IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-06-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104005

Rui Xie , Yao Yao , Wenkang Zhang , Andrew K.F. Cheung

Simultaneous interpreting (SI), a cognitively demanding task that requires real-time language comprehension and production, is influenced by source speech complexity. While extensive research has utilized mean dependency distance (MDD) to examine interpreted language, the interaction between MDD and genre in SI remains underexplored. Through the lens of cross-linguistic interference, this study investigates the influence of MDD in Mandarin Chinese source speech on the syntactic complexity of English output in SI, with a focus on the moderating effect of genre. We used the Presser Corpus, a parallel corpus of professionally interpreted press conferences that encompasses six sub-corpora across three genres: economics, healthcare, and politics/governance. The results reveal that the MDD of the source speech strongly affects the syntactic complexity of the SI output, especially at the clausal level. Pairwise comparisons indicated that the relationship between source speech MDD and syntactic complexity in interpreted outputs exhibits genre-dependent variability, as significant positive correlations were discovered in healthcare and politics/governance genres. These findings provide insights into the interplay of dependency distance and genre in shaping task difficulty and cognitive effort in Mandarin Chinese–English SI. The results have theoretical and practical implications for interpreter training and professional practice.

同声传译是一项需要实时理解和产生语言的认知要求较高的任务，它受源语复杂性的影响。虽然广泛的研究利用平均依赖距离（MDD）来研究解释语言，但MDD与语言类型之间的相互作用仍未得到充分探讨。本研究通过跨语言干扰的视角，探讨了汉语普通话源语中言语缺陷对科学探究中英语输出句法复杂性的影响，重点研究了体裁的调节作用。我们使用了Presser语料库，这是一个由专业解释的新闻发布会组成的平行语料库，包含了三种类型的六个子语料库：经济、医疗保健和政治/治理。结果表明，源语音的MDD强烈影响SI输出的句法复杂性，特别是在小句层面。两两比较表明，源语音MDD与解释输出中的句法复杂性之间的关系表现出体裁依赖的变异性，因为在医疗保健和政治/治理体裁中发现了显著的正相关。研究结果揭示了依赖距离和体裁对汉语-英语科学探究任务难度和认知努力的影响。研究结果对口译培训和专业实践具有理论和实践意义。

{"title":"Language interference in Mandarin Chinese-English simultaneous interpreting: insights from multi-dimensional syntactic complexity","authors":"Rui Xie , Yao Yao , Wenkang Zhang , Andrew K.F. Cheung","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Simultaneous interpreting (SI), a cognitively demanding task that requires real-time language comprehension and production, is influenced by source speech complexity. While extensive research has utilized mean dependency distance (MDD) to examine interpreted language, the interaction between MDD and genre in SI remains underexplored. Through the lens of cross-linguistic interference, this study investigates the influence of MDD in Mandarin Chinese source speech on the syntactic complexity of English output in SI, with a focus on the moderating effect of genre. We used the Presser Corpus, a parallel corpus of professionally interpreted press conferences that encompasses six sub-corpora across three genres: economics, healthcare, and politics/governance. The results reveal that the MDD of the source speech strongly affects the syntactic complexity of the SI output, especially at the clausal level. Pairwise comparisons indicated that the relationship between source speech MDD and syntactic complexity in interpreted outputs exhibits genre-dependent variability, as significant positive correlations were discovered in healthcare and politics/governance genres. These findings provide insights into the interplay of dependency distance and genre in shaping task difficulty and cognitive effort in Mandarin Chinese–English SI. The results have theoretical and practical implications for interpreter training and professional practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 104005"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144513764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lexical-semantic and morphological co-development in L2 Chinese: a complex network approach 二语汉语词汇、语义和形态的共同发展：一个复杂的网络研究方法

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104004

Jian Li , Heng Chen

Using a complex network approach, this study explores the co-development of lexical-semantic knowledge and morphological awareness in second language (L2) Chinese learners. By tracking specific network metrics—such as the steady decline in density (ND) alongside non-monotonic shifts in weighted average degree (WAD) in the lexical-semantic networks, and the persistent rise in average degree (AD) in the word-formation networks—across three proficiency levels, we show how learners move from breadth-focused vocabulary growth toward deeper semantic integration, while their characters show enhanced compounding productivity and cohesive morphological linking. A strong correlation between these two competences is observed, with pivotal characters serving as critical links between the networks. While lexical-semantic knowledge and morphological awareness in L2 Chinese learners co-develop with increasing proficiency, they remain distinct from those of native Chinese speakers. These findings underscore the necessity of integrated, targeted, and stage-specific instructional strategies to facilitate the development of learners’ lexical competence. The study also provides practical insights for teaching Chinese as a foreign language (TCFL) through quantitative and visual analyses of L2 development.

