Lingua最新文献

英文中文

The acquisition of grammatical gender in German as an additional language: A comparison of L1 English and L1 Polish learners with and without knowledge of other gendered languages 德语作为一种附加语言的语法性别习得：具有和不具有其他性别语言知识的L1英语和L1波兰语学习者的比较

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103989

Kamil Długosz , Megan Brown-Bousfield

This study examines the acquisition of lexical and syntactic knowledge of grammatical gender in German as an additional language (Ln) among L1 Polish speakers (whose native language has grammatical gender) and L1 English speakers (whose native language lacks grammatical gender), both with and without proficiency in other non-native gendered languages (primarily Spanish). We tested learners of German as an additional language at lower to upper-intermediate proficiency levels using two tasks: a gender decision task and an acceptability judgment task with correction. Our findings provide consistent evidence for a significant advantage of L1 Polish learners over L1 English speakers in both gender assignment and gender agreement, regardless of German proficiency. Notably, L1 Polish learners do not exhibit lexical gender congruency effects, suggesting that their advantage is not due to gender overlaps between Polish and German. Instead, our results indicate that the mere presence of a grammatical gender feature in L1 facilitates Ln gender acquisition. Additionally, knowledge of other gendered languages heightens learners’ sensitivity to gender agreement violations in German. Finally, participants’ performance varies by case, showing higher judgment accuracy for definite phrases in the nominative but no defaulting to a specific gender.

本研究考察了母语波兰语者（其母语有语法性别）和母语英语者（其母语缺乏语法性别）在掌握和不掌握其他非母语性别语言（主要是西班牙语）的情况下，作为附加语言（Ln）的德语词汇和句法知识的习得情况。我们测试了德语作为一门额外语言的学习者在低到中高水平的熟练程度使用两个任务：性别决定任务和可接受性判断任务与纠正。我们的研究结果提供了一致的证据，证明母语波兰语学习者在性别分配和性别认同方面比母语英语学习者有显著优势，无论德语水平如何。值得注意的是，母语波兰语学习者没有表现出词汇性别一致性效应，这表明他们的优势不是由于波兰语和德语之间的性别重叠。相反，我们的研究结果表明，母语中存在的语法性别特征促进了母语性别习得。此外，其他性别语言的知识提高了学习者对德语性别协议违反的敏感性。最后，参与者的表现因情况而异，对主格中的特定短语的判断准确率较高，但没有默认的特定性别。

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引用次数: 0

Introduction to the Special Issue: Non-standard morphosyntactic variation in L2 Englishes world-wide: corpus-based studies 特刊导论：世界范围内第二语言英语非标准形态句法变化：基于语料库的研究

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103978

Peter Collins , Bernd Kortmann

Over the last few decades, a good deal of empirical research has been conducted on the distribution in the English-speaking world of morphosyntactic features considered to be non-standard (in the sense of not being part of the common core of standard written English). Insights have been achieved using elicitation methods (interviews and questionnaires), dialect corpora and open-access online atlases. There is, however, a dearth of large-scale corpus-based research, one that the present special issue seeks to address, with contributors drawing data from corpora – mainly derived from recordings of spoken English, and in some cases recently-compiled – representing mostly “New Englishes” (indigenised national L2 varieties, spoken in “outer circle” countries where English is established as an important language, even though it is not the native language of the majority of the population). Most contributions adopt a macro approach, investigating a set of features in a wide range of L2 English varieties, but some adopt a micro approach, zeroing in on a single feature or a small number of features.

在过去的几十年里，人们对英语世界中被认为是非标准（即不属于标准书面英语的共同核心）的形态句法特征的分布进行了大量的实证研究。通过启发方法（访谈和问卷调查）、方言语料库和开放获取的在线地图集获得了见解。然而，目前缺乏大规模的基于语料库的研究，这是本期特刊试图解决的问题，撰稿人从语料库中提取数据——主要来自英语口语录音，在某些情况下是最近编纂的——主要代表“新英语”（本土化的国家第二语言品种，在英语被确立为重要语言的“外围”国家使用，尽管英语不是大多数人口的母语）。大多数贡献采用宏观方法，研究广泛的第二语言英语变体中的一组特征，但有些采用微观方法，将注意力集中在单个特征或少量特征上。

