Health Psychology Review最新文献

Research suggests a link between people's engagement with the police and their mental health, but little is known about how police activities affect the mental health of those they interact with. This paper develops a new theoretical model, the justice-identification model (JIM), to explain the social psychological dynamics underlying this relationship. The JIM integrates two unconnected frameworks - the social identity approach to health (SIAH) and procedural justice theory (PJT). It proposes that police contact negatively impacts mental health when it is associated with procedural injustice and exclusion but enhances health when it signals procedural justice and inclusion. Situating police-citizen interactions within an environment of inequality, we highlight how procedural fairness shapes the exercise of power by police officers. Social identity and experiences of procedural justice are framed as either stressors or sources of positive psychological connection. This analysis is instantiated in seven hypotheses that are broadly supported by existing empirical evidence. The JIM identifies three pathways linking exposure to policing and mental health through procedural justice and social identification. The paper explores the practical and theoretical implications of this model for mitigating negative mental health effects of police interactions and discusses strategies and priorities for both theory and practice.

Recently there have been calls in health psychology to re-examine the assumption that goals must be specific to be most effective, and to understand when and why nonspecific goals may produce comparable effects to specific goals. In particular, open goals have received increasing attention from both research and applied perspectives. However, there has not yet been a clear and robust definition of open goals, without which there is a risk of inaccurate or inconsistent research and implementation. Therefore, our primary aim was to develop a conceptual definition of open goals by examining necessary (i.e., essential) and sufficient (i.e., unique) attributes. The resulting definition identifies that open goals are nonspecific and phrased in an exploratory way, with measurable parameters, producing graded outcomes. A secondary aim was to critically review the initial evidence on open goals and highlight key priorities for future research. Five databases were searched, identifying 16 studies reporting empirical data on open goals, which were assessed using the mixed methods appraisal tool. A critical appraisal is provided, and priorities for future research are highlighted. In turn, this definition and review may help guide research and practice in the use of open goals as a strategy to promote health behaviours.

Great disparity is observed among studies investigating the prevalence of PTSD after burns. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to explore the pooled prevalence of PTSD in adult burn survivors over the first two years post-burn. Five electronic databases were searched for observational studies assessing the prevalence of PTSD symptoms after burns. Meta-analysis was performed using an auto-correlation and hierarchical effects model to estimate the course of PTSD prevalence rates over time and to establish point-prevalences. The effect of different moderators over time was tested with meta-regression. Thirty-two studies were included in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of PTSD was 20.5% (95% CI 16.4-24.6) and the prevalence significantly decreased by about 0.37% per month post-burn over time. Questionnaire-based studies, and studies published from 2000 onwards, were more likely to show a decrease in PTSD prevalence over time compared to diagnostic studies and studies before 2000. A qualitative comparison revealed that inter-continental differences are likely to be complex and multi-factorial. PTSD affects about one in five burn survivors, with moderately decreasing rates from six months post-burn onwards. Early screening and identification of burn survivors who require specialist psychological care are vital for burns services.

Given the importance of patients' ability to effectively self-manage their kidney disease, researchers have developed interventions focused on improving self-management for patients on dialysis. The review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of these interventions and identify the characteristics of more effective interventions in this domain. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials to promote self-management in patients on dialysis (N = 4201, k = 45) evaluated: the effect of the interventions on psychological, behavioural, and physiological outcomes; the relationships between changes in outcomes; the moderation of outcomes by behaviour change techniques employed in the interventions; and intervention duration. The meta-analysis obtained moderate effect sizes, demonstrating improvement in behavioural (g = 0.50 to 0.65) and physiological health outcomes (g = -0.32 to -0.57). Fewer studies assessed psychological intervention targets, but large effects were obtained for knowledge change and quality of life (g = 0.65 and 1.17, respectively). Improved knowledge was positively associated with improved medication adherence, which in turn was associated with one physiological outcome. Interventions incorporating psychotherapeutic techniques such as CBT or rational emotive therapy achieved superior physiological outcomes, particularly when used in isolation. The findings support the interpretation that intervention strategies to enhance emotional self-management are effective in optimising outcomes for patients on dialysis.

How often do we reflect on the potential moral or value implications - what is right, wrong, has value and is (in)appropriate - of seemingly trivial analytical decisions, such as how to dichotomise a variable? I argue that analytical choices relate to multifaceted and oftentimes challenging moral issues that scientists should take into deeper consideration. Here, I illustrate a variety of potential considerations about moral values, including issues like exclusion, marginalisation, autonomy, responsibility, non-maleficence in relation to various common analytical choices and practices, such as the use of thresholds for disease diagnosis or population definition, the use of composite measures in the context of clarifying effects, classification practices, decisions on variable selection, as well as decisions relating to (dis)aggregation of data. I discuss these examples in the context of reasonable theoretical or statistical reservations. I advocate for deeper engagement with the difficult moral implications of analytical decisions, and for a principled and pluralistic science, that is also a more robust science. Such a science can include diverse moral views through a coupled ethical-epistemic approach, sensitivity tests, multiverse analysis, as well as stronger commitments to participatory and mutual learning practices.