本研究采用复杂网络研究方法，探讨了第二语言汉语学习者词汇语义知识和形态意识的共同发展。通过跟踪特定的网络指标，如词汇语义网络中密度（ND）的稳步下降以及加权平均程度（WAD）的非单调变化，以及构词法网络中平均程度（AD）的持续上升，我们展示了学习者如何从以广度为重点的词汇增长向更深层次的语义整合转变，同时他们的特征显示出增强的复合生产力和内聚形态连接。这两种能力之间存在很强的相关性，关键特征是网络之间的关键联系。虽然二语汉语学习者的词汇语义知识和词形意识是随着熟练程度的提高而共同发展的，但它们与汉语母语者仍然存在差异。这些发现强调了综合的、有针对性的、有阶段的教学策略对于促进学习者词汇能力发展的必要性。本研究还通过对二语发展的定量和可视化分析，为对外汉语教学提供了实用的见解。

{"title":"Lexical-semantic and morphological co-development in L2 Chinese: a complex network approach","authors":"Jian Li , Heng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Using a complex network approach, this study explores the co-development of lexical-semantic knowledge and morphological awareness in second language (L2) Chinese learners. By tracking specific network metrics—such as the steady decline in density (ND) alongside non-monotonic shifts in weighted average degree (WAD) in the lexical-semantic networks, and the persistent rise in average degree (AD) in the word-formation networks—across three proficiency levels, we show how learners move from breadth-focused vocabulary growth toward deeper semantic integration, while their characters show enhanced compounding productivity and cohesive morphological linking. A strong correlation between these two competences is observed, with pivotal characters serving as critical links between the networks. While lexical-semantic knowledge and morphological awareness in L2 Chinese learners co-develop with increasing proficiency, they remain distinct from those of native Chinese speakers. These findings underscore the necessity of integrated, targeted, and stage-specific instructional strategies to facilitate the development of learners’ lexical competence. The study also provides practical insights for teaching Chinese as a foreign language (TCFL) through quantitative and visual analyses of L2 development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"325 ","pages":"Article 104004"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144490974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Is there a polarity-prominent language? A typological perspective on Dagaare verbal systems 有没有一种极端突出的语言？Dagaare语言系统的类型学研究

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103988

Isaac N. Mwinlaaru

To date, the three-tier typology of verbal systems into tense-prominent, aspect-prominent and mood-prominent proposed by Shankara Bhat at the end of the twentieth century seems to have stuck. The present study reveals a novel type of prominence in Dagaare (Niger-Congo: Mabia/Gur), namely polarity prominence. The study shows that distinctions in tense, mood and modality are cast in terms of polarity. First, the tense category of futurity makes positive and negative distinctions in both future and non-future. Second, indicative and imperative moods are essentially distinguished by polarity markers unique to each mood, and the sub-types of each mood are shades of polarity. This polarity-based mood distinction extends beyond the verbal domain to the domain of clause final particles and focus marking, establishing polarity concord between items of the verbal group and periphery elements of the clause. In addition, the interaction between polarity and modality enacts a cline of polarity from full positivity to full negation with a median modality in the mid region. The study also demonstrates that, although Dagaare verb morphology encodes perfective/imperfective aspectual distinction, aspect is not a competing candidate for prominence in the language. The study reveals that a robust empirical framework of prominence needs to go beyond verbal inflection and as well incorporate finiteness into the criteria of prominence.

