Journal of Experimental Psychology-Applied最新文献

Creativity and collaboration are considered fundamental skills for student success in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education (Karimi & Pina, 2021) and consistently among the top-ranked skills for employers (Flaherty, 2021). The Remote Association Task (RAT) is an increasingly used tool to measure creative problem solving (Wu et al., 2020). However, no research has systematically investigated the effectiveness of working collaboratively versus individually using the RAT. The current research collected data between 2022 and 2023 on collaborative versus individual problem solving using the RAT. Participants worked collaboratively or individually to solve 20 RAT problems (Experiments 1 and 2) and completed a later individual test that involved the same 20 RAT problems and 20 novel RAT problems (Experiment 2). Outcomes suggest collaboration provides no benefits during initial problem solving but may benefit later individual problem solving. Evaluating how best to support creative processes in the context of collaboration has implications for supporting student success and helping them develop highly applicable skills. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

We developed a novel, unobtrusive estimate of team multitasking throughput (tMT). We demonstrate it through the quantitative assessment of tMT in distributed dyads when objective performance and purported reliability are manipulated among teammates. In a within-subjects experiment, we investigated the effects of teammates' performance and purported reliability on tMT. Results showed that when a teammate was described as reliable, there was a marked difference in tMT between those with low and high objective performance, but this difference was not present for teammates described as unreliable. Further, after considering the expected differences between high and low performing teams, we found partial support that tMT was highest when performance matched (vs. violated) expectation. These findings evidence the utility of our novel metric to capture team performance. In conclusion, we quantified how objective performance and purported reliability dynamically affect team efficiency while completing collaborative tasks. We found there was a marked difference in tMT between those with low and high purported reliability, but this difference was dependent on whether the teammate's performance matched expectations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Prior research has investigated ways to optimize identification performance, but an open question concerns exactly what variable should be optimized. One reasonable way to optimize performance is to maximize discriminability, which is achieved by increasing correct identifications of guilty suspects while simultaneously decreasing false identifications of innocent suspects. Another reasonable way to optimize performance is to maximize the information about the guilt or innocence of the suspect, which is best achieved by ensuring that a confidence rating is always made to the suspect. In a typical lineup, however, limited information about the suspect is obtained if the witness picks a filler or rejects the lineup. One proposed solution to that problem is to have the witness provide a confidence rating to every member of the lineup (a rate-them-all lineup). But what effect, if any, does a rate-them-all procedure have on discriminability? To answer that question, we compared a rate-them-all lineup procedure to standard simultaneous lineup and showup procedures using receiver operating characteristic analysis. In terms of discriminability, the rate-them-all procedure was diagnostically inferior to both. A reasonable goal for future research is to make use of theoretical models of eyewitness identification to simultaneously maximize both discriminability and information gain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Is confidence most diagnostic of accuracy when expressed in numbers or when expressed in words? This question bears immense importance in many real-world contexts especially within the confines of eyewitness identification. In an eyewitness identification task, we compared the diagnostic value of numeric confidence across rating scales that varied in grain size (3-point vs. 6-point vs. 21-point vs. 101-point rating scales). We also compared the diagnostic value of numeric confidence to verbal confidence statements using several machine-learning algorithms. We found that fine-grain ratings are more diagnostic of identification accuracy than coarse-grain ratings, which suggests that the former provides a closer correspondence to memory strength than the latter. Moreover, we found that verbal confidence statements capture diagnostic information about the likely accuracy of an identification that numeric confidence ratings do not capture. This suggests that verbal confidence statements and numeric confidence ratings reflect partially independent, nonoverlapping sources of information. These results shed light on the processes that provide diagnostic value to confidence. From an applied standpoint, these results suggest that verbal confidence statements and numeric confidence ratings ought to be collected from eyewitnesses after an identification decision. Collecting both captures more diagnostic information than either can capture in isolation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

There is a major shift taking place in airports across the globe, changing from 2D dual-view X-ray screening to 3D computed tomography (CT) screening. 3D CT screening is believed to improve target detection since it enables screeners to interact with images of passenger baggage (i.e., rotating and zooming into the displays). The change in screening technology is moving what was once a purely visual search task to an interactive search task. Here, we conducted two experiments with a large sample size during February of 2023 (695 participants) to examine (a) changes in search performance between a simulated dual-view and simulated interactive search task and (b) the effects of time on task upon performance. Consistent with past research, we found that interactive search, when compared with dual-view search, produced higher response accuracy rates coupled with increased reaction times (RTs). However, while we found effects of time on task (RTs reduced, and participants became more likely to respond "absent" as the experiments progressed), there was no evidence that these effects differed across simulated dual-view and simulated interactive searches. The results are discussed in relation to benefits of interactive search for supporting target detection by airport screeners. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

