{"title":"Wrongful Observation","authors":"Helen Frowe, J. Parry","doi":"10.1111/papa.12142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/papa.12142","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/papa.12142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48825144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Political Rioting: A Moral Assessment","authors":"A. Pasternak","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12132","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12132","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48618059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In his paper, “The Impossibility of Republican Freedom,” Thomas Simpson tries to show that the republican conception of freedom as nondomination is self-defeating. The core idea, briefly, is that it supports two inconsistent requirements: one, that individuals be robustly protected by the law against interference; and two, that the people, working as a team, control the state that makes and applies that law, else the state will itself dominate them. Those requirements are said to be inconsistent insofar as the ability of the people to control the state entails that they have dominating control over every individual. Although this claim constitutes Simpson’s more specific charge against republican theory, he also uses it to support a more general charge that the theory implies domination is inescapable, originating from a range of groups and not just from the people as a whole. The idea is that we are each surrounded by sets of others such that any of those sets, working as a team, could collectively interfere with us, regardless of legal protection. In virtue of claiming that individuals operate as a team to control the state, so the argument goes, republicans must concede, not just that the popular team dominates every individual, but that any in an open range of potential teams does so as well. If Simpson is correct, republicanism would be in deep trouble: there is no point in advocating a political ideal that is inescapably frustrated.
{"title":"Preserving Republican Freedom: A Reply to Simpson","authors":"Frank Lovett, P. Pettit","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12126","url":null,"abstract":"In his paper, “The Impossibility of Republican Freedom,” Thomas Simpson tries to show that the republican conception of freedom as nondomination is self-defeating. The core idea, briefly, is that it supports two inconsistent requirements: one, that individuals be robustly protected by the law against interference; and two, that the people, working as a team, control the state that makes and applies that law, else the state will itself dominate them. Those requirements are said to be inconsistent insofar as the ability of the people to control the state entails that they have dominating control over every individual. Although this claim constitutes Simpson’s more specific charge against republican theory, he also uses it to support a more general charge that the theory implies domination is inescapable, originating from a range of groups and not just from the people as a whole. The idea is that we are each surrounded by sets of others such that any of those sets, working as a team, could collectively interfere with us, regardless of legal protection. In virtue of claiming that individuals operate as a team to control the state, so the argument goes, republicans must concede, not just that the popular team dominates every individual, but that any in an open range of potential teams does so as well. If Simpson is correct, republicanism would be in deep trouble: there is no point in advocating a political ideal that is inescapably frustrated.","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45933825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impersonal Envy and the Fair Division of Resources","authors":"Kristi A. Olson","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12122","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43275910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the spring of 2009, a novel strain of the H1N1 influenza virus, containing a never before witnessed combination of gene segments from human influenza, two forms of swine influenza, and avian influenza, 1 was declared a global pandemic. The UK Government had to decide whether to undertake, at a cost of £1.2 billion (USD 1.9 billion at the time, equivalent to 1 percent of that year’s health budget), an extensive set of preparatory measures, including the purchase of both antiviral medication and a novel vaccine in quantities sufficient to cover the entire UK population, or whether instead to take substantially less costly measures, which would involve having only a limited supply of these medicines and vaccines at hand.2 The possible.