到目前为止，Shankara Bhat在20世纪末提出的语言系统的三层类型，即时态突出，方面突出和情绪突出，似乎仍然存在。本研究揭示了Dagaare（尼日尔-刚果：Mabia/Gur）的一种新型日珥，即极性日珥。研究表明，时态、语气和情态的区别是根据极性来表现的。首先，将来时的时态范畴对将来时和非将来时进行了肯定和否定的区分。第二，指示语气和祈使语气本质上是由每个语气特有的极性标记来区分的，每个语气的子类型都是极性的阴影。这种基于极性的语气区分从动词性领域扩展到子句末助词和焦点标记领域，在动词性组项和子句外围元素之间建立极性协调。此外，极性和模态之间的相互作用使极性从完全正性到完全负性发生变化，中间区域有一个中间模态。该研究还表明，尽管Dagaare动词形态编码了完成/不完成的方面区分，但方面并不是语言中突出的竞争候选人。研究表明，一个强大的突出的经验框架需要超越语言的变化，并将有限性纳入突出的标准。

{"title":"Is there a polarity-prominent language? A typological perspective on Dagaare verbal systems","authors":"Isaac N. Mwinlaaru","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To date, the three-tier typology of verbal systems into tense-prominent, aspect-prominent and mood-prominent proposed by Shankara Bhat at the end of the twentieth century seems to have stuck. The present study reveals a novel type of prominence in Dagaare (Niger-Congo: Mabia/Gur), namely polarity prominence. The study shows that distinctions in <span>tense</span>, <span>mood</span> and <span>modality</span> are cast in terms of <span>polarity</span>. First, the tense category of <span>futurity</span> makes positive and negative distinctions in both future and non-future. Second, indicative and imperative moods are essentially distinguished by polarity markers unique to each mood, and the sub-types of each mood are shades of polarity. This polarity-based mood distinction extends beyond the verbal domain to the domain of clause final particles and focus marking, establishing polarity concord between items of the verbal group and periphery elements of the clause. In addition, the interaction between <span>polarity</span> and <span>modality</span> enacts a cline of polarity from full positivity to full negation with a median modality in the mid region. The study also demonstrates that, although Dagaare verb morphology encodes perfective/imperfective aspectual distinction, <span>aspect</span> is not a competing candidate for prominence in the language. The study reveals that a robust empirical framework of prominence needs to go beyond verbal inflection and as well incorporate finiteness into the criteria of prominence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 103988"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144470601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Dynamics of scope ambiguities: comparative analysis of human and large language model performance in Korean 范围模糊的动态：韩语中人类和大型语言模型性能的比较分析

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-06-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103998

Myung Hye Yoo , Sanghoun Song

This study investigates how native Korean speakers and large language models (LLMs) resolve scope ambiguities and integrate them with discourse information, focusing on interactions between negation and quantificational phrases (QPs). The objectives were twofold: (i) to determine whether the general preference for surface scope interpretations and integration with discourse information persists in complex syntactic constructions in Korean, which require refined processing, and (ii) to assess how well LLMs comprehend and integrate semantic structures compared with human performance. The results showed a preference for surface scope among Korean speakers but did not rigidly hold against the inverse scope, particularly influenced by object QPs or long-form negation, even when contexts favor an inverse scope. LLMs developed by OpenAI—GPT-3.5 Turbo, GPT-4 Turbo, and GPT-4o—align with human judgments, mainly favoring surface scope interpretations when contexts favor the inverse scope. However, when the context supports an inverse scope, discrepancies in the handling of syntactic nuances are evident. This model tends to overgeneralize the inverse scope in specific configurations in which humans typically find the inverse scope more accessible. These findings highlight the challenges of mimicking human linguistic processing and the need for further refinement of language models to improve their interpretive accuracy.

本研究探讨了母语为韩语者和大型语言模型（llm）如何解决范围歧义并将其与话语信息相结合，重点研究了否定和定量短语（qp）之间的相互作用。研究的目的有两个：(i)确定在复杂的韩语句法结构中，对表面范围解释和话语信息整合的普遍偏好是否仍然存在，这需要进行精细的处理；（ii）评估法学硕士与人类相比在理解和整合语义结构方面的表现如何。结果显示，韩语使用者偏好表面范围，但并不严格反对反向范围，特别是受对象QPs或长形式否定的影响，即使上下文倾向于反向范围。由OpenAI-GPT-3.5 Turbo、GPT-4 Turbo和gpt - 40 -开发的llm与人类的判断一致，当上下文有利于逆范围时，主要倾向于表面范围解释。但是，当上下文支持反向作用域时，处理语法细微差别的差异就很明显了。该模型倾向于在特定配置中过度概括逆作用域，在这种配置中，人们通常会发现逆作用域更容易访问。这些发现强调了模仿人类语言处理的挑战，以及进一步完善语言模型以提高其解释准确性的必要性。

