Health Psychology Review最新文献

The SMART acronym (e.g., Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timebound) is a highly prominent strategy for setting physical activity goals. While it is intuitive, and its practical value has been recognised, the scientific underpinnings of the SMART acronym are less clear. Therefore, we aimed to narratively review and critically examine the scientific underpinnings of the SMART acronym and its application in physical activity promotion. Specifically, our review suggests that the SMART acronym: is not based on scientific theory; is not consistent with empirical evidence; does not consider what type of goal is set; is not applied consistently; is lacking detailed guidance; has redundancy in its criteria; is not being used as originally intended; and has a risk of potentially harmful effects. These issues are likely leading to sub-optimal outcomes, confusion, and inconsistency. Recommendations are provided to guide the field towards better practice and, ultimately, more effective goal setting interventions to help individuals become physically active.

Objective: Unique to individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is a disordered eating behaviour whereby insulin is deliberately restricted or omitted. Despite growing research in this area, experiential perspectives of individuals remain understudied. Therefore, this meta-synthesis sought to explore the experiences of individuals with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus by identifying, analysing and synthesising existing knowledge concerning this misuse of insulin.

Design: Meta-aggregative techniques were employed to generate synthesised findings related to individuals' understanding and experience, physical and psychological impacts, support and treatment-related needs, noted in twelve studies.

Results: A multifaceted relationship with insulin misuse, beyond weight control was identified. Many individuals experienced diabetes-related complications alongside increased distress, loss of control and feelings of regret, guilt, and shame. Almost all individuals valued support from those who shared a 'diabulimic' identity; peer support appeared more conducive to recovery than support from others including formal support services.

Conclusions: This meta-synthesis highlights the need for empathic, collaborative care, and proactive prevention and intervention. The findings highlight the value of peer support, the need for increased knowledge among informal supports, training among multidisciplinary teams and support services, and crucially the development of evidence-based treatments informed by the behaviour as a unique distinct construct.

Loneliness is a growing public health concern that is associated with a range of negative health outcomes. The extent to which loneliness may also be associated with greater use of primary health care remains unclear. The present meta-analysis aimed to address this gap by quantifying research on the association of loneliness to primary health care use. The database searches yielded 23 eligible studies with 25 effects, total N = 113,639. A random effects meta-analysis revealed a small positive average effect size (r_avg = .094; 95% CI [.07, .12])between loneliness and the use of primary care that increased in magnitude as the proportion of females in the samples increased. Studies that used objective measures of primary care use yielded effects that were significantly larger than those using self-report measures. The effects were robust to differences in age and type of health-care systems, and the type of loneliness scale (single versus multi-item). The findings from this first comprehensive meta-analysis of the association of loneliness with use of primary care indicate that people who experience loneliness make a greater number of visits to primary-care practitioners. This evidence highlights the practical impact of loneliness on health-care use when viewed at the population level.

Informal caregiving is crucial to the sustainability of health and social care systems globally. With ageing populations and a rising prevalence of acute and chronic health conditions, the need for informal care is growing, making it important to understand what motivates individuals to care and to continue caring. This paper reports findings of a systematic review which examined determinants of motivations and willingness to provide informal care. A systematic search was conducted using six electronic databases and a wide range of additional sources. 105 qualitative studies published before August 2019 were included with 103 of them reporting on personal and relational motivations, and the contextual factors underpinning these. Grounded theory-based, thematic synthesis was applied to synthesise the literature. This meta-synthesis reports on findings from across the world spanning three decades, with data from over 2500 caregivers across a range of health conditions. This paper presents the relational, personal and contextual themes. It highlights the significance of reciprocity, affection, family values and caregiving obligations. Personal characteristics, finding meaning, illness perceptions, situational and temporal aspects of caregiving are also identified as important in shaping motivations and willingness to care and to continue caring. Implications for theory, research, policy and practice are discussed.

