IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104057

Agnieszka Otwinowska , Breno B. Silva , Olga Broniś , Agata Ambroziak , Aleksandra Janczarska , Borys Jastrzębski , Małgorzata Foryś-Nogala

We investigated how L3 word knowledge is impacted by similarity to learners’ previous languages (L1 and L2) and awareness of cross-linguistic similarities. Our participants were L1-Polish speakers with L2-English who were beginner learners of L3-Italian (N = 35, M_age = 19.71). Alongside regular classroom activities, we used tailor-made exercises to teach our participants 120 L3-Italian words: 40 L2-L3 cognates, 40 L1-L2-L3 cognates, and 40 noncognates, controlled for a range of item-related variables. We also randomly assigned participants to two conditions: a control group and a cognate-awareness-raising group, where we manipulated participants’ awareness of L2-English-L3-Italian cross-linguistic similarity through interactive online workshops. In the pretest and posttest, we tested learners’ ability to translate an L2-English word to L3-Italian and to use the L3-word in a sentence. Results of mixed-effect logistic regressions showed that the cognates were learned better than noncognates, but there was no difference between L1-L2-L3 and L2-L3 cognates. Importantly, the cognate-awareness-raising training enhanced the learning of L1-L2-L3 cognates, but not of L2-L3 cognates. Our results suggest that any cross-linguistic similarity improves retention, but L3 lexical learning is primarily facilitated by cumulative L1-L2-L3 similarity if the participant is aware of its existence.

我们研究了L3单词知识是如何受到学习者与先前语言（L1和L2）相似性和跨语言相似性意识的影响的。我们的参与者是初级意大利语学习者（N = 35, Mage = 19.71），说l1 -波兰语，说l2 -英语。除了常规的课堂活动，我们使用量身定制的练习来教授我们的参与者120个l3 -意大利语单词：40个L2-L3同源词，40个L1-L2-L3同源词和40个非同源词，控制了一系列与项目相关的变量。我们还将参与者随机分配到两组：对照组和同源意识提高组，在那里我们通过互动在线研讨会操纵参与者对l2 -英语- l3 -意大利语跨语言相似性的认识。在前测和后测中，我们测试了学习者将一个二级英语单词翻译成三级意大利语的能力，以及在句子中使用这个三级单词的能力。混合效应logistic回归结果显示，同源词的学习效果优于非同源词，而L1-L2-L3和L2-L3同源词的学习效果无显著差异。重要的是，同源意识提升训练对L1-L2-L3同源的学习有促进作用，而对L2-L3同源的学习没有促进作用。我们的研究结果表明，任何跨语言相似性都能提高记忆，但如果参与者意识到L3 - l2 -L3相似性的存在，L3词汇学习主要是由累积的L1-L2-L3相似性促进的。

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引用次数: 0

An exploratory analysis of code-switching and borrowing in a corpus of Zimbabwean English 津巴布韦语英语语料库中语码转换和借用的探索性分析

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104037

Faith Chiedza Chapwanya, Joanine Hester Nel

This paper explores patterns of English-Shona code-switching and borrowing in a corpus of Zimbabwean English to determine the types, frequencies, and functions of these features. Results indicate that intrasentential code-switching was the most frequent type of switching followed by intersentential code-switching and then lexical borrowing. The least frequent type of switching was loanword adaptations. The analysis revealed that spoken registers had the highest frequency of switching compared to written registers. The informal and spontaneous nature of spoken registers were cited as motivations for the high frequency. Subsequently, multi-word switches occurring in the same place were attested more, which can be linked to their higher frequency of occurrence in public dialogues. Social functions, namely accommodation and solidarity, had the highest frequencies whilst switching at a time of vagueness or uncertainty was the second highest function of code-switching. Other functions of code-switching attested in the Zimbabwean English corpus, in the order of frequency, include repetition or reiteration, asking questions, identity marking, code-switching to show emotions, code-switching as discourse marking, clarification, and emphasis. Analyzing the functions of code-switching in the Zimbabwean English corpus and determining the frequency of each function is crucial for understanding the linguistic-, cognitive-, and sociocultural dimensions of bilingualism in Zimbabwe.