{"title":"Dynamics of scope ambiguities: comparative analysis of human and large language model performance in Korean","authors":"Myung Hye Yoo , Sanghoun Song","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates how native Korean speakers and large language models (LLMs) resolve scope ambiguities and integrate them with discourse information, focusing on interactions between negation and quantificational phrases (QPs). The objectives were twofold: (i) to determine whether the general preference for surface scope interpretations and integration with discourse information persists in complex syntactic constructions in Korean, which require refined processing, and (ii) to assess how well LLMs comprehend and integrate semantic structures compared with human performance. The results showed a preference for surface scope among Korean speakers but did not rigidly hold against the inverse scope, particularly influenced by object QPs or long-form negation, even when contexts favor an inverse scope. LLMs developed by OpenAI—GPT-3.5 Turbo, GPT-4 Turbo, and GPT-4o—align with human judgments, mainly favoring surface scope interpretations when contexts favor the inverse scope. However, when the context supports an inverse scope, discrepancies in the handling of syntactic nuances are evident. This model tends to overgeneralize the inverse scope in specific configurations in which humans typically find the inverse scope more accessible. These findings highlight the challenges of mimicking human linguistic processing and the need for further refinement of language models to improve their interpretive accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 103998"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Perspective-taking in referential discourse among Mandarin-speaking children during three-party conversations 普通话儿童三方对话中指称语篇的换位思考

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104002

Xiaobei Zheng , Yageng Li

During conversations, individuals continuously need to take others’ perspectives to constrain the referential domain. The present study specifically investigates how 3-year-old Mandarin-speaking children take the visual perspectives of two partners in three-party communications. In two experiments, two speakers took turns instructing children to identify objects on a shelf, using critical nouns that semantically matched two identical referents from the child’s visual perspective. However, one of these referents might not be visible to the speakers. The critical nouns were presented in the form of bare nouns, allowing for definite or generic interpretations in the Mandarin context, leading to a competition between single and dual references. In Experiment 1, when both speakers only saw one shared candidate object, children preferred definite interpretations, using their partners’ perspectives to narrow the referential domains. However, in Experiment 2, one of the speakers could see both candidate objects while the other could see only the shared one. Results showed that children tended to interpret both partners’ discourse similarly and preferred generic interpretations. Additionally, eye-tracking data indicated that children implicitly processed each partner’s visual perspective. This research sheds light on visual perspective-taking strategies among 3-year-old children in a Mandarin context and provides insight into how children integrate multiple perspectives in communication.

在对话过程中，个体不断需要从他人的角度来约束引用域。本研究专门调查了三岁的普通话儿童在三方交流中如何看待两个伙伴的视觉视角。在两个实验中，两位说话者轮流指导孩子们识别架子上的物品，他们使用的关键名词在语义上与孩子视觉上看到的两个相同的指代物相匹配。然而，其中一个参照物可能对说话者不可见。关键名词以裸名词的形式呈现，允许在普通话语境中进行明确或一般的解释，导致单指和双指之间的竞争。在实验1中，当两个说话者只看到一个共同的候选物体时，孩子们更喜欢明确的解释，利用他们同伴的观点来缩小参考范围。然而，在实验2中，一个说话者可以看到两个候选对象，而另一个只能看到共享的对象。结果表明，儿童倾向于相似地解读双方的话语，并倾向于通用的解读。此外，眼球追踪数据表明，孩子们隐式地处理了每个伴侣的视觉视角。本研究揭示了三岁儿童在普通话环境下的视觉视角策略，并为儿童如何在交流中整合多种视角提供了见解。

