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Animals as Covictims and More-Than-Property: The Inclusion of Companion Animals in Protection Order Statutes at the State Level in the United States. 作为受害者和财产的动物:将伴侣动物纳入美国州一级的保护令法规。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-05 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2024-0004
Amy Fitzgerald

This article analyzes statutes in 37 U.S. states and Washington D.C. amended to include companion animals in definitions of domestic violence and to enable their inclusion in protection order (POs). The findings indicate that while the inclusion of animal abuse in definitions of domestic violence tends to frame their maltreatment in anthropocentric terms-as a vehicle for harming people-the language and consequences of their inclusion in some PO statutes position them as more-than-property, that is, more as subjects than objects. The analysis documents a temporal trend toward offering greater protections over time, greater bipartisan support for the amendments, and a shift from animals-as-property toward sociolegal recognition of their social membership and the ways their well-being is interconnected with that of the people who care for them.

本文分析了美国37个州和华盛顿特区为将伴侣动物纳入家庭暴力定义并将其纳入保护令(PO)而修订的法规。研究结果表明,虽然将虐待动物纳入家庭暴力定义的做法倾向于从人类中心主义的角度将虐待动物的行为定性为伤害人类的工具,但将动物纳入某些保护令法规的语言和后果却将其定位为超越财产的存在,也就是说,与其说是客体,不如说是主体。分析表明,随着时间的推移,提供更多保护是一个时间趋势,两党对修正案的支持也在增加,从将动物作为财产转变为从社会法律上承认动物的社会成员身份,以及动物的福祉与照顾它们的人的福祉相互关联的方式。
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引用次数: 0
Can Witnessing Domestic Violence Predict Risky Health Behaviors of University Students? 目睹家庭暴力能否预测大学生的危险健康行为?
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2022-0179
Basak Korkmazer, Mehmet Goktug Kılıncarslan, Cetin Toraman, Erkan Melih Sahin

Various physical, mental, and behavioral disorders are reported among individuals who witness violence. This study was designed to examine university students' risky health behaviors after witnessing domestic violence. In this study, 2,509 university students, selected using the stratified sampling method in terms of sex and study year, were included. Path analysis was performed to examine the relationships between sociodemographic variables and risky health behaviors. We found that witnessing domestic violence directly increased substance abuse and alcohol consumption in the entire study population and partner violence among female participants. By adding the variable of witnessing domestic violence to the equation as a mediator, the effect of sociodemographic characteristics on risky health behaviors changed.

据报道,目睹暴力的人中存在各种身体、精神和行为障碍。本研究旨在调查大学生目睹家庭暴力后的危险健康行为。本研究采用分层抽样法,按性别和学习年限选取了 2509 名大学生。研究人员对社会人口学变量与危险健康行为之间的关系进行了路径分析。我们发现,在整个研究人群中,目睹家庭暴力会直接增加药物滥用和酒精消费,而在女性参与者中,目睹伴侣暴力会直接增加药物滥用和酒精消费。通过在方程中加入目睹家庭暴力这一变量作为中介,社会人口特征对危险健康行为的影响发生了变化。
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引用次数: 0
Mass-Shooting Survivors: Advancing Research and Practice. 大规模枪击案幸存者:推进研究与实践。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2024-0016
Meagan N Abel

Mass-shooting events are of increasing public and scholarly concern in the United States. While research into the causes of these events and possibilities for prevention is growing, our knowledge of the impacts of mass shootings on survivors is limited. This brief report examines current research on mass-shooting victimization and proposes how adjacent literature can assist in developing a broader knowledge base.

在美国,大规模枪击事件越来越受到公众和学者的关注。虽然对这些事件的原因和预防可能性的研究在不断增加,但我们对大规模枪击事件对幸存者的影响的了解却很有限。本简短报告探讨了当前有关大规模枪击受害情况的研究,并提出了邻近文献如何有助于发展更广泛的知识基础。
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引用次数: 0
"It's Not Love, Baby Doll. It's Science": Experiences of Trauma Bonding Among Survivors of Sex Trafficking. "这不是爱,宝贝娃娃。这是科学":性贩运幸存者的创伤结合经历》。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2023-0005
Kaitlin Casassa, Gwen England, Sharvari Karandikar

Trauma bonds between sex trafficking survivors and their traffickers or other perpetrators are one of the most complex and least understood concerns facing survivors. This community-based participatory research phenomenological study sought to understand how survivors have experienced trauma bonding. The sample consisted of 19 female survivors who were all participants in or graduates of a human trafficking specialty docket. Two themes emerged from the data. The first theme is the source of the trauma bond, namely who survivors had trauma bonds with. The second theme is features of trauma bonds, which included three subthemes: survivors have experienced trauma bonds (a) as involuntary, (b) as having lingering power, and (c) as consisting of both love and hate. These findings contain significant implications for practice, policy, and future research.