本文探讨了津巴布韦语语料库中英修那语语码转换和借用的模式，以确定这些特征的类型、频率和功能。结果表明，句子内语码转换是最常见的语码转换类型，其次是句子间语码转换，其次是词汇借用。最不频繁的转换类型是外来词适应。分析显示，与书面记录相比，口头记录的转换频率最高。口语的非正式和自发性质被认为是高频的动机。随后，在同一地点发生的多词转换得到了更多的证实，这可能与它们在公共对话中的出现频率更高有关。社会功能，即适应和团结，频率最高，而在模糊或不确定的时候切换是第二高的功能代码转换。在津巴布韦语英语语料库中，语码转换还具有重复或重申、提问、身份标记、表达情感的语码转换、作为话语标记的语码转换、澄清和强调等功能。分析津巴布韦语英语语料库中语码转换的功能，确定每种功能的频率，对于理解津巴布韦双语的语言、认知和社会文化维度至关重要。

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引用次数: 0

The development of copula/affirmative response marker polysemy in Chinese and other languages in China 汉语和其他语言中连词/肯定反应标记词多义词的发展

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104028

Haiping Long

Contact with Chinese may explain the development of copula/affirmative response marker polysemy in other languages in China. Chinese shì developed the polysemous pattern because it underwent polygrammaticalization in Old Chinese: (a) pronominal demonstrative > demonstrative verb of manner > affirmative response marker, and (b) pronominal demonstrative > copula. Since Middle Chinese, most other usages have disappeared, and the polysemy has persisted for over a millennium. Speakers of other languages in China were in contact with Chinese, and adopted one of the three strategies to incorporate this polysemy: (a) using Chinese shì as a loan word to function as copula and affirmative response marker in the target language, (b) using the copula of the target language to function as affirmative response marker, and (c) using the attributive adjective meaning ‘true, correct’ of the target language to function as copula and affirmative response marker, typically starting with copula. The latter two strategies support two arguments: (a) grammatical changes in language contact do not always involve grammaticalization, and (b) speakers of the target language may sometimes adopt linguistic items with more abstract meaning to refer to more concrete polysemous meaning.

与汉语的接触可以解释中国其他语言中联系词/肯定反应标记词一词多义的发展。汉语shì由于在古汉语中经历了多语法化而发展出多义模式：(a)代词指示动词；（gt）方式指示动词；（gt）肯定反应标记；(b)代词指示连词。自中古汉语以来，大多数其他用法已经消失，而一词多义却持续了一千多年。在中国，说其他语言的人在接触汉语时，采用了三种策略中的一种来吸收这种一词多义：(a)使用汉语shì作为外来词作为目的语的联结词和肯定反应标记；(b)使用目的语的联结词作为肯定反应标记；(c)使用目的语的“真、对”的定语形容词作为联结词和肯定反应标记，通常以联结词开头。后两种策略支持两个论点：(a)语言接触中的语法变化并不总是涉及语法化；(b)目的语使用者有时可能会采用更抽象意义的语言项目来指代更具体的多义。

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引用次数: 0

Gradient perception of geminate consonants in Arabic: a perceptual study of durational thresholds 阿拉伯语双元音的梯度感知：持续阈值的感知研究

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104039

Abdullah Alfaifi

This study examines how native Arabic listeners perceive geminate consonants that have been systematically shortened, aiming to identify the durational threshold at which a geminate is no longer heard as such and is instead perceived as a singleton consonant. Twenty Najdi Arabic speakers listened to Arabic words with geminate consonants, where the geminate portion was gradually shortened in 10 ms increments. Listeners indicated whether each modified token sounded like the original geminate word or its singleton counterpart. Results revealed no single durational threshold; instead, thresholds varied across consonants. Stop consonants were perceived as singletons after relatively smaller reductions, whereas fricatives and sonorants required greater shortening. Listeners often began identifying a geminate as a singleton even while its duration remained longer than a typical singleton consonant. These findings indicate that geminate perception in Arabic is gradient and segment-specific. They support the view that geminates are not merely lengthened singletons but represent distinct durational categories shaped by consonant-specific cues.

本研究考察了母语为阿拉伯语的听者是如何感知被系统缩短的双元音辅音的，目的是确定双元音的持续时间阈值，在这个阈值上，双元音不再被当作这样的辅音来听，而是被当作单个辅音来听。20名Najdi阿拉伯语使用者听带有双音辅音的阿拉伯单词，其中双音部分以10毫秒的增量逐渐缩短。侦听器指示每个修改过的标记听起来是像原始的双音节词还是像它的单音节对应物。结果显示没有单一的持续阈值；相反，不同辅音的阈值是不同的。顿音在相对较小的略读后被认为是单音，而摩擦音和辅音则需要更大的略读。听者经常开始将双韵母识别为单韵母，即使它的持续时间比典型的单韵母辅音长。这些发现表明，在阿拉伯语中，双形感知是梯度的和片段特异性的。他们支持这样一种观点，即双音不仅仅是延长的单音，而是代表了由辅音特定线索形成的独特的持续类别。