{"title":"Perspective-taking in referential discourse among Mandarin-speaking children during three-party conversations","authors":"Xiaobei Zheng , Yageng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.104002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During conversations, individuals continuously need to take others’ perspectives to constrain the referential domain. The present study specifically investigates how 3-year-old Mandarin-speaking children take the visual perspectives of two partners in three-party communications. In two experiments, two speakers took turns instructing children to identify objects on a shelf, using critical nouns that semantically matched two identical referents from the child’s visual perspective. However, one of these referents might not be visible to the speakers. The critical nouns were presented in the form of bare nouns, allowing for definite or generic interpretations in the Mandarin context, leading to a competition between single and dual references. In Experiment 1, when both speakers only saw one shared candidate object, children preferred definite interpretations, using their partners’ perspectives to narrow the referential domains. However, in Experiment 2, one of the speakers could see both candidate objects while the other could see only the shared one. Results showed that children tended to interpret both partners’ discourse similarly and preferred generic interpretations. Additionally, eye-tracking data indicated that children implicitly processed each partner’s visual perspective. This research sheds light on visual perspective-taking strategies among 3-year-old children in a Mandarin context and provides insight into how children integrate multiple perspectives in communication.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 104002"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The semantic typology of expressive interjections: colexifications in pain, disgust and joy interjections across languages 表达感叹词的语义类型：痛苦、厌恶和快乐感叹词的跨语言共化

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103979

Maïa Ponsonnet

Expressive interjections are most likely a universal feature of human languages, yet for the moment we know very little about their typology. This article presents the first broad-scale cross-linguistic study on the semantic typology of expressive interjections. Specifically, the study examines colexification patterns, i.e. which experiences tend to be expressed by the same interjections. Based on lexicographic sources, we assembled a data set of 523 interjections expressing pain, disgust or joy in a diverse sample of 144 languages. We then inventoried which other meanings (or ‘colexifications’) associate with these three experiences. The analysis revealed that pain, disgust and joy all associate with a large and diverse set of experiences, with significant overlap. However, there are strong contrasts regarding the most prevalent colexifications, delineating a number of experience clusters. Pain interjections often express generic negative emotions, sorrow, fear, and compassion. Disgust interjections often express dislike or disapproval, contempt, and to some extent irritation. Joy interjections often express admiration, approbation and congratulations. Pain and disgust associate preferentially with negative experiences, and joy with positive experiences. At the same time, disgust and joy share a preference for socially-oriented experiences, which is not matched by pain. Importantly, all three experiences frequently associate with surprise, presumably because it is neutral in valence. The pivotal role of surprise in the semantic networks delineated by interjections is a question for future research.

表达性感叹词很可能是人类语言的一个普遍特征，但目前我们对它们的类型学知之甚少。本文首次对表达性感叹词的语义类型进行了大规模的跨语言研究。具体来说，该研究考察了共色化模式，即哪些经历倾向于用相同的感叹词来表达。基于词典编纂来源，我们收集了144种不同语言样本中523个表达痛苦、厌恶或喜悦的感叹词的数据集。然后，我们列出了与这三种体验相关的其他含义（或“共化”）。分析显示，痛苦、厌恶和快乐都与大量不同的经历有关，并且有显著的重叠。然而，对于最普遍的共化，有强烈的对比，描绘了许多经验集群。疼痛感叹词通常表达一般的负面情绪，悲伤、恐惧和同情。厌恶的感叹词通常表达不喜欢或不赞成，蔑视，以及某种程度上的愤怒。喜悦感叹词通常表达钦佩、赞同和祝贺。痛苦和厌恶倾向于与消极的经历联系在一起，而快乐倾向于与积极的经历联系在一起。与此同时，厌恶和喜悦都倾向于社会导向的体验，这与痛苦不同。重要的是，这三种体验经常与惊喜联系在一起，大概是因为它的效价是中性的。惊讶在感叹词描述的语义网络中的关键作用是未来研究的一个问题。