Inequalities in the distribution of wealth among families with children may have deleterious health consequences, especially for adolescent children. Marked by significant psychosocial and physiological changes, adolescence is a period when socioeconomic differences in chronic disease risk factors are observed. Unfortunately, research on socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health has overlooked wealth, focusing instead on differences in health based on household income and parental educational attainment. Expanding our knowledge of wealth's role in shaping adolescents' current and long-term health is of critical public health concern, especially as wealth is more unequally distributed than income. This review discusses what is known about wealth-related inequalities in adolescent physical health and proposes four psychosocial mechanisms that may explain how wealth shapes adolescent physical health including (1) serving as a stress-buffer; (2) enabling parents to invest in opportunities to support adolescent healthy development; (3) increasing families' access to social and cultural capital resources that may promote salutary health behaviours while mitigating experiences of social-class discrimination; (4) and supporting adolescents' future expectations. We end with a discussion of existing questions and suggestions for future research to add to our understanding of wealth-related inequalities in adolescent physical health, which could be used to inform health equity interventions.

Background: Global obesity prevalence among pregnant women is associated with adverse health outcomes for both the mother and the infant.

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a behavioural intervention management model for controlling gestational weight gain (GWG) in pregnant women with overweight or obesity.

Methods: The quality of the evidence was assessed using the Confidence In Network Meta-Analysis technique. Moreover, a Bayesian network meta-analysis summarised the comparative efficacy of various intervention methods on GWG outcomes.

Results: The analysis included 24 trials with 11,008 participants across three different management models: in-person, remote (electronic health (eHealth) or mobile health (mHealth)), and mixed. Evidence quality ranged from very low to high. The multi-behavioural intervention delivered via a blended in-person and mHealth model demonstrated the highest likelihood of being in the top ranks of intervention effectiveness compared to the other interventions included in the analysis, scoring 85.9%.

Conclusions: The multi-behavioural intervention delivered via a blended in-person and mHealth administration mode ranked highest in effectiveness for reducing GWG in pregnant women with overweight or obesity compared to the other interventions included in the analysis. Future studies may focus on addressing evidence gaps through more rigorous and direct comparative analyses.

The escalating stress epidemic in modern society has raised concerns about its impact on physical and mental health, prompting the need for effective interventions. Yoga, a multifaceted mind-body practice, has gained recognition for its potential in mitigating perceived stress. Our meta-analysis aimed to estimate yoga's impact on lowering perceived stress as measured by the Perceived Stress Scale. We identified 36 studies meeting inclusion criteria and found a statistically significant moderate effect of yoga on reducing perceived stress (g = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.29-0.66). Our analysis uncovered substantial heterogeneity (Q = 117.33, p < .001), with 74.90% of the variation in effect sizes attributed to study characteristics. In planned moderator analyses, we hypothesised that yoga with breathwork, relaxation, high stress symptoms, greater number of hours practiced, and studies conducted in India would yield larger effects. Stress severity was shown to be statistically significant. However, the remaining hypotheses were not supported. Additionally, we examined five exploratory moderator variables, which did not yield significant results. Further research is needed to elucidate the source of heterogeneity across studies and reveal recommendations for specific populations.

Placebo and nocebo responses and effects influence treatment outcomes across a variety of conditions. The current scoping review aims to synthesise evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses in both clinical and healthy populations, elucidating key determinants of placebo and nocebo responses and effects, including individual, clinical, psychological and contextual factors. Among the 306 publications identified, 83% were meta-analyses and 17% systematic reviews, with a predominance of research in medical specialties (81.7%) such as psychiatry and neurology. Placebo responses were significantly more studied than nocebo responses. Individual determinants (e.g., age), clinical determinants (e.g., baseline symptom severity) and psychological determinants (e.g., expectations) were found to influence placebo and nocebo outcomes. Contextual determinants, including trial design and the method of treatment administration, also played critical roles. Several key underinvestigated areas in the current body of systematic reviews and meta-analyses were also identified. This scoping review highlights valuable insights into the determinants of placebo and nocebo responses and effects on a group level, potentially offering practical implications for optimising clinical trial designs and enhancing patient care strategies in clinical practice. However, to fully leverage these benefits, it is crucial to address the underexplored topics through more rigorous investigations using a person-centred perspective.

Background/aims: Inhibitory control training (ICT) is a cognitive intervention that has been suggested to reduce problematic appetitive behaviours, such as unhealthy eating and excessive alcohol consumption. We conducted a meta-analytic review of ICT for reducing appetitive behaviours.

Methods: Two meta-analyses were conducted for behavioural (objective) outcomes and self-report outcomes, along with 14 moderator analyses, and two secondary analyses investigating changes in cue-devaluation and inhibitory control.

Results: The review included 46 articles (67 effect sizes and 4231 participants) and four appetitive health behaviours (eating, drinking, smoking, gambling). A significant effect of ICT on behavioural outcomes was found (SMD = 0.241, p .001). The self-report outcomes meta-analysis was not significant (p > .05). Secondary analyses also demonstrated greater inhibitory control (p < .05) and cue devaluation (p < .05) following ICT.

Conclusions: This meta-analytic review is the largest synthesis of ICT interventions for appetitive behaviours. ICT significantly reduced problematic eating behaviours when adopting behavioural outcomes, but this was not found for other appetitive behaviours. ICT also significantly improved inhibitory control and reduced cue evaluations. Further studies are required before drawing any conclusions regarding impacts on other appetitive behaviours.