IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103999

Yaxin Wu , Ying Hu , Elliott M. Hoey

This study investigates the interactional function of the particle ha in TCU-medial position in Chinese talk-in-interaction. While ha is generally recognized as a modal particle that solicits affirmation or confirmation in sentence-final position, and functions as a theme indicator, politeness marker, or filler in sentence-medial position, our analysis of naturally occurring conversational data reveals a distinct interactional use. Specifically, speakers deploy ha in mid-TCU to project relations of inconsistency, adversativeness, contrast, or unexpectedness between components within the same TCU. When occurring in responsive turns, ha also serves to foreshadow disalignment and/or disaffiliation with the prior speaker’s action. This projectability contributes to the organization of turn-taking by helping recipients anticipate the forthcoming incongruity and orient toward a possible transition-relevance place. In doing so, ha affords recipients additional processing time to prepare a response that is interactionally fitted to the projected stance or action. This study contributes to our understanding of grammar-in-interaction and projection in turn construction and action. Data are presented in Chinese with English translation.

本研究探讨了汉语谈话互动中tcu -中间位粒子ha的互动功能。虽然ha通常被认为是在句末位置请求肯定或确认的情态助词，并且在句中位置用作主题指示、礼貌标记或填充词，但我们对自然发生的会话数据的分析揭示了其独特的交互用法。具体来说，讲话者在TCU的中间部署它，以显示同一TCU内组件之间的不一致、对应性、对比或意外关系。当发生在响应性回合时，这也预示着与前一个说话者的动作不一致和/或不一致。这种可投射性通过帮助接受者预测即将到来的不协调并朝向可能的过渡相关位置，有助于组织轮流。在这样做的过程中，它为接受者提供了额外的处理时间来准备一个与预期的立场或动作相互适应的反应。本研究有助于我们对互动语法和投射的理解，进而对结构和动作的理解。资料以中文呈现，并附有英文翻译。

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引用次数: 0

Regional pragmatic variation in the use of conventional expressions at three Spanish-speaking sites 在三个讲西班牙语的地区，传统表达用法的地区语用差异

IF 1.3 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104021

Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig , Llorenç Comajoan-Colomé , Sabrina Mossman , Enrique Rodríguez Sánchez

This paper reports on an empirical investigation of regional pragmatic variation in the use of conventional expressions in Spanish at three sites: two in Spain (in the Barcelona and Extremadura areas) and one on the US-Mexico border (El Paso/Ciudad Juárez). Conventional expressions are multi-morphemic expressions and one type of pragmalinguistic resource. They are inherently social in nature and characterize language use within speech communities. Conventional expressions are associated with specific pragmatic situations and are the preferred expression of L1 speakers in those contexts. Data were elicited via computer-delivered oral production tasks from 107 L1 speakers of Spanish in the Barcelona (N = 38), Extremadura (N = 33), and El Paso/Ciudad Juárez (N = 36) areas. The tasks were regionally adapted so that speakers would feel that they were speaking to interlocutors from their respective speech communities. Conventional expressions were identified as occurring in at least 50% of the responses in any one community. Speakers in some sites used more conventional expressions than others. Some situations elicited the same expressions at all three sites, some show agreement at two sites, and some yield a different expression from each site. The sites show substantial overlap in expressions, although not in contexts of use (exhibiting variety-preferential variation rather than variety-specific variation).

本文报告了在三个地点对西班牙语常规表达使用的区域语用差异的实证调查：两个在西班牙（在巴塞罗那和埃斯特雷马杜拉地区），一个在美墨边境（埃尔帕索/城Juárez）。常规表达是一种多语素表达，是一种语用语言资源。它们本质上是社会性的，是语言群体中语言使用的特征。惯例表达与特定的语用情景有关，是母语使用者在这些情景中首选的表达方式。数据通过计算机传递的口头生产任务从巴塞罗那（N = 38）、埃斯特雷马杜拉（N = 33）和埃尔帕索/Ciudad Juárez （N = 36）地区的107名母语为西班牙语的人那里获得。这些任务是根据不同地区进行调整的，因此发言者会觉得他们是在与来自各自语言社区的对话者交谈。在任何一个社区中，至少50%的回答中出现了传统表达。有些地方的讲话者使用比其他地方更传统的表达方式。有些情况下，三个位点的表达相同，有些情况下，两个位点的表达一致，有些情况下，每个位点的表达不同。这些位点在表达上显示出大量的重叠，尽管在使用背景上没有重叠（表现出品种优先变异而不是品种特异性变异）。