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引用次数: 0

Italian verbal groups: A systemic functional perspective 意大利语语言群：系统功能视角

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103963

Lorenzo Logi , James R. Martin

This paper presents a Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) description of the verbal group in Italian. The focus of the analysis is on how tense, voice, nuclearity, modality and polarity are structured in Italian verbal groups and realised via pronominal clitics alongside verbs and their inflections. The model deals first with ideational meaning (tense, voice and nuclearity) and then with interpersonal meaning (modality and polarity). Our paper concludes with a brief note on comparable systems and structures in related languages where SFL studies have been carried out (i.e., French, Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese). The paper thus addresses a research gap in the study of Romance languages – supplementing it with work on Italian.

本文从系统功能语言学的角度对意大利语的语群进行了描述。分析的重点是时态、语态、核性、情态和极性是如何在意大利语动词群中形成的，并通过代词和动词及其变化来实现。该模型首先处理概念意义（时态、语态和核），然后处理人际意义（情态和极性）。我们的论文最后简要介绍了在相关语言（即法语、西班牙语和巴西葡萄牙语）进行的外语研究中可比较的系统和结构。因此，这篇论文解决了罗曼语研究中的一个研究缺口——用意大利语的工作来补充它。

引用次数: 0

Syntax, scope, and semantic identity: a genuine-sluicing approach to multiple sluicing in Mandarin Chinese 句法、范围与语义同一性：普通话多重分流的真分流方法

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103961

Tianyu Zhao, Ye Yuan

This paper investigates multiple sluicing in Mandarin Chinese (MC), proposing a syntactic analysis that integrates wh-movement and TP deletion within a dual-probe system for wh-fronting. We argue that wh-probing in MC sluicing is sensitive to two kinds of features—[+topic] and [+focus]—of TopP and FocP in the left periphery of CP. Complex wh-phrases are privileged in movement due to their additional [+topic] feature, distinguishing them from bare wh-phrases. This dual-feature analysis is demonstrated to provide a unified account of the intricate distribution of shi in MC sluicing: shi is obligatory before bare wh-arguments but optional with complex wh-phrases. We further examine two asymmetric cases of pair-list (PL) multiple sluicing. To explain how different scope interpretations capture PL readings in multiple sluicing, we adopt a semantic approach based on implicit Question under Discussion (QuD)-equivalence. Finally, we address the unacceptability of PL multiple sluicing in wh-questions containing universal quantifiers. We attribute this to the costly process of super quantifier raising, required to ensure that the quantifier phrase takes a wider scope. The findings suggest that MC sluicing constitutes a ‘genuine’ clausal ellipsis operation rather than a ‘pseudo’ one.

本文研究了汉语普通话的多重分流现象，提出了一种将“wh”移动和“TP”删除结合在“wh”前置双探针系统中的句法分析方法。我们认为，脑分流中的“wh”探测对CP左周TopP和FocP的“[+话题]和“[+焦点]”两种特征敏感，复杂的“wh”短语因其附加的“+话题”特征而有别于单纯的“wh”短语，具有运动优势。这种双特征分析为“是”在MC分流中的复杂分布提供了一个统一的解释：“是”在简单的“谁”参数之前是必须的，而在复杂的“谁”短语中是可选的。我们进一步研究了两种不对称的对表（PL）多重水闸情况。为了解释不同的作用域解释如何在多个水闸中捕获PL读数，我们采用了一种基于隐式讨论问题（QuD）等价的语义方法。最后，我们讨论了在包含全称量词的h-疑问句中PL多重分流的不可接受性。我们将此归因于昂贵的超级量词提升过程，需要确保量词短语具有更广泛的范围。研究结果表明，MC分流构成了一种“真正的”小句省略操作，而不是一种“伪”操作。

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引用次数: 0

Verbal group complexes in Norwegian 挪威语的言语群复合体

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-05-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103971