{"title":"The semantic typology of expressive interjections: colexifications in pain, disgust and joy interjections across languages","authors":"Maïa Ponsonnet","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Expressive interjections are most likely a universal feature of human languages, yet for the moment we know very little about their typology. This article presents the first broad-scale cross-linguistic study on the semantic typology of expressive interjections. Specifically, the study examines colexification patterns, i.e. which experiences tend to be expressed by the same interjections. Based on lexicographic sources, we assembled a data set of 523 interjections expressing pain, disgust or joy in a diverse sample of 144 languages. We then inventoried which other meanings (or ‘colexifications’) associate with these three experiences. The analysis revealed that pain, disgust and joy all associate with a large and diverse set of experiences, with significant overlap. However, there are strong contrasts regarding the most prevalent colexifications, delineating a number of experience clusters. Pain interjections often express generic negative emotions, sorrow, fear, and compassion. Disgust interjections often express dislike or disapproval, contempt, and to some extent irritation. Joy interjections often express admiration, approbation and congratulations. Pain and disgust associate preferentially with negative experiences, and joy with positive experiences. At the same time, disgust and joy share a preference for socially-oriented experiences, which is not matched by pain. Importantly, all three experiences frequently associate with surprise, presumably because it is neutral in valence. The pivotal role of surprise in the semantic networks delineated by interjections is a question for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 103979"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144314433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The acquisition of grammatical gender in German as an additional language: A comparison of L1 English and L1 Polish learners with and without knowledge of other gendered languages 德语作为一种附加语言的语法性别习得：具有和不具有其他性别语言知识的L1英语和L1波兰语学习者的比较

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103989

Kamil Długosz , Megan Brown-Bousfield

This study examines the acquisition of lexical and syntactic knowledge of grammatical gender in German as an additional language (Ln) among L1 Polish speakers (whose native language has grammatical gender) and L1 English speakers (whose native language lacks grammatical gender), both with and without proficiency in other non-native gendered languages (primarily Spanish). We tested learners of German as an additional language at lower to upper-intermediate proficiency levels using two tasks: a gender decision task and an acceptability judgment task with correction. Our findings provide consistent evidence for a significant advantage of L1 Polish learners over L1 English speakers in both gender assignment and gender agreement, regardless of German proficiency. Notably, L1 Polish learners do not exhibit lexical gender congruency effects, suggesting that their advantage is not due to gender overlaps between Polish and German. Instead, our results indicate that the mere presence of a grammatical gender feature in L1 facilitates Ln gender acquisition. Additionally, knowledge of other gendered languages heightens learners’ sensitivity to gender agreement violations in German. Finally, participants’ performance varies by case, showing higher judgment accuracy for definite phrases in the nominative but no defaulting to a specific gender.

本研究考察了母语波兰语者（其母语有语法性别）和母语英语者（其母语缺乏语法性别）在掌握和不掌握其他非母语性别语言（主要是西班牙语）的情况下，作为附加语言（Ln）的德语词汇和句法知识的习得情况。我们测试了德语作为一门额外语言的学习者在低到中高水平的熟练程度使用两个任务：性别决定任务和可接受性判断任务与纠正。我们的研究结果提供了一致的证据，证明母语波兰语学习者在性别分配和性别认同方面比母语英语学习者有显著优势，无论德语水平如何。值得注意的是，母语波兰语学习者没有表现出词汇性别一致性效应，这表明他们的优势不是由于波兰语和德语之间的性别重叠。相反，我们的研究结果表明，母语中存在的语法性别特征促进了母语性别习得。此外，其他性别语言的知识提高了学习者对德语性别协议违反的敏感性。最后，参与者的表现因情况而异，对主格中的特定短语的判断准确率较高，但没有默认的特定性别。

{"title":"The acquisition of grammatical gender in German as an additional language: A comparison of L1 English and L1 Polish learners with and without knowledge of other gendered languages","authors":"Kamil Długosz , Megan Brown-Bousfield","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103989","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103989","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the acquisition of lexical and syntactic knowledge of grammatical gender in German as an additional language (Ln) among L1 Polish speakers (whose native language has grammatical gender) and L1 English speakers (whose native language lacks grammatical gender), both with and without proficiency in other non-native gendered languages (primarily Spanish). We tested learners of German as an additional language at lower to upper-intermediate proficiency levels using two tasks: a gender decision task and an acceptability judgment task with correction. Our findings provide consistent evidence for a significant advantage of L1 Polish learners over L1 English speakers in both gender assignment and gender agreement, regardless of German proficiency. Notably, L1 Polish learners do not exhibit lexical gender congruency effects, suggesting that their advantage is not due to gender overlaps between Polish and German. Instead, our results indicate that the mere presence of a grammatical gender feature in L1 facilitates Ln gender acquisition. Additionally, knowledge of other gendered languages heightens learners’ sensitivity to gender agreement violations in German. Finally, participants’ performance varies by case, showing higher judgment accuracy for definite phrases in the nominative but no defaulting to a specific gender.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 103989"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144242215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Introduction to the Special Issue: Non-standard morphosyntactic variation in L2 Englishes world-wide: corpus-based studies 特刊导论：世界范围内第二语言英语非标准形态句法变化：基于语料库的研究