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引用次数: 0

Verbal group complexes in Norwegian 挪威语的言语群复合体

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103971

Hilde Hasselgård

This article presents a corpus-based study of hypotactic verbal group complexes (VGCs) in Norwegian with the form ‘verb^infinitive marker^verb’, for instance begynne å lese (‘begin to read’). The aims are to identify the meanings expressed by such VGCs in terms of the primary and secondary verbs that occur in them, thereby illuminating the nature of the verbs that occur in such VGCs and any additional meanings that arise from the collocation of primary and secondary verb. Particular attention is paid to VGCs expressing conation, time phase, and usuality. Findings show that meaning categories are unequally represented in the corpus in terms of frequency. A large majority of VGCs express material processes. While some of the VGC meanings overlap with those of tense, aspect or modality, others go beyond these systems. VGCs can thus be seen as a supplement to the systems of tense and modality in that they can include meanings in the verbal group that are not fully grammaticalized. In addition, some of the meaning categories are associated with particular semantic prosodies, especially involving ‘effort’, ‘difficulty’ and ‘voluntary action’.

本文以语料库为基础，对挪威语中“动词+不定式标记+动词”形式的形合动词群复合体（vgc）进行了研究，例如begynne lese（“开始阅读”）。目的是根据这些动词组合中出现的主要动词和次要动词来确定这些动词组合中所表达的意义，从而阐明这些动词组合中出现的动词的性质以及由于主要动词和次要动词的搭配而产生的任何附加意义。特别注意的是vgc表达浓度，时间阶段，和通常。研究结果表明，语义类别在语料库中的出现频率是不均匀的。绝大多数vgc表示材料过程。虽然VGC的一些含义与时态、方面或情态重叠，但其他含义超出了这些系统。因此，vgc可以被视为时态和情态系统的补充，因为它们可以包括言语组中没有完全语法化的意义。此外，一些意义类别与特定的语义韵律有关，特别是涉及“努力”、“困难”和“自愿行动”。

引用次数: 0

Italian verbal groups: A systemic functional perspective 意大利语语言群：系统功能视角

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103963

Lorenzo Logi , James R. Martin

This paper presents a Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) description of the verbal group in Italian. The focus of the analysis is on how tense, voice, nuclearity, modality and polarity are structured in Italian verbal groups and realised via pronominal clitics alongside verbs and their inflections. The model deals first with ideational meaning (tense, voice and nuclearity) and then with interpersonal meaning (modality and polarity). Our paper concludes with a brief note on comparable systems and structures in related languages where SFL studies have been carried out (i.e., French, Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese). The paper thus addresses a research gap in the study of Romance languages – supplementing it with work on Italian.

本文从系统功能语言学的角度对意大利语的语群进行了描述。分析的重点是时态、语态、核性、情态和极性是如何在意大利语动词群中形成的，并通过代词和动词及其变化来实现。该模型首先处理概念意义（时态、语态和核），然后处理人际意义（情态和极性）。我们的论文最后简要介绍了在相关语言（即法语、西班牙语和巴西葡萄牙语）进行的外语研究中可比较的系统和结构。因此，这篇论文解决了罗曼语研究中的一个研究缺口——用意大利语的工作来补充它。

引用次数: 0

How does language shape formation of concepts? Empirical investigation of generics and conditionals in French 语言如何塑造概念的形成？法语泛型句和条件句的实证研究

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103959

Joanna Blochowiak , Cristina Grisot , Emmanuel Sander

This study explores how language influences concept formation, specifically how linguistic expressions signal what is central or essential to forming concepts of kinds. Prior research on preschool children suggests that generics (e.g., “Birds fly”) create strong associations between a kind and its properties, signaling essential features. To gain a deeper understanding of how language influences concept formation and its developmental trajectory, we examined two linguistic expressions—generics and conditionals—and compared them to a third type: demonstrative sentences, i.e., sentences with the pronoun this (e.g., “This bird flies”). We hypothesize that, beyond generics, conditionals may also act as a cue indicating that certain information is essential in concept formation. Three French-speaking groups—late adolescents, young adults, and adults—participated in an elicitation task. While Experiment 3 (adults) confirmed the importance of both generics and conditionals in concept formation, Experiments 1 and 2 (late adolescents and young adults) found no significant differences between the linguistic expressions. These results indicate that conditionals, generics, and demonstratives influence the conceptualization of kinds in a comparable way in late adolescents and young adults whereas at adulthood conditionals and generics are strongest cues for considering a given property as essential to a kind.

