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Establishment size and the task content of jobs: evidence from 46 countries
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12563
Micole De Vera, Javier Garcia-Brazales

Using a mix of household- and employer-based survey data from 46 countries, we provide novel evidence that workers in larger establishments perform more non-routine analytical tasks, even within narrowly defined occupations. Moreover, workers in larger establishments rely more on the use of information and communication technologies to perform these tasks. We also document a 15% raw wage premium that workers in larger establishments enjoy relative to their counterparts in smaller establishments. A mediation analysis shows that our novel empirical facts on the task content of jobs are able to explain 5–20% of the establishment size wage premium, a similar fraction to what can be explained by selection of workers on education, gender and age.

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引用次数: 0
Combating trade-related fraud: do the Financial Action Task Force recommendations bite? 打击与贸易有关的欺诈:金融行动特别工作组的建议有效果吗?
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-29 DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12561
Sami Bensassi, Arisyi F. Raz

We evaluate the efficacy of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Recommendations 2012, which set the global standard on combating money laundering and terrorist financing, by exploiting its staggered adoption in 16 East and South African countries. Using the trade gap as a proxy for trade-related fraud activities, such as trade-based money laundering, we find that the adoption of the FATF recommendations is correlated with a 15.3% reduction in trade-related fraud. The FATF is particularly effective within countries with capable state and low corruption. The amount by which FATF adoption can reduce trade-related fraud depends on a country's compliance level. Our results are robust to a series of robustness checks and contribute to a lively policy debate surrounding the role of international organizations in combating the financing of organized crimes.

金融行动特别工作组(FATF) 2012年建议书确立了打击洗钱和恐怖主义融资的全球标准,我们利用其在16个东非和南非国家的交错采用来评估其有效性。使用贸易逆差作为贸易相关欺诈活动(如基于贸易的洗钱)的代表,我们发现采用FATF建议与贸易相关欺诈减少15.3%相关。FATF在政府能力强、腐败程度低的国家尤为有效。采用FATF可以减少与贸易有关的欺诈行为的程度取决于一个国家的合规水平。我们的结果经得起一系列稳健性检查,并有助于围绕国际组织在打击有组织犯罪融资方面的作用展开激烈的政策辩论。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to ‘What if? The macroeconomic and distributional effects for Germany of a stop of energy imports’ 更正“如果……怎么办?”停止能源进口对德国的宏观经济和分配效应
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12562

Bachmann, R., Baqaee, D., Bayer, C., Kuhn, M., Löschel, A., Moll, B., Peichl, A., Pittel, K. and Schularick, M. (2024). What if? The macroeconomic and distributional effects for Germany of a stop of energy imports from Russia. Economica, 91(364), 11571200. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12546.

We thank Anne Helene Beck for pointing out the error below.

We apologize for this error.

巴赫曼,R., Baqaee, D.,拜耳,C.,库恩,M., Löschel, A., Moll, B., Peichl, A., Pittel, K.和Schularick, M.(2024)。如果什么?停止从俄罗斯进口能源对德国的宏观经济和分配影响。经济,91(364),1157-1200。https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12546.We感谢Anne Helene Beck指出下面的错误。我们为这个错误道歉。
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引用次数: 0
The right to counsel: criminal prosecution in 19th century London 律师的权利:19世纪伦敦的刑事诉讼
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-18 DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12560
Bryan C. McCannon, Zachary Porreca

We exploit a dataset of criminal trials in 19th century London to evaluate the impact of an accused's right to counsel on convictions. While lower-level crimes had an established history of professional representation prior to 1836, individuals accused of committing a felony did not, despite the prosecution being conducted by professional attorneys. The Prisoners' Counsel Act 1836 remedied this and first introduced the right to counsel in common law systems. Using a difference-in-differences estimation strategy, we identify the effect of the universal right to defence counsel. We find the surprising result that the professionalization of the courtroom led to an increase in the conviction rate. We argue that this effect was a consequence of the Act inducing a shift in the beliefs of jurors, who grew more likely to believe the evidence put before them once it could be challenged in an adversarial courtroom. We go further, and employ a topic modelling approach to the text of the transcripts to provide suggestive evidence on how the trials changed when the right to defence counsel was fully introduced, documenting a movement towards increased usage of precise and detailed language when discussing details of alleged offences.