性交易幸存者与人贩子或其他犯罪者之间的创伤联系是幸存者面临的最复杂、最不为人所知的问题之一。这项以社区为基础的参与式现象学研究试图了解幸存者是如何经历创伤联系的。样本由 19 名女性幸存者组成,她们都是人口贩运专案的参与者或毕业生。数据中出现了两个主题。第一个主题是创伤纽带的来源,即幸存者与谁建立了创伤纽带。第二个主题是创伤纽带的特征,包括三个次主题:幸存者经历的创伤纽带(a)是非自愿的;(b)具有挥之不去的力量;(c)由爱与恨组成。这些发现对实践、政策和未来研究具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Betrayal Trauma and Histrionic Personality Pathology. 背叛创伤与躁狂症人格病理学》(Betrayal Trauma and Histrionic Personality Pathology)。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2022-0206
Matthew M Yalch, Christine L Hujing

Histrionic personality disorder is among the most common forms of personality pathology, and recent research has focused on its associations with trauma. This research has focused primarily on the types of traumatic experiences people endure, highlighting the role of sexual trauma in particular. However, recent research on the association between traumatic events and histrionic personality characteristics has not taken into account the role of traumatic experiences characterized by interpersonal betrayal, which research suggests is associated with personality pathology in general. In this study, we examine this, evaluating the association between traumatic experiences with varying degrees of betrayal and histrionic personality characteristics in a sample of men and women recruited online (N = 364). The results suggested that interpersonal trauma without a high degree of betrayal as well as non-interpersonal trauma had positive associations with histrionic personality characteristics, but interpersonal trauma with a high degree of betrayal did not. Further analysis indicated that sexual trauma, both with and without a component of betrayal, was associated with histrionic personality characteristics for women but not men. Study findings add to the research on the potential traumatogenic origins of histrionic personality characteristics and provide numerous directions for future research.

躁狂型人格障碍是人格病理学中最常见的一种,最近对它的研究主要集中在它与创伤的关系上。这些研究主要侧重于人们所承受的创伤经历的类型,尤其强调了性创伤的作用。然而,最近关于创伤事件与组织型人格特征之间关系的研究并未考虑到以人际背叛为特征的创伤经历的作用,而研究表明,人际背叛与一般人格病理学有关。在本研究中,我们对这一问题进行了研究,评估了不同程度背叛的创伤经历与组织型人格特征之间的关系,研究对象为网上招募的男性和女性样本(364 人)。结果表明,没有高度背叛的人际创伤和非人际创伤与组织型人格特征有正相关,但有高度背叛的人际创伤则没有。进一步的分析表明,对于女性而言,有背叛成分和无背叛成分的性创伤都与组织型人格特征有关,但男性则不然。研究结果为组织型人格特征的潜在创伤起源研究增添了新的内容,并为今后的研究提供了许多方向。
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引用次数: 0
The Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression in the Context of Acute Intoxication and State Emotion Regulation. 急性中毒和状态情绪调节背景下的性侵犯汇合模型》(The Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression in the Context of Acute Intoxication and State Emotion Regulation)。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2022-0131
Lauren Smith, William H George, Elizabeth C Neilson

Understanding the mechanisms underlying sexual aggression perpetration is critical for the development of targeted, evidence-based prevention. The current study evaluates the effects of state emotion regulation (ER), acute alcohol intoxication, and Confluence Model constructs on sexual aggression perpetration intentions. Single, male social drinkers, aged 21-30 years, with a history of sexual risk-taking (N = 90) were randomly assigned to an alcohol (BrAC = 0.1%) or sober control condition and completed measures of hypothetical sexual aggression intentions, state ER, and Confluence Model constructs. Logistic regression demonstrated men high in hostile masculinity expressed significantly greater sexual aggression intentions. In addition, men with poor state ER endorsed significantly greater sexual aggression intentions, although this relationship only held for the men in the sober condition. Results suggest that interventions targeting state ER may be beneficial to sexual aggression perpetration prevention programming.