本研究探讨了语言如何影响概念的形成，特别是语言表达如何表明什么是形成各种概念的中心或必要因素。先前对学龄前儿童的研究表明，仿制药（例如，“鸟会飞”）在一种和它的属性之间建立了强烈的联系，表明了基本特征。为了更深入地了解语言如何影响概念的形成及其发展轨迹，我们研究了两种语言表达——泛型和条件句，并将它们与第三种类型的指示句进行了比较：指示句，即带有代词this的句子（例如，“this bird flies”）。我们假设，除了泛型，条件句也可以作为提示，表明某些信息在概念形成中是必不可少的。三个讲法语的小组——晚期青少年、年轻人和成年人——参加了一个启发任务。实验3（成人）证实了泛型句和条件句在概念形成中的重要性，而实验1和实验2（青少年晚期和年轻人）没有发现语言表达之间的显著差异。这些结果表明，条件句、泛型句和指示句以类似的方式影响青少年晚期和年轻人对种类的概念化，而在成年期，条件句和泛型句是将给定属性视为一种必不可少的最强线索。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamics of scope ambiguities: comparative analysis of human and large language model performance in Korean 范围模糊的动态：韩语中人类和大型语言模型性能的比较分析

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103998

Myung Hye Yoo , Sanghoun Song

This study investigates how native Korean speakers and large language models (LLMs) resolve scope ambiguities and integrate them with discourse information, focusing on interactions between negation and quantificational phrases (QPs). The objectives were twofold: (i) to determine whether the general preference for surface scope interpretations and integration with discourse information persists in complex syntactic constructions in Korean, which require refined processing, and (ii) to assess how well LLMs comprehend and integrate semantic structures compared with human performance. The results showed a preference for surface scope among Korean speakers but did not rigidly hold against the inverse scope, particularly influenced by object QPs or long-form negation, even when contexts favor an inverse scope. LLMs developed by OpenAI—GPT-3.5 Turbo, GPT-4 Turbo, and GPT-4o—align with human judgments, mainly favoring surface scope interpretations when contexts favor the inverse scope. However, when the context supports an inverse scope, discrepancies in the handling of syntactic nuances are evident. This model tends to overgeneralize the inverse scope in specific configurations in which humans typically find the inverse scope more accessible. These findings highlight the challenges of mimicking human linguistic processing and the need for further refinement of language models to improve their interpretive accuracy.

本研究探讨了母语为韩语者和大型语言模型（llm）如何解决范围歧义并将其与话语信息相结合，重点研究了否定和定量短语（qp）之间的相互作用。研究的目的有两个：(i)确定在复杂的韩语句法结构中，对表面范围解释和话语信息整合的普遍偏好是否仍然存在，这需要进行精细的处理；（ii）评估法学硕士与人类相比在理解和整合语义结构方面的表现如何。结果显示，韩语使用者偏好表面范围，但并不严格反对反向范围，特别是受对象QPs或长形式否定的影响，即使上下文倾向于反向范围。由OpenAI-GPT-3.5 Turbo、GPT-4 Turbo和gpt - 40 -开发的llm与人类的判断一致，当上下文有利于逆范围时，主要倾向于表面范围解释。但是，当上下文支持反向作用域时，处理语法细微差别的差异就很明显了。该模型倾向于在特定配置中过度概括逆作用域，在这种配置中，人们通常会发现逆作用域更容易访问。这些发现强调了模仿人类语言处理的挑战，以及进一步完善语言模型以提高其解释准确性的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

The semantic typology of expressive interjections: colexifications in pain, disgust and joy interjections across languages 表达感叹词的语义类型：痛苦、厌恶和快乐感叹词的跨语言共化