This study examined the available literature concerning the association between sleep quality and quality of life (QoL) in autonomous older people with no sleep disorders. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on studies identified in the PsycInfo, PubMed and Scopus databases that examined the associations between QoL and sleep quality in older adults. Our systematic literature search identified 23 studies concerning a total of 21,092 participants (range of mean ages: 58-79 years). The results showed that self-reported sleep quality, but not objective sleep quality, correlated positively with QoL with a moderate effect size (for self-reported sleep quality, the overall estimate of the average effect size was a Pearson's r = .28 [95% CI: .34, .23]; for objective sleep quality, it was r = .01 [.12, -.09]). This also applied to the main domains of QoL concerning physical and psychological health, social relationships and environmental aspects (the estimated average effect sizes ranged from Pearson's r = .13 to r = .35). These findings highlight the influence of sleep quality, and particularly of self-reported sleep quality, on QoL (as a whole and in its specific domains) in older adults with normal aging and no insomnia. This influence should therefore be investigated systematically when examining QoL.

Effective patient-provider communication is crucial to promote shared decision-making. However, it is unclear how to explain treatment changes to ensure patient acceptance, such as when transitioning from a bio-originator to a biosimilar. This review investigates communication strategies used to educate patients on transitioning to biosimilars and explores whether the willingness to transition and treatment persistence differs for the delivery (verbal or written) and the amount of information provided. MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and relevant conference databases were systematically searched. Communication strategies from 33 studies (88% observational cohort studies) published from 2012 to 2020 were synthesized and willingness to transition, persistence, and subjective adverse events explored. Patients only received information verbally in 11 studies. The remaining 22 studies also provided written information. Cost-saving was the main reason provided for the transition. Patients were most willing to transition when receiving written and verbal information (χ² = 5.83, p = .02) or written information that only addressed a few (3-5) concerns (χ² = 16.08, p < .001). There was no significant difference for persistence or subjective adverse events (p's > .05). Few randomized controlled trials have been conducted. Available data shows more willingness to transition when patients received written and verbal information. Initial documents should contain basic information and consultations or telephone calls used to address concerns.

The 'reactivity hypothesis' has a long and fruitful history in health psychology and behavioural medicine, with elements of its thesis taken as core and others lost in the plethora of research on its utility as a theory of psychosomatic disease. One such thesis is that the underlying hemodynamic profile of the stress response may be particularly revealing when detailing the impact of psychological stress on the development of cardiovascular disease. This paper re-examines old ideas surrounding the hemodynamic profile of the stress response, asking why its health-predictive properties were never fully explored. Further, this paper reviews the evidence that a vascular profile of stress responding may be especially predictive of disease development, particularly in the case of hypertension. In addition, measurement of hemodynamic profile, as well as its known psychosocial moderators, is reviewed including how examination of patterns of cardiovascular stress response adaptation may extend the field. This paper highlights that the extension of the reactivity hypothesis to include both hemodynamic profile and patterns of cardiovascular stress response adaptation may hold much explanatory power in detailing the impact of how stress responding and stress tolerance promotes disease development.

In the age of digitilization, multitasking requirements are ubiquitous, especially in the workplace. Multitasking (MT) describes the activity of performing multiple (at least two) tasks at the same time. Dual tasking (DT) refers to the sequential switching between two tasks. The aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was first to investigate whether physiological stress systems become activated in response to or during MT/DT and, second, whether this (re-)activity is higher compared to single tasking. We focused on the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, and the immune system. The systematic review has been pre-registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020181415). A total of twenty-five articles were identified as eligible, in which n = 26 studies were reported, with N = 1142 participants. Our main findings are that SNS activity is significantly higher and PNS activity is significantly lower during MT/DT than during single tasking. Only two studies were found, in which HPA axis (re-)activity was surveyed. No eligible study was identified in which immune system (re-)activity was investigated. This is the first systematic synthesis of the literature base showing that stress system activity is increased during MT/DT in comparison to single-tasking.

Much has been documented on the association between stress and health. Both direct and indirect pathways have been identified and explored extensively, helping us understand trajectories from healthy individuals to reductions in well-being, and development of preclinical and disease states. Some of these pathways are well established within the field; physiology, affect regulation, and social relationships. The purpose of this review is to push beyond what is known separately about these pathways and provide a means to integrate them using one common mechanism. We propose that social touch, specifically affective touch, may be the missing active ingredient fundamental to our understanding of how close relationships contribute to stress and health. We provide empirical evidence detailing how affective touch is fundamental to the development of our stress systems, critical to the development of attachment bonds and subsequent social relationships across the life course. We will also explore how we can use this in applied contexts and incorporate it into existing interventions.