IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104020

Zhaoxia Liu

As the “third code”, translated language differs from native language in terms of syntactic features. Translations from different source languages can exhibit syntactic variation due to the source language shining-through effect. This study investigates the impact of linguistic proximity on dependency distance and dependency direction of translated English from various source languages. A corpus of native English and translated English from 35 languages was constructed and annotated for analysis. The findings are: (1) Compared to native English, translated English from 17 languages exhibits shorter mean dependency distances (MDD), while translations from 18 languages exhibit longer MDD. Translations from 13 languages are more head-final, while translations from 22 languages are more head-initial. (2) The dependency distance of translated English correlates positively with the linguistic proximity between source language and English, while the clustering of dependency directions is associated with the linguistic proximity of source languages within language families. (3) For languages spoken in countries where English is an official language alongside the native language, the dependency distance and dependency direction of translated English are influenced more by English than by the native language. These differences arise because dependency distance reflects the cognitive demand involved in processing dependency relations, whereas dependency direction functions as a typological marker distinguishing languages.

翻译语言作为“第三码”，在句法特征上不同于母语。由于源语言的闪过效应，不同源语言的译文会出现句法上的差异。本研究探讨了语言接近性对不同源语言翻译英语依赖距离和依赖方向的影响。构建了35种语言的母语英语和翻译英语语料库，并对其进行了注释以供分析。研究发现：(1)与母语英语相比，17种语言翻译的英语平均依赖距离（MDD）较短，而18种语言翻译的英语平均依赖距离（MDD）较长。来自13种语言的翻译更多的是头尾，而来自22种语言的翻译更多的是头首。(2)翻译英语的依赖距离与源语与英语的语言接近度呈正相关，而依赖方向的聚类与语系内源语的语言接近度呈正相关。(3)在英语为官方语言和母语的国家，翻译英语的依赖距离和依赖方向受英语的影响大于受母语的影响。这些差异的产生是因为依赖距离反映了处理依赖关系所涉及的认知需求，而依赖方向则是区分语言的类型标记。

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引用次数: 0

Placeholders in written language: The case of Japanese kō and otsu 书面语言中的占位符：日语中的kkui和otsu

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104008

Tohru Seraku

A communicator is sometimes unable or unwilling to produce a particular expression. One of the lexical resources for overcoming such word-formulation difficulties is the use of placeholders like whatchamacallit and you-know-what. Whilst recent years have seen a proliferation of research on placeholders across diverse languages, prior studies have largely focussed on spoken language, with little attention paid to their use in writing. This paper reveals that Japanese has placeholders that appear almost exclusively in written language, predominantly in legal texts. First, we describe the distributional and grammatical properties of the placeholders kō and otsu through a theory-neutral analysis of data retrieved from The Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese. Second, building on this descriptive foundation, we propose a cognitive account of their semantic and pragmatic aspects within the framework of Relevance Theory. We argue that kō and otsu encode procedural meaning and demonstrate how specific interpretations, both explicit and implicit, arise from the interaction among procedural meaning, contextual assumptions, and pragmatic principles. The present work advances the scholarship of placeholders by providing the first detailed account of placeholders in written language and by developing a semantic–pragmatic integrated approach to their contextual interpretation.

沟通者有时不能或不愿表达某种特定的表达。克服这种词汇表达困难的词汇资源之一是使用占位符，如whatchamacallit和you-know-what。虽然近年来对不同语言中占位符的研究激增，但之前的研究主要集中在口语上，很少关注它们在写作中的使用。本文揭示了日语的占位符几乎只出现在书面语言中，主要出现在法律文本中。首先，我们通过对《当代书面日语平衡语料库》中检索到的数据进行理论中立的分析，描述了占位符khi和otsu的分布和语法特性。其次，在此描述基础上，我们在关联理论的框架内提出了对其语义和语用方面的认知解释。我们认为，kue和otsu编码程序意义，并展示了显性和隐性的具体解释是如何从程序意义、语境假设和语用原则之间的相互作用中产生的。目前的工作通过提供书面语言中占位符的第一个详细说明，并通过开发一种语义-语用综合方法来解释其上下文，从而推进了占位符的学术研究。

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引用次数: 0

Brain activation in noun-based- and predicate-Eojeol processing during Korean visual word recognition 韩国语视觉词识别过程中名词和谓词加工的脑激活