我们利用 19 世纪伦敦刑事审判的数据集来评估被告聘请律师的权利对定罪的影响。尽管在 1836 年之前,低级犯罪已有专业律师代理的历史,但被指控犯有重罪的个人却没有,尽管起诉是由专业律师进行的。1836 年《囚犯律师法案》弥补了这一缺陷,首次在普通法体系中引入了律师权。我们采用差分估算策略,确定了辩护律师普遍权利的影响。我们发现了一个令人惊讶的结果,即法庭的专业化导致了定罪率的上升。我们认为,这种效应是《法案》导致陪审员信念转变的结果,一旦在对抗性法庭上可以对证据提出质疑,陪审员就更有可能相信摆在他们面前的证据。我们更进一步,对记录誊本的文本采用了主题建模的方法,为全面引入辩护律师权后审判如何发生变化提供了提示性证据,记录了在讨论被控罪行的细节时更多地使用精确而详细的语言的趋势。
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引用次数: 0
Deterrent effects of targeted sanctions by mainland China on Taiwan: evidence from 2021–2 sanction events 中国大陆对台定向制裁的威慑效应:来自2021 - 2022年制裁事件的证据
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12559
Fengze Han, Runliang Li, Sen Ma, Tzu-Chang Forrest Cheng

We investigate the deterrent effects of a firm-targeted sanction and a politician-targeted sanction deployed by mainland China against Taiwan to deter support for ‘Taiwan independence’. In the short run, we find that the signal sent by the targeted sanctions generated deterrence to firms that were not directly sanctioned, but were politically inclined towards ‘Taiwan independence’. Specifically, we find that those firms that donated more to the party that supports ‘Taiwan independence’, while investing in mainland China before the sanction, experienced a decrease in stock return. In terms of magnitude, for those firms entirely leaning towards ‘Taiwan independence’, their stock returns are expected to decrease by around 1.3–1.5 percentage points after the sanction events, which translates into a decrease in the overall market value of sampled firms by 0.305–0.604%. In the medium to long run, we find no evidence that firms affected by the deterrence of the sanction reduced their investment in mainland China as a behaviour response.

制裁事件发生后3-1.5个百分点,这意味着抽样公司的总市值下降了0.305-0.604%。从中长期来看,我们没有发现受制裁威慑影响的企业作为行为反应减少在中国大陆的投资的证据。
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引用次数: 0
Firms' margins of adjustment to wage growth: the case of Italian collective bargaining 公司调整工资增长的边际:意大利集体谈判的例子
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12558
Francesco Devicienti, Bernardo Fanfani

This study analyses firms' adjustment behaviour when facing higher labour costs. The empirical research design considers several outcomes, and exploits, as a source of variation in labour costs, discontinuities in the growth of contractual wages set by Italian collective bargaining institutions. The results indicate that adjustment channels are highly heterogeneous across the firms' productivity distribution. Employment, revenue, productivity and the profit margin are negatively related to contractual wage growth among relatively less efficient companies. Instead, most efficient firms do not downsize, they substitute high- with low-wage workers while preserving their productivity, and they may even increase (or at least keep constant) their profitability. We conclude that more efficient companies, which adjust through cost-saving and labour-hoarding strategies, may benefit from cleansing effects, as their product market shares increase when costs of more constrained rivals are raised.