引用次数: 0

Linguistic and social selectivity in phonetic imitation: Evidence from North Korean refugees in Seoul 语音模仿中的语言和社会选择性：来自首尔朝鲜难民的证据

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104038

Hwanmin Jung , Grace E. Oh , Jeong-Im Han

This study explored if and to what extent North Korean (NK) refugees living in Seoul, South Korea adjusted their pronunciation to the standard Seoul Korean (SK) dialect in an imitation task. To this end, NK and SK speakers participated in a word shadowing task to evaluate acoustic measures of phonetic convergence in vowels. The NK speakers, as a less prestigious group, showed more convergence to the SK model talker than SK speakers to the NK model talker, and convergence was greater in the vowels that could threaten the phonological contrast in SK. The social variables showed a tendency to have null and weak effects in demographic and situational variables, respectively, probably owing to the somewhat long residency of the NK participants. The present findings provide additional evidence that phonetic convergence is mediated by linguistic, and, to a lesser extent, social factors in cross-dialectal accommodation.

本研究探讨了居住在韩国首尔的朝鲜（NK）难民是否以及在多大程度上在模仿任务中将他们的发音调整为标准的首尔韩语（SK）方言。为此，说NK和SK的人参加了一个单词阴影任务，以评估元音语音收敛的声学测量。作为一个不那么有名望的群体，NK说话者对SK模范说话者的趋同程度要高于SK说话者对NK模范说话者的趋同程度，而且在可能威胁到SK语音对比的元音上趋同程度更大。社会变量在人口统计变量和情境变量上分别显示出零效应和弱效应的趋势，这可能是由于NK参与者居住的时间较长。目前的研究结果提供了额外的证据，证明语音趋同是由语言因素介导的，在跨方言适应中，社会因素在较小程度上也起着中介作用。

引用次数: 0

The reverse influence of L3 on the expressions of caused state change events in the L1 of Mandarin Chinese learners L3对汉语普通话学习者L1中引起状态变化事件表达的反向影响

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104036

Yinxia Wei, Xinyi Guo

With the previous predominance of a focus on forward transfer in motion event expressions, current research has overlooked the exploration of reverse transfer of third language (L3) regarding caused state change (CSC) events in the first language (L1). Based on an animated event description task, this study explores the reverse influence from L3 to L1 in CSC expressions, comparing 33 Mandarin–English learners with 66 Mandarin–English–Japanese learners of low and high proficiency. The findings reveal that: (1) All participant groups exhibited significant adherence to satellite-framed language (S-language) features in their lexicalization patterns, predominantly adopting causal compactness conceptual splicing patterns. (2) Both L3 (Japanese) typological features and proficiency exert inverse effects on L1 (Mandarin Chinese) CSC expressions. The former prompts Mandarin–English–Japanese learners to focus more on event results, and increased proficiency leads to reduced semantic fineness in result descriptions. (3) Cross-group comparisons of CSC events expression reflect the dynamic interplay between language systems. The similarities demonstrate the privileged role of L1, while the differences illustrate the reverse effects of Japanese typological features and proficiency.

以往的研究主要集中在运动事件表达的正向迁移上，而目前的研究忽视了第三语言（L3）对第一语言（L1）中引起的状态变化（CSC）事件的反向迁移的探索。本研究以动画事件描述任务为基础，对33名中英学习者和66名中英日低、高水平学习者进行比较，探讨了从L3到L1对CSC表达的反向影响。结果表明：(1)所有被试群体的词汇化模式均明显遵循卫星框架语言（S-language）特征，主要采用因果紧密性概念拼接模式。(2) L3（日语）类型特征和熟练程度对L1（普通话）CSC表达均有反作用。前者促使汉语-英语-日语学习者更多地关注事件结果，而熟练程度的提高导致结果描述的语义精细程度降低。(3) CSC事件表达的跨组比较反映了语言系统之间的动态相互作用。相似之处表明了母语的特殊作用，而差异则说明了日语类型特征和熟练程度的相反影响。

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引用次数: 0

Regional variation in conventional expressions: a comparative study of Mandarin in Mainland China and Taiwan 习惯用语的地域差异：中国大陆与台湾普通话的比较研究