Hilde Hasselgård

This article presents a corpus-based study of hypotactic verbal group complexes (VGCs) in Norwegian with the form ‘verb^infinitive marker^verb’, for instance begynne å lese (‘begin to read’). The aims are to identify the meanings expressed by such VGCs in terms of the primary and secondary verbs that occur in them, thereby illuminating the nature of the verbs that occur in such VGCs and any additional meanings that arise from the collocation of primary and secondary verb. Particular attention is paid to VGCs expressing conation, time phase, and usuality. Findings show that meaning categories are unequally represented in the corpus in terms of frequency. A large majority of VGCs express material processes. While some of the VGC meanings overlap with those of tense, aspect or modality, others go beyond these systems. VGCs can thus be seen as a supplement to the systems of tense and modality in that they can include meanings in the verbal group that are not fully grammaticalized. In addition, some of the meaning categories are associated with particular semantic prosodies, especially involving ‘effort’, ‘difficulty’ and ‘voluntary action’.

本文以语料库为基础，对挪威语中“动词+不定式标记+动词”形式的形合动词群复合体（vgc）进行了研究，例如begynne lese（“开始阅读”）。目的是根据这些动词组合中出现的主要动词和次要动词来确定这些动词组合中所表达的意义，从而阐明这些动词组合中出现的动词的性质以及由于主要动词和次要动词的搭配而产生的任何附加意义。特别注意的是vgc表达浓度，时间阶段，和通常。研究结果表明，语义类别在语料库中的出现频率是不均匀的。绝大多数vgc表示材料过程。虽然VGC的一些含义与时态、方面或情态重叠，但其他含义超出了这些系统。因此，vgc可以被视为时态和情态系统的补充，因为它们可以包括言语组中没有完全语法化的意义。此外，一些意义类别与特定的语义韵律有关，特别是涉及“努力”、“困难”和“自愿行动”。

引用次数: 0

How does language shape formation of concepts? Empirical investigation of generics and conditionals in French 语言如何塑造概念的形成？法语泛型句和条件句的实证研究

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-05-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103959

Joanna Blochowiak , Cristina Grisot , Emmanuel Sander

This study explores how language influences concept formation, specifically how linguistic expressions signal what is central or essential to forming concepts of kinds. Prior research on preschool children suggests that generics (e.g., “Birds fly”) create strong associations between a kind and its properties, signaling essential features. To gain a deeper understanding of how language influences concept formation and its developmental trajectory, we examined two linguistic expressions—generics and conditionals—and compared them to a third type: demonstrative sentences, i.e., sentences with the pronoun this (e.g., “This bird flies”). We hypothesize that, beyond generics, conditionals may also act as a cue indicating that certain information is essential in concept formation. Three French-speaking groups—late adolescents, young adults, and adults—participated in an elicitation task. While Experiment 3 (adults) confirmed the importance of both generics and conditionals in concept formation, Experiments 1 and 2 (late adolescents and young adults) found no significant differences between the linguistic expressions. These results indicate that conditionals, generics, and demonstratives influence the conceptualization of kinds in a comparable way in late adolescents and young adults whereas at adulthood conditionals and generics are strongest cues for considering a given property as essential to a kind.

本研究探讨了语言如何影响概念的形成，特别是语言表达如何表明什么是形成各种概念的中心或必要因素。先前对学龄前儿童的研究表明，仿制药（例如，“鸟会飞”）在一种和它的属性之间建立了强烈的联系，表明了基本特征。为了更深入地了解语言如何影响概念的形成及其发展轨迹，我们研究了两种语言表达——泛型和条件句，并将它们与第三种类型的指示句进行了比较：指示句，即带有代词this的句子（例如，“this bird flies”）。我们假设，除了泛型，条件句也可以作为提示，表明某些信息在概念形成中是必不可少的。三个讲法语的小组——晚期青少年、年轻人和成年人——参加了一个启发任务。实验3（成人）证实了泛型句和条件句在概念形成中的重要性，而实验1和实验2（青少年晚期和年轻人）没有发现语言表达之间的显著差异。这些结果表明，条件句、泛型句和指示句以类似的方式影响青少年晚期和年轻人对种类的概念化，而在成年期，条件句和泛型句是将给定属性视为一种必不可少的最强线索。

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引用次数: 0

The typology of degree marking 学位标记的类型

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-05-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103938