本研究分析了企业面对较高劳动力成本时的调整行为。实证研究设计考虑了几个结果,并利用了意大利集体谈判机构设定的合同工资增长的不连续性,作为劳动力成本变化的一个来源。结果表明,在企业生产率分布中,调整渠道具有高度异质性。在效率相对较低的公司中,就业、收入、生产率和利润率与合同工资增长呈负相关。相反,大多数效率高的公司不会缩减规模,它们在保持生产率的同时,用低工资的工人替代高工资的工人,甚至可能增加(或至少保持不变)它们的盈利能力。我们的结论是,效率更高的公司,通过节约成本和劳动力囤积策略进行调整,可能会从清洁效应中受益,因为当更受约束的竞争对手的成本提高时,它们的产品市场份额会增加。
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引用次数: 0
Correction to ‘Recent trends in firm-level total factor productivity in the UK: new measures, new puzzles’ 修正“英国企业层面全要素生产率的最新趋势:新措施,新难题”
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12557

Coyle, D., McHale, J., Bournakis, I. and Mei, J.-C. (2024). Recent trends in firm-level total factor productivity in the UK: new measures, new puzzles. Economica, 91(364), 13201348. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12541

Please make sure that the right affiliation for Ioannis Bournakis appears as “SKEMA Business School - University of Côte d'Azur, France.” This must be one affiliation NOT two.

We apologize for any inconvenience.

Coyle, D., McHale, J., Bournakis, I.和Mei, J. c .。(2024)。英国企业全要素生产率的最新趋势:新措施,新难题。经济学,91(364),1320-1348。https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12541Please确保Ioannis Bournakis的正确隶属关系显示为“SKEMA商学院-法国Côte d'Azur大学”。这必须是一个从属关系,而不是两个。给您带来的不便,我们深表歉意。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of a minimum wage increase on hours worked: heterogeneous effects by gender and sector 提高最低工资对工作时间的影响:不同性别和行业的异质性影响
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12555
Paul Redmond, Seamus McGuinness

A minimum wage increase could lead to adverse employment effects for certain subgroups of minimum wage workers, while leaving others unaffected. This heterogeneity could be overlooked in studies that examine the overall population of minimum wage workers. In this paper, we test for heterogeneous effects of a minimum wage increase on the hours worked of minimum wage employees in Ireland. For all minimum wage workers, we find that a 10% increase in the minimum wage leads to a one-hour reduction in weekly hours worked, equating to an hours elasticity of approximately −0.3. However, for industry workers and those in the accommodation & food sector, the impact is larger, with elasticity −0.8. We also find a negative impact on the hours worked among men on minimum wage, with no significant effect for women. This is due to the disproportionate number of men working in sectors that show the greatest impact on hours. In line with suggestions from the recent literature, we attempt to identify directly those in receipt of minimum wage using hourly wage data, while also studying the dynamic impact on hours worked over multiple time periods using a fully flexible difference-in-differences estimator.

提高最低工资可能会对某些最低工资工人群体的就业产生不利影响,而对其他群体则不受影响。在研究最低工资工人的总体人口时,这种异质性可能会被忽视。在本文中,我们测试了最低工资增长对爱尔兰最低工资雇员工作时间的异质效应。对于所有领取最低工资的工人来说,我们发现最低工资每增加10%,每周工作时间就会减少一小时,相当于大约−0.3的时间弹性。然而,对于工业工人和那些在住宿&;食品行业受影响较大,弹性为- 0.8。我们还发现,最低工资对男性的工作时间有负面影响,对女性没有显著影响。这是由于在对工作时间影响最大的部门工作的男性人数不成比例。根据最近文献的建议,我们试图使用小时工资数据直接识别那些接受最低工资的人,同时也使用完全灵活的差中差估计器研究对多个时间段内工作时间的动态影响。
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引用次数: 0
Trust and accountability in times of crisis 危机时刻的信任和问责
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12556
Monica Martinez-Bravo, Carlos Sanz

The COVID-19 pandemic took place against the backdrop of growing political polarization and distrust in institutions. Did deficiencies in government performance further erode trust? Did citizens' ideology interfere with how they processed information on government performance? To investigate, we conducted a pre-registered online experiment in Spain in November 2020. The treatment group was provided with information on the number of contact tracers in their region, a policy under the control of regional governments. We find that individuals greatly overestimate the number of contact tracers. When we provide the actual number, we find declines in trust in governments, willingness to fund public institutions, and COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. We also find that individuals endogenously change their attribution of responsibilities when receiving the treatment. In regions where the regional and central governments are ruled by different parties, sympathizers of the regional incumbent react to the negative news on performance by attributing greater responsibility to the central government. We call this the ‘blame-shifting effect’. In these regions, the negative information does not reduce voting intention for the regional incumbent government. These results suggest that political accountability may be particularly difficult in settings with high polarization and where areas of responsibility are not clearly delineated.