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103978

Peter Collins , Bernd Kortmann

Over the last few decades, a good deal of empirical research has been conducted on the distribution in the English-speaking world of morphosyntactic features considered to be non-standard (in the sense of not being part of the common core of standard written English). Insights have been achieved using elicitation methods (interviews and questionnaires), dialect corpora and open-access online atlases. There is, however, a dearth of large-scale corpus-based research, one that the present special issue seeks to address, with contributors drawing data from corpora – mainly derived from recordings of spoken English, and in some cases recently-compiled – representing mostly “New Englishes” (indigenised national L2 varieties, spoken in “outer circle” countries where English is established as an important language, even though it is not the native language of the majority of the population). Most contributions adopt a macro approach, investigating a set of features in a wide range of L2 English varieties, but some adopt a micro approach, zeroing in on a single feature or a small number of features.

在过去的几十年里，人们对英语世界中被认为是非标准（即不属于标准书面英语的共同核心）的形态句法特征的分布进行了大量的实证研究。通过启发方法（访谈和问卷调查）、方言语料库和开放获取的在线地图集获得了见解。然而，目前缺乏大规模的基于语料库的研究，这是本期特刊试图解决的问题，撰稿人从语料库中提取数据——主要来自英语口语录音，在某些情况下是最近编纂的——主要代表“新英语”（本土化的国家第二语言品种，在英语被确立为重要语言的“外围”国家使用，尽管英语不是大多数人口的母语）。大多数贡献采用宏观方法，研究广泛的第二语言英语变体中的一组特征，但有些采用微观方法，将注意力集中在单个特征或少量特征上。

{"title":"Introduction to the Special Issue: Non-standard morphosyntactic variation in L2 Englishes world-wide: corpus-based studies","authors":"Peter Collins , Bernd Kortmann","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the last few decades, a good deal of empirical research has been conducted on the distribution in the English-speaking world of morphosyntactic features considered to be non-standard (in the sense of not being part of the common core of standard written English). Insights have been achieved using elicitation methods (interviews and questionnaires), dialect corpora and open-access online atlases. There is, however, a dearth of large-scale corpus-based research, one that the present special issue seeks to address, with contributors drawing data from corpora – mainly derived from recordings of spoken English, and in some cases recently-compiled – representing mostly “New Englishes” (indigenised national L2 varieties, spoken in “outer circle” countries where English is established as an important language, even though it is not the native language of the majority of the population). Most contributions adopt a macro approach, investigating a set of features in a wide range of L2 English varieties, but some adopt a micro approach, zeroing in on a single feature or a small number of features.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 103978"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144204656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Italian verbal groups: A systemic functional perspective 意大利语语言群：系统功能视角

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103963

Lorenzo Logi , James R. Martin

This paper presents a Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) description of the verbal group in Italian. The focus of the analysis is on how tense, voice, nuclearity, modality and polarity are structured in Italian verbal groups and realised via pronominal clitics alongside verbs and their inflections. The model deals first with ideational meaning (tense, voice and nuclearity) and then with interpersonal meaning (modality and polarity). Our paper concludes with a brief note on comparable systems and structures in related languages where SFL studies have been carried out (i.e., French, Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese). The paper thus addresses a research gap in the study of Romance languages – supplementing it with work on Italian.

