Violence and Victims最新文献

Undergraduate students in the United States report high rates of sexual harassment (SH) from both peers and faculty and staff. In science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, SH poses a major obstacle to the retention and advancement of women. The role of the perpetrator can impact the consequences of SH (e.g., academic disengagement) and how students respond to the harassment. The current study examined the prevalence of SH perpetrated against undergraduate students majoring in STEM disciplines and whether responses to harassment and student outcomes (i.e., perceptions of academic support, sense of belonging, and college persistence) varied based on the status of the perpetrator (i.e., peer or faculty/staff). Approximately 60% of students in STEM reported SH from peers, compared to 46% from faculty/staff. Survivors of faculty/staff-perpetrated SH were more likely to use internally (e.g., ignoring the SH) rather than externally focused strategies (e.g., reporting the SH, confronting harasser) to respond to the harassment. Although survivors of peer- and faculty/staff-perpetrated SH reported lower perceptions of academic support compared to participants who did not report any SH, survivors of peer-perpetrated SH reported significantly lower sense of belonging and survivors of faculty/staff-perpetrated SH reported significantly lower college persistence. Implications for prevention and response efforts are discussed.

Structural equation modeling (SEM) allows for the examination of complex relationships between violence and associated behaviors. We sought to understand the bidirectional longitudinal associations between sexual violence (SV) victimization and alcohol use on college campuses. We used a subsample (n = 1,545) of 18-24-year-old students, seeking care at health centers across 28 campuses in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, who completed surveys at baseline, 4 months, and 12 months as part of a larger trial ( N= 2,291). We used panel models and SEM; controlling for covariates, SV predicted future alcohol use and binge drinking (β's range = .101-.111; p's < .001). Alcohol use and binge drinking did not predict future SV. Research-informed interventions that address prior exposure to violence victimization including SV are integral to prevention strategies addressing SV and harmful alcohol use.

Child-to-parent violence (CPV) is a violent, repeated, and intentional behavior observed in different cultures and family contexts. It is a complex and multifactor phenomenon related to personal and family variables. In view of the lack of research on this topic in Ecuador, the present study was focused on analyzing the presence of CPV in Ecuadorian families and explored the relationship of these behaviors with different parental skills. A total of 270 parents (91.5% mothers) of at-risk zones of the Ecuadorian Coast participated in the study. The participants completed the Child-to-Parent Aggression Questionnaire, the Parental Alliance Inventory, the Parenting Scale and the Parental Locus of Control. The results showed a strong presence of CPV behaviors. A total of 47.41% of the families presented severe levels of CPV and high comorbidity among the different types of CPV. The regression analyses revealed the predictive power of permissive and hostile practices for psychological CPV and of hostile practices for physical CPV. The locus of control was also observed to influence the appearance of CPV, whereas parental alliance did not present a significant linear relationship. In view of the severity of the identified CPV problem, it is necessary for Ecuador to develop a legislative framework that promotes a network of preventive and specialized services to address this phenomenon. The prevention of the escalating growth of CPV behaviors must be focused on the promotion of parenting skills that facilitate the positive exercise of parenting in situations of family conflict.

Research addressing the link between victimization experiences and fear of crime finds that intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization is also of consequence, with victims of IPV being more fearful than non-IPV victims. Though research on the IPV-fear link is plentiful, there is an absence of focusing exclusively on crime victims. The focus of this research is on the potential differential effects of IPV and other types of victimization on victims' fear and if it delineates to gender differences in victimization type and victim fear. This study uses the National Crime Victimization Survey data to examine whether IPV victims display higher levels of fear compared to victims of other relationship types and whether these relationships hold for males and females. Results indicate that IPV victimization does have a positive relationship with fear and that the effect is evident among females but not males.