[Retraction notice: A retraction for this article was reported in Vol 31(4) of Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied (see record 2026-87663-001). Reports the retraction of Zhu, W. & Holmes, E. (2024). Computer-based voice familiarization, delivered remotely using an online platform, improves speech intelligibility for older and younger adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap00 00522. This retraction is at the request of coauthors Zhu and Holmes after they discovered an issue with how Gorilla assigned participants to conditions for the Speech Intelligibility Test. The training results were correct. However, the Speech Intelligibility results were incorrect. Given that Gorilla did not assign participants correctly to conditions, this could not be resolved with a reanalysis of the data.] Understanding speech in noisy environments is often challenging, but is easier if we are listening to someone familiar-for example, naturally familiar people (e.g., friends, partners) or voices that have been familiarized artificially in the lab. Thus, familiarizing people with voices they regularly encounter (e.g., new friends and colleagues) could improve speech intelligibility in everyday life, which might be particularly useful for people who struggle to comprehend speech in noisy environments, such as older adults. Yet, we do not currently understand whether computer-based voice familiarization is effective when delivered remotely, outside of a lab setting, and whether it is effective for older adults. Here, in an online computer-based study, we examined whether learned voices are more intelligible than unfamiliar voices in 20 older (55-73 years) and 20 younger (18-34 years) adults. Both groups benefited from training, and the magnitude of the intelligibility benefit (approximately 30% improvement in sentence report, or 9 dB release from masking) was similar between groups. These findings demonstrate that older adults can learn new voices as effectively as younger adults for improving speech intelligibility, even given a relatively short (< 1 hr) duration of familiarization that is delivered in the comfort of their own homes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

The helper's allocation of helping resources to multiple recipients often involves a trade-off between equality and efficiency. This research examines how the condition of potential recipients ("survival" or "development") influences the preferences for helping resources allocation in terms of equality and efficiency. Through seven studies, including a field study (Study 6), we discovered that helpers show a higher preference for equality over efficiency when recipients are in a survival situation (i.e., below the survival line) as opposed to in development situation (i.e., above the survival line). This phenomenon is attributed to the different priorities of deontological and utilitarian perspectives in survival and development situations (Studies 3 and 4). Our findings offer insights into the existing research on helping decisions and enhance the understanding of the trade-off between efficiency and equality among helpers. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Overlaying images from multiple geospatial databases increases clutter and imposes attentional costs by disrupting focusing attention on each database and dividing attention when comparing databases. Costs of overlay clutter may offset the benefits of reduced scanning between two images displayed separately. In two experiments, we examine these attention issues using computational metrics to quantify clutter. We also examine how the scan-clutter trade-off is modified by different levels of clutter, display separation, and task attentional requirements. Participants viewed information from a geographical terrain database and a schematic map database and made judgments that required focusing attention on either database or integrating information across both. In Experiment 1, databases were presented as either overlaid or adjacent displays, and in Experiment 2, as either overlay, adjacent, or more separated displays. Results showed that response time was modulated by the magnitude of clutter, spatial separation, and task type. Results also revealed that clutter costs dominated those of spatial separation, particularly in tasks requiring focused attention. A computational feature congestion metric of clutter effectively predicted performance but could be improved by incorporating an overlay component, which amplified the costs of clutter. The results provide design guidelines for overlay displays (e.g., head-mounted displays) that will minimize the scan-clutter trade-off. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

Fuzzy-trace theory (FTT) posits that people share misinformation online if it promotes gist mental representations, cuing motivationally relevant values. Most people value the truth. Thus, per FTT, people decide to share messages that they perceive as true. FTT also predicts that messages will be more effective if they communicate a simple gist. We test these predictions by examining the roles of mental representation and epistemic quality in decisions to share misinformative articles on Facebook across two experiments and two correlational studies. In Studies 1 and 2, we use Facebook data to test the hypothesis that gist proxies in text are associated with online sharing. In Study 3, we experimentally manipulate subjects' exposure to a gist-based intervention that explains why a misinformative article is false, a simple debunk stating only that the article is false (but not explaining why) and a verbatim condition providing relevant detailed information but allowing subjects to draw their own conclusions. We found that the gist condition decreased intentions to share misinformation. Finally, in Study 4, we replicated this finding and showed that the gist condition also reduces misinformation endorsement. Results provide support for FTT's predictions regarding reducing sharing and endorsement of misinformation on social media. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

We applied the social evaluation framework to investigate the traits desired in an "ideal" follower, which were compared to the traits desired in an "ideal" leader. Across three studies and five samples, both differences and similarities in role-specific preferences mapped onto the Vertical-Horizontal dimensions of the social evaluation framework in ways that aligned with the demands of each role. Traits higher on the Horizontal-Morality facet (e.g., cooperative, dutiful) and lower on the Vertical-Assertiveness facet (e.g., confident, ambitious) differentiated ideal follower preferences from ideal leader preferences. Focusing on the traits most strongly desired in relation to each role, traits that supported social coordination and collective goal attainment (i.e., work ethic, cooperativeness) were prioritized in relation to ideal followers, whereas intelligence was prioritized for ideal leaders. Trustworthiness was equally valued across both roles. Moreover, we differentiated between necessary and luxury traits by adjusting the budget individuals could allocate toward the desired traits. Investments in necessary versus luxury traits further supported the social evaluation framework and highlighted the need to account for the facet-level distinctions within the Vertical (assertiveness, ability) and Horizontal (morality, friendliness) dimensions. Further, these findings were found to be robust across manipulations (e.g., the target's gender and hierarchical level). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).