本文从系统功能语言学的角度对意大利语的语群进行了描述。分析的重点是时态、语态、核性、情态和极性是如何在意大利语动词群中形成的，并通过代词和动词及其变化来实现。该模型首先处理概念意义（时态、语态和核），然后处理人际意义（情态和极性）。我们的论文最后简要介绍了在相关语言（即法语、西班牙语和巴西葡萄牙语）进行的外语研究中可比较的系统和结构。因此，这篇论文解决了罗曼语研究中的一个研究缺口——用意大利语的工作来补充它。

引用次数: 0

Syntax, scope, and semantic identity: a genuine-sluicing approach to multiple sluicing in Mandarin Chinese 句法、范围与语义同一性：普通话多重分流的真分流方法

IF 1.1 3区文学 0 LANGUAGE & LINGUISTICS

Lingua

Pub Date : 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103961

Tianyu Zhao, Ye Yuan

This paper investigates multiple sluicing in Mandarin Chinese (MC), proposing a syntactic analysis that integrates wh-movement and TP deletion within a dual-probe system for wh-fronting. We argue that wh-probing in MC sluicing is sensitive to two kinds of features—[+topic] and [+focus]—of TopP and FocP in the left periphery of CP. Complex wh-phrases are privileged in movement due to their additional [+topic] feature, distinguishing them from bare wh-phrases. This dual-feature analysis is demonstrated to provide a unified account of the intricate distribution of shi in MC sluicing: shi is obligatory before bare wh-arguments but optional with complex wh-phrases. We further examine two asymmetric cases of pair-list (PL) multiple sluicing. To explain how different scope interpretations capture PL readings in multiple sluicing, we adopt a semantic approach based on implicit Question under Discussion (QuD)-equivalence. Finally, we address the unacceptability of PL multiple sluicing in wh-questions containing universal quantifiers. We attribute this to the costly process of super quantifier raising, required to ensure that the quantifier phrase takes a wider scope. The findings suggest that MC sluicing constitutes a ‘genuine’ clausal ellipsis operation rather than a ‘pseudo’ one.

本文研究了汉语普通话的多重分流现象，提出了一种将“wh”移动和“TP”删除结合在“wh”前置双探针系统中的句法分析方法。我们认为，脑分流中的“wh”探测对CP左周TopP和FocP的“[+话题]和“[+焦点]”两种特征敏感，复杂的“wh”短语因其附加的“+话题”特征而有别于单纯的“wh”短语，具有运动优势。这种双特征分析为“是”在MC分流中的复杂分布提供了一个统一的解释：“是”在简单的“谁”参数之前是必须的，而在复杂的“谁”短语中是可选的。我们进一步研究了两种不对称的对表（PL）多重水闸情况。为了解释不同的作用域解释如何在多个水闸中捕获PL读数，我们采用了一种基于隐式讨论问题（QuD）等价的语义方法。最后，我们讨论了在包含全称量词的h-疑问句中PL多重分流的不可接受性。我们将此归因于昂贵的超级量词提升过程，需要确保量词短语具有更广泛的范围。研究结果表明，MC分流构成了一种“真正的”小句省略操作，而不是一种“伪”操作。

{"title":"Syntax, scope, and semantic identity: a genuine-sluicing approach to multiple sluicing in Mandarin Chinese","authors":"Tianyu Zhao, Ye Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.lingua.2025.103961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates multiple sluicing in Mandarin Chinese (MC), proposing a syntactic analysis that integrates <em>wh</em>-movement and TP deletion within a dual-probe system for <em>wh</em>-fronting. We argue that <em>wh</em>-probing in MC sluicing is sensitive to two kinds of features—[+topic] and [+focus]—of TopP and FocP in the left periphery of CP. Complex <em>wh</em>-phrases are privileged in movement due to their additional [+topic] feature, distinguishing them from bare <em>wh</em>-phrases. This dual-feature analysis is demonstrated to provide a unified account of the intricate distribution of <em>shi</em> in MC sluicing: <em>shi</em> is obligatory before bare <em>wh</em>-arguments but optional with complex <em>wh</em>-phrases. We further examine two asymmetric cases of pair-list (PL) multiple sluicing. To explain how different scope interpretations capture PL readings in multiple sluicing, we adopt a semantic approach based on implicit Question under Discussion (QuD)-equivalence. Finally, we address the unacceptability of PL multiple sluicing in <em>wh-</em>questions containing universal quantifiers. We attribute this to the costly process of super quantifier raising, required to ensure that the quantifier phrase takes a wider scope. The findings suggest that MC sluicing constitutes a ‘genuine’ clausal ellipsis operation rather than a ‘pseudo’ one.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":47955,"journal":{"name":"Lingua","volume":"324 ","pages":"Article 103961"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Lingua最新文献