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103979

Maïa Ponsonnet

Expressive interjections are most likely a universal feature of human languages, yet for the moment we know very little about their typology. This article presents the first broad-scale cross-linguistic study on the semantic typology of expressive interjections. Specifically, the study examines colexification patterns, i.e. which experiences tend to be expressed by the same interjections. Based on lexicographic sources, we assembled a data set of 523 interjections expressing pain, disgust or joy in a diverse sample of 144 languages. We then inventoried which other meanings (or ‘colexifications’) associate with these three experiences. The analysis revealed that pain, disgust and joy all associate with a large and diverse set of experiences, with significant overlap. However, there are strong contrasts regarding the most prevalent colexifications, delineating a number of experience clusters. Pain interjections often express generic negative emotions, sorrow, fear, and compassion. Disgust interjections often express dislike or disapproval, contempt, and to some extent irritation. Joy interjections often express admiration, approbation and congratulations. Pain and disgust associate preferentially with negative experiences, and joy with positive experiences. At the same time, disgust and joy share a preference for socially-oriented experiences, which is not matched by pain. Importantly, all three experiences frequently associate with surprise, presumably because it is neutral in valence. The pivotal role of surprise in the semantic networks delineated by interjections is a question for future research.

表达性感叹词很可能是人类语言的一个普遍特征，但目前我们对它们的类型学知之甚少。本文首次对表达性感叹词的语义类型进行了大规模的跨语言研究。具体来说，该研究考察了共色化模式，即哪些经历倾向于用相同的感叹词来表达。基于词典编纂来源，我们收集了144种不同语言样本中523个表达痛苦、厌恶或喜悦的感叹词的数据集。然后，我们列出了与这三种体验相关的其他含义（或“共化”）。分析显示，痛苦、厌恶和快乐都与大量不同的经历有关，并且有显著的重叠。然而，对于最普遍的共化，有强烈的对比，描绘了许多经验集群。疼痛感叹词通常表达一般的负面情绪，悲伤、恐惧和同情。厌恶的感叹词通常表达不喜欢或不赞成，蔑视，以及某种程度上的愤怒。喜悦感叹词通常表达钦佩、赞同和祝贺。痛苦和厌恶倾向于与消极的经历联系在一起，而快乐倾向于与积极的经历联系在一起。与此同时，厌恶和喜悦都倾向于社会导向的体验，这与痛苦不同。重要的是，这三种体验经常与惊喜联系在一起，大概是因为它的效价是中性的。惊讶在感叹词描述的语义网络中的关键作用是未来研究的一个问题。

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引用次数: 0

Introduction to the Special Issue: Non-standard morphosyntactic variation in L2 Englishes world-wide: corpus-based studies 特刊导论：世界范围内第二语言英语非标准形态句法变化：基于语料库的研究

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103978

Peter Collins , Bernd Kortmann

Over the last few decades, a good deal of empirical research has been conducted on the distribution in the English-speaking world of morphosyntactic features considered to be non-standard (in the sense of not being part of the common core of standard written English). Insights have been achieved using elicitation methods (interviews and questionnaires), dialect corpora and open-access online atlases. There is, however, a dearth of large-scale corpus-based research, one that the present special issue seeks to address, with contributors drawing data from corpora – mainly derived from recordings of spoken English, and in some cases recently-compiled – representing mostly “New Englishes” (indigenised national L2 varieties, spoken in “outer circle” countries where English is established as an important language, even though it is not the native language of the majority of the population). Most contributions adopt a macro approach, investigating a set of features in a wide range of L2 English varieties, but some adopt a micro approach, zeroing in on a single feature or a small number of features.

在过去的几十年里，人们对英语世界中被认为是非标准（即不属于标准书面英语的共同核心）的形态句法特征的分布进行了大量的实证研究。通过启发方法（访谈和问卷调查）、方言语料库和开放获取的在线地图集获得了见解。然而，目前缺乏大规模的基于语料库的研究，这是本期特刊试图解决的问题，撰稿人从语料库中提取数据——主要来自英语口语录音，在某些情况下是最近编纂的——主要代表“新英语”（本土化的国家第二语言品种，在英语被确立为重要语言的“外围”国家使用，尽管英语不是大多数人口的母语）。大多数贡献采用宏观方法，研究广泛的第二语言英语变体中的一组特征，但有些采用微观方法，将注意力集中在单个特征或少量特征上。

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引用次数: 0

Is there a polarity-prominent language? A typological perspective on Dagaare verbal systems 有没有一种极端突出的语言？Dagaare语言系统的类型学研究

