性，而代理隐喻——因果报应是一种超自然的动因——几乎只存在于美式英语中。本文提出了一个图表来说明因果报应的文化图式和隐喻之间的相互关系，突出了因果报应的多面性、程序性和动态性。本研究通过关注特定的文化概念，证明了文化语言学方法研究英语变体的可行性。

{"title":"Cultural conceptualisations of karma in American, Indian, and Hong Kong varieties of English","authors":"Yanyan Zhang , Ruoyan Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span>Karma</span> is commonly understood as the belief that morally relevant actions lead to proportionate consequences. By adopting a corpus-based approach, this study examines cultural conceptualisations of <span>karma</span> in American, Indian, and Hong Kong varieties of English from the perspective of Cultural Linguistics. It has been found that cultural schemas of <span>karma</span> mainly involve four themes: <span>creation</span>, <span>operation</span>, <span>effect,</span> and <span>transformation/removal</span>. In American English, <span>karma</span> typically arises from bad secular actions, results in negative secular outcomes, and is transformed or removed through secular practices. In contrast, in Indian and Hong Kong Englishes, <span>karma</span> often links spiritual actions to commensurate outcomes, operates through reincarnation, and is addressed through dharmic practices. Cultural metaphors of <span>karma</span> conceptualise it in both non-agentive and agentive terms. While non-agentive metaphors conceptualise <span>karma</span> in terms of <span>causation</span>, <span>accounting</span>, <span>journey,</span> and <span>contagion</span>, demonstrating cross-varietal similarities and differences, the agentive metaphor – <span>karma is a supernatural agent</span> <span>–</span> is almost exclusively found in American English. A diagram has been proposed to illustrate the interrelationships among the cultural schemas and metaphors of <span>karma</span>, highlighting its multifaceted, procedural, and dynamic nature. This study demonstrates the viability of a cultural-linguistic approach to studying English varieties by focusing on a specific cultural concept.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 104010"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144662500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Examining the role of relational competition and English proficiency in noun-noun compound recognition among Chinese EFL learners 关系竞争和英语水平在中国英语学习者名词-名词复合识别中的作用

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104023

Gong Cheng , Hai Xu , Xian Zhang

Recent findings on English L1 speakers’ visual recognition of noun-noun compounds suggest that competitive mechanisms are triggered by potential conceptual relations associated with these compounds. While relation-based semantic composition in compound processing has been found in English L2 speakers (specifically Chinese speakers), the role of relational competition remains unclear. This study employed a lexical decision task manipulating word type and relational competition to examine the processing of noun-noun compounds among 60 Chinese EFL learners at intermediate and advanced proficiency levels. Results indicate that processing speed was influenced by the conceptual relations involved in compound processing. Moreover, processing speed was closely linked to the degree of relational competition, with stronger competition leading to longer response times. In addition, English proficiency significantly influenced processing efficiency, as higher-proficiency learners responded more quickly. Furthermore, qualitative differences between the two proficiency groups emerged when both relational competition and compound frequency were considered.

最近关于英语母语者对名词-名词复合词视觉识别的研究表明，竞争机制是由与这些复合词相关的潜在概念关系触发的。虽然在英语二语使用者（特别是汉语使用者）中发现了复合加工中基于关系的语义构成，但关系竞争的作用尚不清楚。本研究采用操纵词型和关系竞争的词汇决策任务，考察了60名中高级英语学习者对名词-名词复合词的加工。结果表明，复合加工中涉及的概念关系对加工速度有一定的影响。此外，处理速度与关系竞争的程度密切相关，竞争越强，反应时间越长。此外，英语水平显著影响加工效率，英语水平越高的学习者反应越快。此外，当考虑到关系竞争和复合频率时，两个熟练程度组之间出现了质的差异。

{"title":"Examining the role of relational competition and English proficiency in noun-noun compound recognition among Chinese EFL learners","authors":"Gong Cheng , Hai Xu , Xian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent findings on English L1 speakers’ visual recognition of noun-noun compounds suggest that competitive mechanisms are triggered by potential conceptual relations associated with these compounds. While relation-based semantic composition in compound processing has been found in English L2 speakers (specifically Chinese speakers), the role of relational competition remains unclear. This study employed a lexical decision task manipulating word type and relational competition to examine the processing of noun-noun compounds among 60 Chinese EFL learners at intermediate and advanced proficiency levels. Results indicate that processing speed was influenced by the conceptual relations involved in compound processing. Moreover, processing speed was closely linked to the degree of relational competition, with stronger competition leading to longer response times. In addition, English proficiency significantly influenced processing efficiency, as higher-proficiency learners responded more quickly. Furthermore, qualitative differences between the two proficiency groups emerged when both relational competition and compound frequency were considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"326 ","pages":"Article 104023"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144827038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0