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104035

Fengming Liu , Xiaoying Liles

This exploratory study investigated regional variation in conventional expressions between two varieties of Mandarin, a pluricentric language, spoken in Mainland China and Taiwan. A timed aural-oral Discourse Completion Task was conducted, and over 9,000 oral responses were collected from 152 L1 speakers in Mainland China and Taiwan. This study adopted the Variational Pragmatics framework and conducted pragmatic analysis at three levels: speech act, pragmatic strategy, and the actional level, specifically focusing on the linguistic realizations of conventional expressions. The results showed that although conventional expressions embody high alignment in these two regions at the speech act level, regional variation was observed at the pragmatic strategy level, the actional level, and in some cases at both levels. At the pragmatic strategy level, speakers in the two regions used different semantic formulas, realized through distinct expressions, to perform the same speech act. At the actional level, while the distribution and production rates of conventional expressions were similar across the two regions, regional variation manifested in two ways: “variation across expressions” and “variation within expressions.” This study provides empirical data to the field of variational pragmatics by examining Mandarin varieties and sheds light on regional pragmatic similarities and differences between these intra-cultural varieties.

本研究探讨了中国大陆和台湾两种多中心语言普通话的区域差异。我们进行了一项定时的听觉-口语话语完成任务，收集了来自中国大陆和台湾的152名母语使用者的9000多份口头回复。本研究采用变分语用学框架，从言语行为、语用策略和行为三个层面进行语用分析，重点关注传统表达的语言实现。结果表明，尽管传统表达在言语行为水平上体现了这两个区域的高度一致性，但在语用策略水平和行为水平上存在区域差异，在某些情况下在两个水平上都存在区域差异。在语用策略层面，两个地区的说话者使用不同的语义公式，通过不同的表达来实现相同的言语行为。在行为层面，虽然两个地区的传统表达的分布和生产速度相似，但区域差异表现为“跨表达的差异”和“表达内的差异”。本研究通过考察普通话变体为变分语用学领域提供了实证数据，并揭示了这些文化内变体之间的区域语用异同。

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引用次数: 0

Sundanese verbal groups: Towards a systemic functional linguistic description 巽他语语群：走向系统功能语言描述

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104027

Lungguh A. Bangga

This paper focuses on the description of verbal groups in Sundanese, a Malayo-Polynesian language of West Java, Indonesia, from a Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) perspective. Verbal groups in Sundanese are described in relation to their functions in the clause, their interactions with other systemic options at group rank, and their morphology at word rank. It begins by reviewing relevant descriptions of Sundanese verbs. Drawing on SFL theory, verbal groups are then interpreted in relation to their co-textual (discourse semantics) and contextual (register and genre) features. In particular, the paper reveals the contribution of verbal groups to interpersonal and experiential meanings at clause rank. Interpersonally, verbal groups in Sundanese play a role in the negotiation of information and goods-and-services, realise the mood, modality and polarity systems implicated in the tenor of discourse within the context. Experientially, they contribute to the expression of different types of experience in ideational discourse semantics, providing resources for construing the events and states implicated in the field of discourse within context.

本文从系统功能语言学的角度对印尼西爪哇马来-波利尼西亚语巽他语的语群进行了描述。对巽他语的语群进行了描述，包括它们在分句中的功能、它们在组级上与其他系统选项的相互作用以及它们在词级上的形态。本文首先回顾了巽他语动词的相关描述。根据非母语语言理论，对言语群进行共文（话语语义）和语境（语域和体裁）特征的解释。特别地，本文揭示了言语群体在子句层次上对人际意义和经验意义的贡献。在人际关系上，巽他语的言语群体在信息和商品服务的谈判中发挥着作用，在语境中实现了话语基调中隐含的情绪、情态和极性系统。在经验上，它们有助于在概念话语语义学中表达不同类型的经验，为在语境中构建话语场中涉及的事件和状态提供资源。

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引用次数: 0

Reframing Chinese verb patterns through a chunk-based approach: a case study of legal judgments 基于组块的汉语动词模式重构：以判决书为例

