International Migration最新文献

How does out-migration of skilled workers affect unskilled workers' wage in the source country? When skilled workers emigrate, unskilled wages tend to go down in some countries. If the sector that uses both skilled and unskilled workers shows a lower degree of capital intensity as compared to sectors that use only skilled workers in production, it is a common outcome. We use 19 years of cross-country data from the International Labor Organization (ILO) spanning Asia and Latin America to show that skill emigration reduces unskilled wage unambiguously for panel fixed effects and difference generalized method of moments (DGMM) estimates. The structure is also subjected to system GMM with endogenous covariates and allied robustness checks. Importantly, we find a critical level of tertiary education, such that countries generating more skill shall face weaker negative impact on unskilled wages.

The aim of this paper is to identify how the diaspora consciousness of Syrian entrepreneurs in Egypt might affect their business practices. The research sample comprises semi-structured interviews with Syrian refugee owners of small and medium-sized businesses in Egypt. Thematic analysis was subsequently used to determine the main ideas in the transcripts from the interviews. The findings showed that diaspora consciousness stimulates Syrian refugees to actively engage in three categories of business-related practices: contextual (expanding entrepreneurial activities outside their host country, desire to constitute a Western country-based business venture), functional (reliance on a value chain within the same nationality, tending to adopt shadow economy practices), and procedural practices (preferring to develop family businesses, establishing only small and medium-sized enterprises). This paper contributes by filling a gap in the literature on refugee entrepreneurship in which empirical studies on the effect of diaspora consciousness on the business practices of refugee entrepreneurs have been limited so far.

The field of queer migration studies has significantly evolved in recent decades, with interdisciplinary scholars exploring the unique experiences of LGBTIQ+ people. This scholarship has emphasised that migrations are not solely motivated by economic or familial factors but are interwoven with migrants' sexuality and gender (Lewis & Naples, 2014; Luibheid, 2008). Initially, the focus was on the internal migrations of queer people from rural to urban areas, but the scope has since broadened considerably. By intersecting perspectives emerging from queer, feminist and migration studies, scholars started to focus their critique on the heteronormativity of immigration institutions (Giametta, 2017; Murray, 2015; Raboin, 2017). This literature underscored that individuals subjected to border control—irrespective of their sexual orientation or gender identity—systematically encounter gendered and racialised violence inherent to such policies. Amidst this, queer migration scholarship expanded its study beyond strictly defined sexuality and gender identities to investigate the power dynamics and inequalities that arise through migration (Lewis, 2019; Luibheid, 2008; Mole, 2018; Seitz, 2017; Williams, 2010). These studies have elicited original theorisations concerning neglected migration histories moulded by post-colonialism, asylum seeking and labour migration.

Over time, the academic focus of queer migration scholars shifted to address issues of forced migration, especially considering growing gender and sexuality-based asylum cases. In this commentary, while we explore global trends in queer asylum scholarship, the United Kingdom will be used as a case study to illustrate wider phenomena considering our work in this context. Our research reveals that, while current legislation acknowledges the validity of claims based on gender and sexual identities, its practical application presents significant obstacles. In September 2023, the then British Home Secretary, Suella Braverman, emphasised that simply being LGBTIQ+ and fearing discrimination in one's country of origin should not qualify for protection.¹ She asserted that discrimination alone seems to warrant refugee protection in the United Kingdom, which is factually inaccurate and reflects anti-migrant sentiments among the political class. Her statements ignored the strict standards set by the Nationality and Borders Act (NABA) 2022, which has raised concerns about its conflict with international treaties. The subsequent Illegal Migration Act 2023 further tightened these policies, mandating the removal of individuals who enter through ‘illegal’ routes.

The complexities inherent in the asylum-seeking process, demonstrated by the UK case, have drawn increasing academic interest, leading to the emergence of queer asylum studies. For LGBTIQ+ individua

In the context of a methodological turn in migration studies since the early 2000s, this commentary focuses on three key contributions of feminist methodologies in migration research over the past two decades. This is not to suggest that feminist methodologies are “new,” or that some of these methodological orientations were not present in earlier work, but rather to highlight methodologies rooted in feminist praxis that have become more prevalent in migration studies recently. This commentary focuses on questions of positionality and reflexivity, radical care and (co-)creative methodologies. This is not an exhaustive list but provides examples of the transformative and generative potential of feminist methodologies in migration studies (see also Cleton & Scuzzarello, this issue; Fresnoza-Flot, this issue).

Before delving into the details of these three methodological contributions, I outline here what I believe are feminist epistemologies and praxis. Feminism is aligned with critical approaches to epistemology that squarely centre power in the production and reproduction of knowledge (Kouri-Towe & Mahrouse, 2023; Nawyn, 2010; Silvey, 2004). Rather than assuming “objectivity,” feminist researchers acknowledge that our research questions, methods, data collection and analysis are all embedded in particular contexts and ways of knowing. Feminist research also attends to divisions of labour – both in the research questions we ask, but also in the doing of research. How these different roles are valued and reflected in the research process and “outputs” are particularly feminist concerns. Feminist praxis is oriented in the process of research, but also, through critical epistemologies and ontologies, the changes that come about through our individual and collective work. Feminist researchers are not content to simply describe what is; we are driven to uncover and dismantle structures of oppression. Feminist methodologies therefore have the potential to be generative and transformative. In particular, they extend beyond studies explicitly focused on women or gender, to encompass ontological, epistemological, ethical and methodological approaches that can be applied to any research project.

Feminist researchers have normalized explicit positioning of researchers within intersecting power relations in their work (see Fresnoza-Flot, this issue). This reflexive positionality is particularly important in migration studies, where severe power inequities – between research participants and researchers, service providers and gatekeepers – result from precarious legal status, differential citizenship, and reliance on governments, intergovernmental organizations and NGOs for basic services (Clark-Kazak, 2021). Migration experiences are diverse and affected by intersecting power relations rooted in racialization, gender, age, class, (dis)ability, religion, etc. (see Cleton & Scuzzarel

This study attempts to fill an important gap in the empirical literature by investigating the impact of institutional quality in destination countries on emigrants from Türkiye using bilateral migration data from 2010 through 2020. For this purpose, the study builds an augmented gravity model, including economic, geographic, and cultural variables in an exponential form and estimates it by the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) method. Empirical results significantly confirm the pulling role of strong institutions in destination countries for emigrants from Türkiye since all institutional quality indicators are positively associated with emigrant movements, albeit just one of them, regulatory quality, is statistically insignificant. Among indicators of institutional quality, the most pulling ones for emigrants are voice and accountability and the rule of law, followed by government effectiveness, control of corruption, and political stability and absence of violence, respectively. Overall results indicate that institutions are front-line players in the emigrants' migration decision and destination choice process. In this context, policy-makers in both Türkiye and the destination country may implement an institutional policy considering the outcomes stemming from migration movements.