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104018

Jeahong Kim , Sung Bum Pyun , Kichun Nam

This study explored the neural mechanisms involved in processing noun-based- and predicate-Eojeols, morphologically complex word forms in the Korean language. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a lexical decision task, we examined brain activation patterns for these two word types. The results indicated both shared and distinct neural activation patterns: shared regions, including the lingual gyrus and precentral areas, were associated with primary visual processing and higher-order cognitive functions. Distinct activation was observed in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, particularly for predicate Eojeols, which may be related to their greater morpho-syntactic complexity and increased cognitive load. Behavioral data aligned with these findings, showing slower reaction times and lower accuracy for predicate Eojeols. In discussion, we suggest that morphological complexity contributes to differences in how predicate- and noun-based-Eojeols are processed, which could offer insights into language processing beyond Indo-European languages.

本研究探讨了韩国语词形复杂的名词词形和谓语词形加工的神经机制。在词汇决策任务中，我们使用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）检查了这两种词汇类型的大脑激活模式。结果表明，共享和不同的神经激活模式：共享区域，包括舌回和中央前区，与初级视觉处理和高级认知功能有关。在双侧额下回中观察到明显的激活，特别是在谓词额下回，这可能与它们更高的形态句法复杂性和增加的认知负荷有关。行为数据与这些发现相一致，表明预测Eojeols的反应时间较慢，准确性较低。在讨论中，我们认为形态复杂性导致了基于谓词和基于名词的外来语的处理方式的差异，这可能为印欧语言以外的语言处理提供见解。

引用次数: 0

Constructional variation, grammaticalization, and constructional network of extreme degree resultatives in Mandarin: A quantitative analysis 构变、语法化与汉语极端结果语构网的定量分析

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-07-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104017

Yuanmeng Liu , Na Liu , Fuyin Thomas Li

This study uses a quantitative approach to examine the constructional variation and constructional network of Mandarin extreme degree resultatives, focusing on [VP/AP-SI/TOU/HUAI]. In these constructions, SI ‘die’, TOU ‘penetrate’ and HUAI ‘go bad’ are categorized as extreme complements of degree. Although sharing general form and meaning, they exhibit distinct collocational preferences. The findings reveal a shift in the prototype of extreme degree resultatives, with [VP/AP-TOU-le] and [VP/AP-HUAI-le] expanding their collocational scopes, while [VP/AP-SI-le] shows the lowest productivity along with its higher degree of grammaticalization. Additionally, the study extends the network of extreme complements of degree to include 55 new members and explores the interactions between complements and constructions. The results suggest a developmental trajectory for extreme degree resultatives and highlight the need for further research on their diachronic relationships and the influence of original meanings on predicate selection.

本研究以[VP/AP-SI/TOU/HUAI]为研究对象，采用定量分析的方法对汉语极端程度结果语的结构变异和结构网络进行了研究。在这些构式中，SI“死”、TOU“透”和淮“坏”被归类为程度的极端补语。虽然具有一般的形式和意义，但它们表现出不同的搭配偏好。结果表明，极端程度结果语的原型发生了变化，[VP/ ap - toui -le]和[VP/ ap - huaie -le]扩展了它们的搭配范围，而[VP/AP-SI-le]表现出最低的生产力和更高的语法化程度。此外，本研究将极端程度补语网络扩展到55个新成员，并探讨了补语与结构之间的相互作用。结果表明了极端程度结果语的发展轨迹，并强调需要进一步研究极端程度结果语的历时关系和原意对谓词选择的影响。

引用次数: 0

Cultural conceptualisations of karma in American, Indian, and Hong Kong varieties of English 美国、印度和香港英语中因果报应的文化概念