{"title":"Egalitarianism under Severe Uncertainty","authors":"Thomas Rowe, Alex Voorhoeve","doi":"10.1111/papa.12121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/papa.12121","url":null,"abstract":"In the spring of 2009, a novel strain of the H1N1 influenza virus, containing a never before witnessed combination of gene segments from human influenza, two forms of swine influenza, and avian influenza, 1 was declared a global pandemic. The UK Government had to decide whether to undertake, at a cost of £1.2 billion (USD 1.9 billion at the time, equivalent to 1 percent of that year’s health budget), an extensive set of preparatory measures, including the purchase of both antiviral medication and a novel vaccine in quantities sufficient to cover the entire UK population, or whether instead to take substantially less costly measures, which would involve having only a limited supply of these medicines and vaccines at hand.2 The possible.","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138528832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How Is Partisan Gerrymandering Unfair?","authors":"Charles R. Beitz","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12125","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45253696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are many ways in which people can try, acting alone or with others, to change the world for the better. They can engage in political activism or volunteer work, or provide financial support for others who do so. They can also act through the medium of the market by providing incentives for change—for example, through paying a higher price for fair-trade coffee—or threatening to withhold purchases in response to the wrongful conduct of other market actors. Acting through the market has its advantages. If the aim of a consumer campaign is to change the behavior of some firm or state, it need not appeal to the better natures of these collective agents; it need only appeal to their concern for their material interests. Seeking social change through legislative change can be very difficult, and it can take a great deal of time and organization. This can also be true of acting through the market, but when consumers decide to support or to stop buying a product, this can trigger a quick response from the agents associated with it: such agents are often highly sensitive about their public image and will scramble to make changes to protect it. For this reason, the use of consumer pressure on various actors has become increasingly commonplace among those seeking social change. Insofar as market activism promotes valuable social goals, it would seem a welcome form of action. However, like any form of activism, using the medium of the market through boycotts or other forms of organized market pressure can undermine rather than promote the common good. The effects of boycotts may be blunt and relatively undiscriminating— generating unintended and unfair consequences for innocent parties. Although consumers
{"title":"Ethical Consumerism: A Defense of Market Vigilantism","authors":"Christian Barry, K. Macdonald","doi":"10.1111/papa.12124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/papa.12124","url":null,"abstract":"There are many ways in which people can try, acting alone or with others, to change the world for the better. They can engage in political activism or volunteer work, or provide financial support for others who do so. They can also act through the medium of the market by providing incentives for change—for example, through paying a higher price for fair-trade coffee—or threatening to withhold purchases in response to the wrongful conduct of other market actors. Acting through the market has its advantages. If the aim of a consumer campaign is to change the behavior of some firm or state, it need not appeal to the better natures of these collective agents; it need only appeal to their concern for their material interests. Seeking social change through legislative change can be very difficult, and it can take a great deal of time and organization. This can also be true of acting through the market, but when consumers decide to support or to stop buying a product, this can trigger a quick response from the agents associated with it: such agents are often highly sensitive about their public image and will scramble to make changes to protect it. For this reason, the use of consumer pressure on various actors has become increasingly commonplace among those seeking social change. Insofar as market activism promotes valuable social goals, it would seem a welcome form of action. However, like any form of activism, using the medium of the market through boycotts or other forms of organized market pressure can undermine rather than promote the common good. The effects of boycotts may be blunt and relatively undiscriminating— generating unintended and unfair consequences for innocent parties. Although consumers","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/papa.12124","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63563057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Limited Aggregation and Risk","authors":"Seth Lazar","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12115","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41663128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