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104024

Chengwen Wang , Yu Wang , Miao Zhou , Endong Xun

The interaction between lexis and grammatical patterns, known as lexicogrammar, plays a crucial role in describing a word’s usage characteristics and profiles. Lexico-grammatical pattern extraction and further analysis are essential for understanding language features and usage characteristics, particularly in analyzing how words function within specific textual contexts. Given that verbs constitute the syntactic and semantic core of Chinese sentences, investigating verb patterns is crucial, as various grammatical elements frequently co-occur with verbs to form stable and high-frequency patterns, making such research both feasible and necessary for a comprehensive understanding of Chinese linguistic structures and meaning construction. Previous methods of pattern extraction largely rely on linear concordance analyses, which often fail to capture deeper structural relationships, resulting in inaccurate or misleading collocations. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces a chunk-based annotation approach using Chinese legal judgments as a representative case study. We developed a framework to segment predicate chunks into finer-grained sub-chunks, thereby enabling precise extraction of verb patterns. Employing collostructional analysis, we quantitatively assessed the association strength between verbs and their grammatical patterns and identified preferred verb patterns. The findings demonstrate a strong preference for pre-verbal patterns, aligning closely with genre-specific requirements for factual precision and contextual specificity in legal texts. Additionally, distinct pattern preferences emerge across various semantic verb categories (e.g., existential, saying, action), providing empirical insights into the syntactic and functional dimensions of Chinese verb usage. This research contributes to corpus-based studies on the interaction between lexical items and grammatical patterns, and deepens the understanding of the factors influencing verb usage in Chinese.

词汇和语法模式之间的相互作用，被称为词汇语法，在描述单词的使用特征和概况方面起着至关重要的作用。词汇语法模式的提取和进一步分析是理解语言特征和使用特征的必要条件，特别是在分析单词在特定文本环境中的功能时。动词是汉语句子的句法和语义核心，因此动词模式的研究至关重要，因为各种语法元素经常与动词共存，形成稳定的高频模式，这对于全面理解汉语语言结构和意义构建既是可行的，也是必要的。以前的模式提取方法很大程度上依赖于线性一致性分析，这往往不能捕获更深层次的结构关系，导致不准确或误导性的搭配。为了克服这些局限性，本研究以中国法律判决为代表案例，引入了基于分块的标注方法。我们开发了一个框架，将谓词块分割成更细粒度的子块，从而能够精确提取动词模式。运用句法分析，我们定量地评估了动词与其语法模式之间的关联强度，并确定了首选动词模式。研究结果表明，人们对言语前模式有强烈的偏好，这与法律文本中对事实准确性和上下文特异性的特定类型要求密切相关。此外，在不同的语义动词类别（如存在、说、行动）中出现了不同的模式偏好，为汉语动词使用的句法和功能维度提供了经验见解。本研究有助于基于语料库的词汇项与语法模式相互作用的研究，加深对汉语动词使用影响因素的认识。

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引用次数: 0

The production of the subjunctive in child heritage Spanish: an examination of early acquired contexts 儿童遗产西班牙语中虚拟语气的产生：早期习得语境的考察

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-08-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104026

Laura Solano-Escobar

The present study examined the production of the subjunctive among 30 child heritage speakers, 30 monolingual children, 15 immigrant parents and 15 monolingual parents in two early acquired deontic predicates that differ in selection type (predicates of volition and reported commands, including querer “to want” and decir “to say/tell”). Additionally, it explored the role of chronological age, proficiency, language exposure and language use on the production of the subjunctive. The results obtained via a sentence completion task showed high rates of subjunctive use among the heritage children. Nonetheless, the heritage children differed from the other groups in the production of alternative responses. Results also showed a significant role of chronological age and proficiency in the probability of subjunctive use. The more proficient and the older the children were, the more they produced the subjunctive. Individual results showed variability in the children’s performance with some children exhibiting categorical use of the subjunctive and others showing variable use of it. The study argues for protracted development stemming from the interaction between age and proficiency. It also highlights the importance of considering individual variability in morphosyntactic acquisition, as such variability reflects the dynamic and individualized nature of bilingual development.

本研究考察了30名传统儿童、30名单语儿童、15名移民父母和15名单语父母在两种不同选择类型的早期习得义务谓语（意愿谓语和报告命令谓语，包括询问者“想要”和指示者“说/告诉”）中虚拟语气的产生。此外，本研究还探讨了实足年龄、熟练程度、语言暴露和语言使用对虚拟语气产生的影响。通过完成句子任务获得的结果显示，传统儿童使用虚拟语气的比例很高。尽管如此，遗产儿童在产生替代反应方面与其他群体不同。结果还显示，实足年龄和熟练程度对虚拟语气使用概率的影响显著。孩子越熟练，年龄越大，他们使用虚拟语气的次数就越多。个别结果显示，儿童的表现存在差异，一些儿童表现出对虚拟语气的绝对使用，而另一些儿童表现出对虚拟语气的可变使用。该研究认为，长期发展源于年龄和熟练程度之间的相互作用。它还强调了在形态句法习得中考虑个体差异的重要性，因为这种差异反映了双语发展的动态和个性化。

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引用次数: 0

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