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103988

Isaac N. Mwinlaaru

To date, the three-tier typology of verbal systems into tense-prominent, aspect-prominent and mood-prominent proposed by Shankara Bhat at the end of the twentieth century seems to have stuck. The present study reveals a novel type of prominence in Dagaare (Niger-Congo: Mabia/Gur), namely polarity prominence. The study shows that distinctions in tense, mood and modality are cast in terms of polarity. First, the tense category of futurity makes positive and negative distinctions in both future and non-future. Second, indicative and imperative moods are essentially distinguished by polarity markers unique to each mood, and the sub-types of each mood are shades of polarity. This polarity-based mood distinction extends beyond the verbal domain to the domain of clause final particles and focus marking, establishing polarity concord between items of the verbal group and periphery elements of the clause. In addition, the interaction between polarity and modality enacts a cline of polarity from full positivity to full negation with a median modality in the mid region. The study also demonstrates that, although Dagaare verb morphology encodes perfective/imperfective aspectual distinction, aspect is not a competing candidate for prominence in the language. The study reveals that a robust empirical framework of prominence needs to go beyond verbal inflection and as well incorporate finiteness into the criteria of prominence.

到目前为止，Shankara Bhat在20世纪末提出的语言系统的三层类型，即时态突出，方面突出和情绪突出，似乎仍然存在。本研究揭示了Dagaare（尼日尔-刚果：Mabia/Gur）的一种新型日珥，即极性日珥。研究表明，时态、语气和情态的区别是根据极性来表现的。首先，将来时的时态范畴对将来时和非将来时进行了肯定和否定的区分。第二，指示语气和祈使语气本质上是由每个语气特有的极性标记来区分的，每个语气的子类型都是极性的阴影。这种基于极性的语气区分从动词性领域扩展到子句末助词和焦点标记领域，在动词性组项和子句外围元素之间建立极性协调。此外，极性和模态之间的相互作用使极性从完全正性到完全负性发生变化，中间区域有一个中间模态。该研究还表明，尽管Dagaare动词形态编码了完成/不完成的方面区分，但方面并不是语言中突出的竞争候选人。研究表明，一个强大的突出的经验框架需要超越语言的变化，并将有限性纳入突出的标准。

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引用次数: 0

Syntax, scope, and semantic identity: a genuine-sluicing approach to multiple sluicing in Mandarin Chinese 句法、范围与语义同一性：普通话多重分流的真分流方法

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 Epub Date: 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103961

Tianyu Zhao, Ye Yuan

This paper investigates multiple sluicing in Mandarin Chinese (MC), proposing a syntactic analysis that integrates wh-movement and TP deletion within a dual-probe system for wh-fronting. We argue that wh-probing in MC sluicing is sensitive to two kinds of features—[+topic] and [+focus]—of TopP and FocP in the left periphery of CP. Complex wh-phrases are privileged in movement due to their additional [+topic] feature, distinguishing them from bare wh-phrases. This dual-feature analysis is demonstrated to provide a unified account of the intricate distribution of shi in MC sluicing: shi is obligatory before bare wh-arguments but optional with complex wh-phrases. We further examine two asymmetric cases of pair-list (PL) multiple sluicing. To explain how different scope interpretations capture PL readings in multiple sluicing, we adopt a semantic approach based on implicit Question under Discussion (QuD)-equivalence. Finally, we address the unacceptability of PL multiple sluicing in wh-questions containing universal quantifiers. We attribute this to the costly process of super quantifier raising, required to ensure that the quantifier phrase takes a wider scope. The findings suggest that MC sluicing constitutes a ‘genuine’ clausal ellipsis operation rather than a ‘pseudo’ one.

本文研究了汉语普通话的多重分流现象，提出了一种将“wh”移动和“TP”删除结合在“wh”前置双探针系统中的句法分析方法。我们认为，脑分流中的“wh”探测对CP左周TopP和FocP的“[+话题]和“[+焦点]”两种特征敏感，复杂的“wh”短语因其附加的“+话题”特征而有别于单纯的“wh”短语，具有运动优势。这种双特征分析为“是”在MC分流中的复杂分布提供了一个统一的解释：“是”在简单的“谁”参数之前是必须的，而在复杂的“谁”短语中是可选的。我们进一步研究了两种不对称的对表（PL）多重水闸情况。为了解释不同的作用域解释如何在多个水闸中捕获PL读数，我们采用了一种基于隐式讨论问题（QuD）等价的语义方法。最后，我们讨论了在包含全称量词的h-疑问句中PL多重分流的不可接受性。我们将此归因于昂贵的超级量词提升过程，需要确保量词短语具有更广泛的范围。研究结果表明，MC分流构成了一种“真正的”小句省略操作，而不是一种“伪”操作。

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引用次数: 0

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