Bei Zhou, Matthias Gerner

Most languages involve up to seven degree constructions in which adjectives can occur: bare, intensified, mitigative, superlative, superior, inferior, and equative. In a sample of 157 languages, we classify and quantify the lexical, synthetic, and analytic marking strategies of each degree construction. From this classification, we derive an implicational hierarchy (Bare < Equative < Superior < Superlative < Intensified < Inferior < Mitigative) which predicts the relative markedness of individual degree forms. If a language employs a degree form for a particular position on the hierarchy, it will also exhibit a degree form that is equally or less marked for any position ranking lower. The hierarchy is motivated by two cognitive factors: firstly, by a discourse principle, which rates a subject characterized by an inferior/mitigative adjectival degree as pragmatically marked since it conveys information in an atypical manner, and secondly by a quantity (or informativeness) principle, which tracks degree forms as quantifiers with increasingly complex profiles. Finally, we introduce two new concepts, à priori and à posteriori hierarchies, and demonstrate that the degree hierarchy is à posteriori in nature.

大多数语言都有七种程度的结构，其中形容词可以出现：裸级、强化级、减轻级、最高级、上级、下级和等同级。在157种语言的样本中，我们对每个度结构的词法标记策略、综合标记策略和分析标记策略进行了分类和量化。从这个分类,我们得到一个启发的层次结构(裸 & lt; 等同的 & lt; 优越 & lt; 最高级 & lt; 加剧 & lt; 劣质 & lt; 镇静剂)预测个体的相对显著度形式。如果一种语言在层次结构中的特定位置使用学位表，那么它也会显示一个学位表，该学位表在排名较低的任何位置上都有相同或更少的标记。这种等级制度是由两个认知因素驱动的：首先是话语原则，它将具有低级/减轻形容词程度特征的主语评为语用标记，因为它以非典型的方式传达信息；其次是数量（或信息性）原则，它将程度形式作为具有日益复杂特征的量词进行跟踪。最后，我们引入了两个新概念，即先验层次和后先验层次，并证明了程度层次本质上是先验的。

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引用次数: 0

Evidence for syntactic audience design from the production of active and passive relative clauses in Chinese 从汉语主动和被动关系从句的产生看句法受众设计的证据

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103962

Lan Tao , Johannes Gerwien

This study examines audience design at the syntactic level. We report two language production experiments investigating how Mandarin Chinese speakers choose between object relative clauses (ORCs) and passive subject relative clauses (pSRCs) to refer to patients in target events. These structures differ in syntactic function assignments. The production experiments vary in whether or not speakers interact with a real listener (Experiment 1 and 2). Two factors were manipulated: (1) the number of events in the visual stimuli eliciting verbal responses, and (2) the animacy configuration of referents. Results show that speakers adjust their syntactic choices to facilitate comprehension, with effects varying by the presence of a listener. Syntactic adaptations also increase production difficulty to some extent. A third experiment complements the findings with a language comprehension study using the visual world paradigm. The target responses from Experiments 1 and 2 served as the linguistic structures from which auditory stimuli were produced. Results reveal that the structure speakers avoided to produce under certain conditions (pSRCs with two depicted events) hindered comprehension, whereas the same structure improved comprehension in simpler contexts (pSRCs with one event). We discuss the findings with reference to different language production models.

本研究从句法层面考察受众设计。我们报告了两个语言生成实验，研究了汉语普通话使用者如何在目标事件中选择宾语关系从句和被动主语关系从句来指代患者。这些结构在语法功能分配上有所不同。生产实验的不同之处在于演讲者是否与真正的听众互动（实验1和2）。两个因素被操纵：(1)视觉刺激中引起言语反应的事件数量；(2)指涉物的动性配置。结果表明，说话者会调整他们的句法选择以促进理解，其效果因听众的存在而异。句法调整也在一定程度上增加了制作难度。第三个实验与使用视觉世界范式的语言理解研究相辅相成。实验1和实验2的目标反应是产生听觉刺激的语言结构。结果表明，说话者在特定条件下（包含两个描述事件的psrc）避免产生的结构阻碍了理解，而在更简单的语境下（包含一个事件的psrc）相同的结构促进了理解。我们将参考不同的语言生产模型来讨论这些发现。