COVID-19 大流行是在政治两极分化和对机构的不信任日益加剧的背景下发生的。政府绩效的缺陷是否进一步削弱了信任?公民的意识形态是否干扰了他们处理政府绩效信息的方式?为了进行调查,我们于 2020 年 11 月在西班牙进行了一次预先登记的在线实验。我们向处理组提供了本地区接触式追踪器数量的信息,这是一项由地区政府控制的政策。我们发现,个人大大高估了接触式追踪器的数量。当我们提供实际数量时,我们发现人们对政府的信任度、资助公共机构的意愿以及对 COVID-19 疫苗的接受度都有所下降。我们还发现,个人在接受治疗时会内生性地改变其责任归属。在地区政府和中央政府由不同党派执政的地区,地区执政者的同情者会对有关绩效的负面消息做出反应,将更大的责任归咎于中央政府。我们称之为 "责任转移效应"。在这些地区,负面信息并不会降低对地区现任政府的投票意向。这些结果表明,在两极分化严重、责任领域划分不清的情况下,政治问责可能尤其困难。
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引用次数: 0
Staff engagement, co-workers' complementarity and employee retention: evidence from English NHS hospitals 员工敬业度,同事互补性和员工留任:来自英国NHS医院的证据
IF 1.6 3区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-10-08 DOI: 10.1111/ecca.12554
Giuseppe Moscelli, Melisa Sayli, Marco Mello, Alberto Vesperoni

Retention of skilled workers is essential for labour-intensive organizations like hospitals, where an excessive turnover of doctors and nurses can reduce the quality and quantity of services provided to patients. Exploiting a unique and rich panel dataset based on employee-level payroll and staff survey records from the universe of English NHS hospitals, we investigate empirically the role played by two non-pecuniary job factors, staff engagement and the retention of complementary co-workers, in affecting employee retention within the public hospital sector. We estimate dynamic panel data models to deal with reverse causality bias, and validate these estimates through unconditional quantile regressions with hospital-level fixed effects. Our findings show that a one standard deviation increase in nurse engagement is associated with a 16% standard deviation increase in their retention; and also that a 10% increase in nurse retention is associated with a 1.6% increase in doctor retention, with this co-workers' complementarity spillover effect driven by the retention of more experienced nurses. Nurse and doctor engagement is positively associated with managers who have effective communication, involve staff in the decision-making process, and act on staff feedback; in particular, older nurse engagement is responsive to managers caring for staff health and wellbeing.

留住熟练工人对于医院等劳动密集型组织至关重要,因为医生和护士的过度更替会降低向患者提供的服务的质量和数量。利用一个独特而丰富的面板数据集,基于英国NHS医院的员工工资水平和员工调查记录,我们实证调查了两个非金钱工作因素,员工敬业度和互补同事的保留,在影响公立医院部门员工保留方面所起的作用。我们估计动态面板数据模型来处理反向因果关系偏差,并通过具有医院水平固定效应的无条件分位数回归来验证这些估计。我们的研究结果表明,护士敬业度每增加一个标准差,其保留率就会增加16%的标准差;此外,每增加10%的护士保留率,就会增加1.6%的医生保留率,这是由更有经验的护士保留率推动的同事互补溢出效应。护士和医生的敬业度与有效沟通、让员工参与决策过程并根据员工反馈采取行动的管理者呈正相关;特别是,老年护士的参与是对管理人员关心员工健康和福祉的回应。
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引用次数: 0
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Economica
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