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104010

Yanyan Zhang , Ruoyan Cui

Karma is commonly understood as the belief that morally relevant actions lead to proportionate consequences. By adopting a corpus-based approach, this study examines cultural conceptualisations of karma in American, Indian, and Hong Kong varieties of English from the perspective of Cultural Linguistics. It has been found that cultural schemas of karma mainly involve four themes: creation, operation, effect, and transformation/removal. In American English, karma typically arises from bad secular actions, results in negative secular outcomes, and is transformed or removed through secular practices. In contrast, in Indian and Hong Kong Englishes, karma often links spiritual actions to commensurate outcomes, operates through reincarnation, and is addressed through dharmic practices. Cultural metaphors of karma conceptualise it in both non-agentive and agentive terms. While non-agentive metaphors conceptualise karma in terms of causation, accounting, journey, and contagion, demonstrating cross-varietal similarities and differences, the agentive metaphor – karma is a supernatural agent – is almost exclusively found in American English. A diagram has been proposed to illustrate the interrelationships among the cultural schemas and metaphors of karma, highlighting its multifaceted, procedural, and dynamic nature. This study demonstrates the viability of a cultural-linguistic approach to studying English varieties by focusing on a specific cultural concept.

因果报应通常被理解为相信与道德相关的行为会导致相应的后果。本文采用语料库为基础，从文化语言学的角度考察了美国、印度和香港英语变体中因果报应的文化概念。研究发现，业力的文化图式主要包括四个主题：创造、运作、效果和转化/消除。在美式英语中，业力通常源于世俗的不良行为，导致消极的世俗结果，并通过世俗的实践来转化或消除。相反，在印度和香港英语中，业力通常将精神行为与相应的结果联系起来，通过转世运作，并通过佛法实践来解决。业力的文化隐喻在非代理和代理术语中概念化它。非代理隐喻从因果关系、会计、旅程和传染等方面对因果报应进行了概念化，展示了跨品种的相似性和差异性，而代理隐喻——因果报应是一种超自然的动因——几乎只存在于美式英语中。本文提出了一个图表来说明因果报应的文化图式和隐喻之间的相互关系，突出了因果报应的多面性、程序性和动态性。本研究通过关注特定的文化概念，证明了文化语言学方法研究英语变体的可行性。

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引用次数: 0

Resolving homophonous ambiguity in Mandarin adverbs: Contextual constraints and bidirectional optimization 汉语副词同音歧义的消解：语境约束与双向优化

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104007

Yu-Ching Tseng

This study examines homophonous ambiguity in Mandarin adverbs, particularly their ability to function as speaker-oriented, subject-oriented, and manner modifiers. The ambiguity arises when an adverb can be interpreted in multiple ways within the same sentence. In neutral contexts, these interpretations can coexist without contradiction; however, when contextual information highlights conflicts between them, sentences often become semantically incoherent. By analyzing sentence acceptability ratings and interpretation consistency provided by native Mandarin speakers, the data reveal that conflicting contextual cues lead to interpretive conflict and reduced comprehensibility. The study applies Bidirectional Optimality Theory (BiOT) to model how syntactic and semantic constraints interact to produce and interpret ambiguous adverbial structures. BiOT explains how conflicting interpretations compete and how listeners resolve ambiguity by filtering out incoherent readings. The findings suggest that Mandarin speakers rely on lexico-pragmatic association, contextual expansion, and pragmatic inference to navigate ambiguity, and that speaker-oriented adverbs play a crucial role in structuring discourse. This study contributes to linguistic theory by offering a formalized approach to Mandarin adverbial modification and ambiguity resolution, highlighting the role of context and discourse in meaning selection.

本研究考察了汉语副词中的同音歧义，特别是它们作为说话人导向、主语导向和方式导向的能力。当一个副词在同一个句子中可以有多种解释时，歧义就产生了。在中性语境中，这些解释可以共存而没有矛盾；然而，当上下文信息强调它们之间的冲突时，句子往往变得语义不连贯。通过分析以普通话为母语的人提供的句子可接受度评分和口译一致性，数据表明语境线索冲突导致口译冲突和可理解性降低。本研究运用双向最优性理论（BiOT）来模拟句法和语义约束如何相互作用产生和解释歧义状语结构。BiOT解释了相互矛盾的解释是如何相互竞争的，以及听众是如何通过过滤掉不连贯的阅读来解决歧义的。研究结果表明，汉语使用者通过词汇语用关联、语境扩展和语用推理来引导歧义，并且以说话人为导向的副词在语篇结构中起着至关重要的作用。本研究为汉语状语修饰和歧义消解提供了一种形式化的方法，强调了语境和话语在意义选择中的作用，从而为语言学理论做出了贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Pragmatics of second person address variation in New Zealand Sign Language 新西兰手语中第二人称称呼变化的语用学研究