Individuals with disabilities are nearly four times as likely to be victims of nonlethal violent crimes than individuals without disabilities. This study evaluated the relationship between vision and/or hearing loss and nonlethal violent victimization (NLVV), reporting of NLVV crimes to the police, and medical care for injury from NLVV. Data were analyzed from the 2016-2021 National Crime Victimization Survey. Logistic regression analyses found that individuals with sensory disabilities experienced more crime episodes but were less likely to report incidents to the police than individuals without sensory disabilities. Individuals with vision loss only or both sensory disabilities were less likely to receive medical care than individuals without sensory disabilities. Tailored programs are needed to reduce the burden of NLVV among individuals with vision and/or hearing loss.

This study explores the relationship between social services availability and domestic violence in Erie, Pennsylvania, before the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing police-reported data and multivariate spatially lagged regression, we analyzed how social service density and socioeconomic factors impact neighborhood violence rates. Findings indicate an inverse relationship between social service availability and domestic violence incidents. Fewer social services in a neighborhood correlate with higher rates of domestic violence, suggesting that such services play a critical role in mitigating violence. The study's results are particularly relevant given the exacerbation of domestic violence under pandemic-induced confinement and service limitations, highlighting the need for accessible social support in vulnerable communities.

Every year thousands of adults in the United States experience rape and sexual violence. Few studies have examined and compared the nuances of sexual assault narratives from the survivors at the time of the sexual assault medical examination, especially among survivors who did not report to police. This thematic analysis compared the descriptive narratives of survivors who voluntarily used substances and survivors who did not at the time of their medical examination. Results indicated five overarching themes with corresponding subthemes: nonprototypical characteristics, disruption, gaps in narratives, safety consequences, and distrust and neglect in systems.

Youth who experience bias-based harassment report more adverse functioning than those who report peer victimization not targeted at identity. Yet, there has been little research aimed at understanding how different forms of bias-based harassment influence well-being. The current study adds to the existing research through its comprehensive assessment of adolescents' direct and witnessed bias-based harassment exposures and examination of how exposures are associated with mental health and grades. We also evaluated three protective factors (adult support at school, peer support, and school belonging) for their associations with functioning after taking into account bias-based harassment exposures. Participants were 7,402 high school adolescents in the Northeast (M _age = 15.41 years, SD = 1.08). Results revealed differential associations with mental health and grades based on bias-based harassment types and highlighted the importance of support and belonging.

This article analyzes statutes in 37 U.S. states and Washington, DC amended to include companion animals in definitions of domestic violence and to enable their inclusion in protection orders (POs). The findings indicate that while the inclusion of animal abuse in definitions of domestic violence tends to frame their maltreatment in anthropocentric terms-as a vehicle for harming people-the language and consequences of their inclusion in some PO statutes position them as more-than-property, that is, more as subjects than objects. The analysis documents a temporal trend toward offering greater protections over time, greater bipartisan support for the amendments, and a shift from animals-as-property toward sociolegal recognition of their social membership and the ways their well-being is interconnected with that of the people who care for them.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most common type of violence committed against women and results in serious personal, familial, social, and economic consequences; thus, there is a need to detect IPV early. One test for detecting IPV is the Woman Abuse Screening Tool (WAST). The objective of the study was to obtain evidence of the validity of the WAST in terms of its internal structure, measurement invariance, convergent validity, clinical validity, and reliability. A total of 670 women who have or have had a heterosexual relationship participated in the study. The first stage included 513 adult women who partook of health services (M _age = 35.5 years, SD _age = 10 years). The second stage included 160 women, 80 diagnosed with IPV (M _age = 34.2 years, SD _age = 11.8 years) and 80 who were not (M _age = 31.8 years, SD _age = 11.5 years). We used multivariate and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. We found evidence that the WAST demonstrates a one-dimensional structure; evidence of measurement invariance regarding cohabitation with the partner, length of the relationship, and age; evidence of convergent validity in terms of correlations with emotional dependence, self-compassion, expressive suppression, anxiety, and depression; and evidence of clinical validity in terms of the high probability of detecting positive cases of IPV. These properties support the use of the WAST for detecting possible cases of IPV, which will allow timely intervention. This instrument can also be used in larger studies on IPV in the Spanish-speaking population.