What goes on when one person forgives another? In this paper I argue for The Alteration Thesis. According to the Alteration Thesis, it is an essential feature of forgiveness that it alters the normative situation created by the wrongdoing by means of an act undertaken with the intention of bringing this alteration about. In this paper, I will explain this thesis, defend it against counterarguments and consider some of its implications. Thinking of forgiveness along the lines suggested by the Alteration Thesis means going against the tide of much recent writing on forgiveness, which has seen forgiveness as consisting essentially in a change of heart towards the wrongdoer. But I will argue that the Alteration Thesis has a number of explanatory advantages over the change of heart approach. What goes on when one person forgives another? In this paper I argue for The Alteration Thesis. According to the Alteration Thesis, it is an essential feature of forgiveness that it alters the normative situation created by the wrongdoing. In this paper, I will explain this thesis, defend it against counter-arguments and consider some of its implications. A theory of forgiveness should be able to explain the ways in which it matters to us to forgive and be forgiven. One way in which it matters to us to be forgiven is shown by the familiarity of the fact that repentant wrongdoers will sometimes seek out their victims and look for their forgiveness, often going to great lengths to do so. An illustration is found in the following scenario from Simon Wiesenthal’s memoir, The Sunflower. An SS officer, Karl, who participated in an atrocity in which Jewish men, women and children were massacred is seriously injured and approaching death. He is now an inmate in a field hospital in which Simon, the narrator, is working. Karl is apparently overcome with remorse when he thinks about what he did, and, as death grows near, he feels impelled to look for a Jewish victim of the Nazi Endlösung in which he took part, and ask for forgiveness. This scenario is complex in part because Simon is not a direct victim of Karl’s actions; nevertheless, it seems as though Karl’s asking for a Jewish victim of the Nazi project is not accidental – there is a connection to Simon that makes it morally intelligible to ask him for a kind of forgiveness that could not come from e.g. a German civilian. I take it, therefore, that the scenario illustrates one key point: the comprehensibility of a person feeling an urgent need, before he dies, to be forgiven by a person who can intelligibly be thought of as a victim of his wrongdoing. One sceptical character later in Wiesenthal’s narrative suggests that the SS officer would have been better to approach a priest if what he wanted was to gain absolution. Nevertheless, it seems that for many of us, perhaps including Karl himself, such absolution is not enough, and that the relation to the victim is central. What we want is not simply an authoritative verdic
{"title":"The alteration thesis: forgiveness as a normative power","authors":"C. Bennett","doi":"10.1111/PAPA.12117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/PAPA.12117","url":null,"abstract":"What goes on when one person forgives another? In this paper I argue for The Alteration Thesis. According to the Alteration Thesis, it is an essential feature of forgiveness that it alters the normative situation created by the wrongdoing by means of an act undertaken with the intention of bringing this alteration about. In this paper, I will explain this thesis, defend it against counterarguments and consider some of its implications. Thinking of forgiveness along the lines suggested by the Alteration Thesis means going against the tide of much recent writing on forgiveness, which has seen forgiveness as consisting essentially in a change of heart towards the wrongdoer. But I will argue that the Alteration Thesis has a number of explanatory advantages over the change of heart approach. What goes on when one person forgives another? In this paper I argue for The Alteration Thesis. According to the Alteration Thesis, it is an essential feature of forgiveness that it alters the normative situation created by the wrongdoing. In this paper, I will explain this thesis, defend it against counter-arguments and consider some of its implications. A theory of forgiveness should be able to explain the ways in which it matters to us to forgive and be forgiven. One way in which it matters to us to be forgiven is shown by the familiarity of the fact that repentant wrongdoers will sometimes seek out their victims and look for their forgiveness, often going to great lengths to do so. An illustration is found in the following scenario from Simon Wiesenthal’s memoir, The Sunflower. An SS officer, Karl, who participated in an atrocity in which Jewish men, women and children were massacred is seriously injured and approaching death. He is now an inmate in a field hospital in which Simon, the narrator, is working. Karl is apparently overcome with remorse when he thinks about what he did, and, as death grows near, he feels impelled to look for a Jewish victim of the Nazi Endlösung in which he took part, and ask for forgiveness. This scenario is complex in part because Simon is not a direct victim of Karl’s actions; nevertheless, it seems as though Karl’s asking for a Jewish victim of the Nazi project is not accidental – there is a connection to Simon that makes it morally intelligible to ask him for a kind of forgiveness that could not come from e.g. a German civilian. I take it, therefore, that the scenario illustrates one key point: the comprehensibility of a person feeling an urgent need, before he dies, to be forgiven by a person who can intelligibly be thought of as a victim of his wrongdoing. One sceptical character later in Wiesenthal’s narrative suggests that the SS officer would have been better to approach a priest if what he wanted was to gain absolution. Nevertheless, it seems that for many of us, perhaps including Karl himself, such absolution is not enough, and that the relation to the victim is central. What we want is not simply an authoritative verdic","PeriodicalId":47999,"journal":{"name":"Philosophy & Public Affairs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1111/PAPA.12117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42824686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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