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104009

Rachel McKee , Mireille Vale , George Major , Sara Pivac Alexander , Miriam Meyerhoff

Expansion of contexts and purposes for the use of New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) and the affordances of online video communication modes have led to the emergence of new genre features which have not yet been described. Focusing on contemporary online informative videotexts in NZSL, we take a variationist pragmatics lens to examining variation in second person address between index-finger and whole-hand pointing forms. Forms of address are significant in the construction of social relations between speakers and addressees, having the potential to index dimensions of status, social distance and speaker stance. This study used mixed methods to investigate the use and social indexicality of a whole-hand pronominal variant in NZSL, including analysis of its distribution and associated factors in a dataset of online videotexts and data from other genres and time periods. Metapragmatic insight of NZSL signers about contextual and social motivations for the use of whole-hand pointing address enriches our interpretation of observations in the video data. In addition to confirming that the whole-hand form of address is a modern usage, participants identified four other associations with this form: genre, mode, politeness, and Māori context. We conclude that the typical use of whole-hand address in these informative online videos is a feature re-mediated from in-person public speaking contexts, which is now associated with and replicated in the online modality of this public address genre.

新西兰手语（NZSL）使用的语境和目的的扩展以及在线视频通信模式的支持导致了尚未描述的新类型特征的出现。着眼于当代新西兰语的在线信息视频文本，我们采用变异语用学的视角来研究食指和全手指向形式之间第二人称称呼的变异。称呼形式在构建说话人和被说话人之间的社会关系中具有重要意义，具有指示地位、社会距离和说话人立场维度的潜力。本研究采用混合方法调查了NZSL中全手代词变体的使用和社会索引性，包括分析其在在线视频文本数据集中的分布和相关因素，以及来自其他类型和时间段的数据。NZSL签字人对使用全手指向地址的语境和社会动机的元语用洞察丰富了我们对视频数据中观察到的解释。除了确认全手称呼是一种现代用法外，参与者还确定了与这种称呼的其他四种联系：类型、模式、礼貌和Māori语境。我们得出的结论是，在这些信息丰富的在线视频中，全手演讲的典型使用是一种从面对面的公共演讲环境中重新中介的特征，现在与这种公共演讲类型的在线模式相关联并复制。

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引用次数: 0

An Experimental Investigation into Voice Mismatches in Pseudogapping: Insights from Acceptability Judgments and Processing 伪窃听中语音不匹配的实验研究：来自可接受性判断和处理的见解

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104006

Sang-Hee Park , Jungsoo Kim

This paper investigates the acceptability and processing of the pseudogapping construction, focusing on the puzzle of voice mismatch between the antecedent and elliptical clauses (e.g., My problem will be looked into by Tom, but he won’t yours.). While syntactic accounts predict ungrammaticality for such mismatches, semantic accounts suggest that they should be acceptable. Through two acceptability judgment experiments and a self-paced reading experiment, we examine how these mismatches interact with factors that are known to influence ellipsis: information structure and the syntactic complexity of the antecedent. Results of the acceptability judgment experiments indicate that voice mismatch consistently lowers acceptability, with its impact varying by interaction with information structure and antecedent complexity. The self-paced reading experiment further shows that voice mismatch leads to longer reading times both at and before the ellipsis site. In addition, information structure and antecedent complexity independently influence processing, with the latter also modulating the effects of voice mismatch. These findings suggest that pseudogapping is not entirely resistant to syntactic mismatches; however, its judgment and processing are shaped by factors beyond syntactic identity.

本文研究了伪重叠结构的可接受性和处理，重点研究了先行句和省略句之间语音不匹配的难题（例如，Tom会研究我的问题，但他不会研究你的问题）。虽然句法解释预测了这种不匹配的不语法性，但语义解释表明它们应该是可以接受的。通过两个可接受性判断实验和一个自定节奏阅读实验，我们研究了这些不匹配如何与已知影响省略的因素相互作用：信息结构和先行词的句法复杂性。可接受性判断实验结果表明，语音失配会持续降低可接受性，其影响随信息结构和前词复杂性的相互作用而变化。自定速阅读实验进一步表明，语音不匹配导致省略号和省略号前的阅读时间延长。此外，信息结构和前件复杂性独立影响加工，后者也调节语音不匹配的影响。这些发现表明，伪标记并不完全抵抗语法不匹配；然而，它的判断和加工受到句法同一性以外的因素的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Projecting incongruity in turn and action: the TCU-medial particle ha in Chinese conversation 轮流与行动的不协调投射：汉语会话中的tcu -中间粒子ha