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引用次数: 0

Nasalization reduction and grammaticalization of genre in Swiss French: a corpus-based sociophonetic study 瑞士法语体裁的鼻音化、降格化与语法化：基于语料库的社会语音研究

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-05-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103960

Delin Deng , Fenqi Wang , Ratree Wayland

This study investigates the grammaticalization and phonological reduction of the discourse marker (DM) genre in Swiss French, focusing on its nasal vowel /ɑ̃/. By comparing its acoustic properties in DM versus non-DM usage, the analysis highlights significant phonological reduction in DM genre, characterized by lower nasality (A1-P0) and distinct vowel height and backness adjustments. The findings reveal gender-based differences, with female speakers leading the change through more pronounced phonetic shifts, reflecting broader sociophonetic patterns of linguistic innovation. These differences align with established theories on gender and language change. This research contributes to understanding phonological reduction as a marker of grammaticalization and offers insights into sociophonetic variation in Swiss French.

本文研究了瑞士法语话语标记语（DM）体裁的语法化和语音弱化，重点研究了它的鼻音/[/]。通过比较DM与非DM使用时的声学特性，该分析突出了DM体裁明显的语音减少，其特征是低鼻音（A1-P0）和明显的元音高度和后调。研究结果揭示了基于性别的差异，女性说话者通过更明显的语音变化来引领这种变化，反映了语言创新的更广泛的社会语音模式。这些差异与性别和语言变化的既定理论一致。这项研究有助于理解语音缩减作为语法化的标志，并为瑞士法语的社会语音变化提供见解。

引用次数: 0

Stance-taking and (inter)subjective roles of Mandarin zhende (ma/a) 普通话真德的立场与（间）主体性角色（ma/a）

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103951

Shuang He, Ling Zhou , Shaojie Zhang

This study explores the non-interrogative functions of the newsmark zhende (ma/a) (‘really’) in Mandarin conversation interaction, focusing on its stance-taking and (inter)subjective roles in systematically context-sensitive ways. Drawing on spontaneous conversational data and a discourse-pragmatic approach, we identify affective, evaluative, and alignment stances associated with zhende (ma/a) that extend beyond its epistemic function as a reaction to unexpected information and its affective role as an expression of surprise. The nuanced stance-taking activities reveal three key manifestations of (inter)subjectivity, primarily tied to the stance object targeted: (1) a device for involvement and rapport-building responding to irrelevant information; (2) an emotionally charged stance marker when addressing relevant information; and (3) a buffering mechanism for managing awkward moments, maintaining rapport in response to assessments directed at the zhende (ma/a) speaker. Additionally, the syntactic position of zhende (ma/a) also facilitates its intersubjective impact, particularly regarding its metadiscursive function. This study highlights the nuanced interplay between stance-taking and (inter)subjectivity and underscores the importance of contextual features in interpreting the non-interrogative functions of newsmarks, offering valuable insights into stance-taking and its (inter)subjective roles in Mandarin conversation interaction and beyond.

本研究探讨了新闻标记真德（ma/a）（“真的”）在普通话会话互动中的非疑问句功能，重点研究了它在系统的语境敏感方式下的立场和（相互）主观作用。利用自发会话数据和话语语用学方法，我们确定了与真德（ma/a）相关的情感、评估和一致性立场，这些立场超出了其作为对意外信息的反应的认知功能和作为惊讶表达的情感角色。微妙的立场采取活动揭示了主体性（间）的三种主要表现形式，主要与所针对的立场对象有关：(1)对不相关信息的参与和建立关系的反应；(2)在处理相关信息时情绪化的立场标记；(3)管理尴尬时刻的缓冲机制，在回应针对真德说话者的评价时保持融洽的关系。此外，真德（ma/a）的句法位置也促进了它的主体间影响，特别是在其元话语功能方面。本研究强调了立场和主体性之间微妙的相互作用，强调了语境特征在解释新闻标记的非疑问句功能中的重要性，为立场及其主体性在普通话会话互动中的作用提供了有价值的见解。

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