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103999

Yaxin Wu , Ying Hu , Elliott M. Hoey

This study investigates the interactional function of the particle ha in TCU-medial position in Chinese talk-in-interaction. While ha is generally recognized as a modal particle that solicits affirmation or confirmation in sentence-final position, and functions as a theme indicator, politeness marker, or filler in sentence-medial position, our analysis of naturally occurring conversational data reveals a distinct interactional use. Specifically, speakers deploy ha in mid-TCU to project relations of inconsistency, adversativeness, contrast, or unexpectedness between components within the same TCU. When occurring in responsive turns, ha also serves to foreshadow disalignment and/or disaffiliation with the prior speaker’s action. This projectability contributes to the organization of turn-taking by helping recipients anticipate the forthcoming incongruity and orient toward a possible transition-relevance place. In doing so, ha affords recipients additional processing time to prepare a response that is interactionally fitted to the projected stance or action. This study contributes to our understanding of grammar-in-interaction and projection in turn construction and action. Data are presented in Chinese with English translation.

本研究探讨了汉语谈话互动中tcu -中间位粒子ha的互动功能。虽然ha通常被认为是在句末位置请求肯定或确认的情态助词，并且在句中位置用作主题指示、礼貌标记或填充词，但我们对自然发生的会话数据的分析揭示了其独特的交互用法。具体来说，讲话者在TCU的中间部署它，以显示同一TCU内组件之间的不一致、对应性、对比或意外关系。当发生在响应性回合时，这也预示着与前一个说话者的动作不一致和/或不一致。这种可投射性通过帮助接受者预测即将到来的不协调并朝向可能的过渡相关位置，有助于组织轮流。在这样做的过程中，它为接受者提供了额外的处理时间来准备一个与预期的立场或动作相互适应的反应。本研究有助于我们对互动语法和投射的理解，进而对结构和动作的理解。资料以中文呈现，并附有英文翻译。

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引用次数: 0

How animacy impacts word order in Austrian Sign Language (ÖGS): Evidence from sentences with inanimate subject arguments 有生命性如何影响奥地利手语的语序（ÖGS）：来自无生命主语论证的句子的证据

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-07-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104003

Julia Krebs

Cross-linguistic evidence shows that the animacy of event participants may impact the syntactic structure in language production. This study examines the effect of animacy on word order and the previously observed preference for subject-initial orders in Austrian Sign Language (ÖGS). Therefore, word order in two sets of transitive sentences with inanimate subject arguments was tested by a production task. In particular, word order was examined in structures with an inanimate subject and an animate object argument, as well as in sentences with two inanimate arguments. Deaf fluent signers were asked to sign event descriptions elicited by stimuli that included a picture illustrating the subject argument, a picture showing the object argument, and a verb presented as a written gloss. Data analysis provides support for SOV as the basic order in ÖGS and demonstrates the robustness of the subject preference, even in sentences with inanimate subject arguments. Furthermore, while animacy does not override the subject preference in ÖGS, the data suggest that it may still influence word order in this language.

跨语言证据表明，事件参与者的活力可能会影响语言生成中的句法结构。本研究考察了动画对词序的影响，以及之前观察到的奥地利手语中对主体首字母顺序的偏好（ÖGS）。因此，用生产任务测试了两组具有无生命主论点的及物句的语序。特别地，在有一个无生命的主语和一个有生命的宾语的结构中，以及在有两个无生命的论点的句子中，研究了语序。聋哑流利的手语者被要求在刺激物引发的事件描述上签名，这些事件描述包括一张说明主体论点的图片，一张显示客体论点的图片，以及一个以书面形式呈现的动词。数据分析为SOV作为ÖGS中的基本顺序提供了支持，并证明了主语偏好的鲁棒性，即使在具有无生命主语参数的句子中也是如此。此外，虽然在ÖGS中，动画并没有超越主题偏好，但数据表明，它仍然可能影响该语言中的词序。

引用次数: 0

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