了解性侵犯行为的内在机制对于制定有针对性的循证预防措施至关重要。本研究评估了状态情绪调节(ER)、急性酒精中毒和汇合模型构建对性侵犯实施意图的影响。有性冒险史的 21-30 岁单身男性社交饮酒者(N = 90)被随机分配到酒精(BrAC = 0.1%)或清醒对照组,并完成了假设性侵犯意图、状态情绪调节和汇合模型建构的测量。逻辑回归结果表明,敌意男性气质高的男性表达的性侵犯意图明显更强。此外,状态ER较差的男性也明显表示出更强的性侵犯意图,尽管这种关系只在清醒状态下的男性中存在。研究结果表明,针对状态 ER 的干预措施可能有益于性侵犯犯罪预防计划的制定。
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引用次数: 0
Working With Youth Who Have Experienced Commercial Sexual Exploitation: Voices From the Field. 与遭受商业性剥削的青少年合作:来自实地的声音。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2022-0195
Claire Helpingstine, Maureen C Kenny

Little is known about the experiences of service providers working with youth who have experienced commercial sexual exploitation (CSE). In this qualitative study, 12 service providers shared their experiences working with youth who have experienced CSE. Thematic analysis was used to develop key themes that included the challenges posed by working with this population, including the breadth of necessary services and the type of support that is needed for this work. Participants shared the importance of being prepared to work with this population and learn from those with lived experience. The complexity of cases and the difficulty engaging youth who had experienced CSE were also themes. These results can inform service providers who work with youth about the common challenges in working with this population and prepare the next generation of service providers for this difficult work. Training service providers, managing their expectations, and getting them ready for their role will be critical for successful intervention with youth who have experienced CSE.

人们对服务提供者与经历过商业性剥削(CSE)的青少年打交道的经历知之甚少。在这项定性研究中,12 名服务提供者分享了他们与经历过 CSE 的青少年打交道的经验。研究采用专题分析的方法来确定关键主题,其中包括与这一人群合作所面临的挑战,包括必要服务的广度以及这项工作所需的支持类型。与会人员共同认识到,做好与这类人群打交道的准备并向有亲身经历的人学习非常重要。案例的复杂性和与经历过 CSE 的青少年接触的困难也是主题。这些结果可以让与青少年打交道的服务提供者了解与这一人群打交道时面临的共同挑战,并让下一代服务提供者为这项艰巨的工作做好准备。培训服务提供者、管理他们的期望值并让他们为自己的角色做好准备,对于成功干预经历过 CSE 的青少年至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Examining Ethnoracial Differences in Retention in Evidence-Based Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Secondary to Military Sexual Trauma. 研究基于证据的军队性创伤后应激障碍治疗中的人种保留率差异。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2023-0069
Peter P Grau, Katherine M Fedele, Michelle A Fernando, Brittany Hall-Clark, Sheila A M Rauch, Katherine E Porter, Minden Sexton

Improving and expanding mental health treatment for Veterans who have experienced military sexual trauma (MST) is currently a top priority in Veterans Healthcare Administration. Many of these Veterans develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and there is increasing recognition that diversity is a core treatment consideration for Veterans who have experienced trauma. As such, more information is needed concerning the relationship between trauma-focused treatment attrition and ethnoracial identity in Veterans who have experienced MST. This article presents two studies exploring dropout from a Midwestern Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) PTSD clinic in samples of Veterans who experienced MST. These studies aim to reduce this knowledge gap by contrasting Black and White Veterans' retention in trauma-focused care. In Study 1 (n = 141), we examined ethnoracial differences in dropout in a cohort of treatment-seeking Veterans who experienced MST and engaged in cognitive processing therapy (CPT) in a VA specialty PTSD clinic. In Study 2 (n = 109), we explored the same questions related to treatment attrition in a separate cohort of treatment-seeking Veterans who experienced MST and engaged in prolonged exposure (PE) in a VA specialty PTSD clinic. Results from both studies did not indicate ethnoracial differences in attrition rate (for both total sessions and an 8-week minimally adequate care [MAC] window) across evidence-based PTSD treatment. However, it remains important to consider the impact of racial and cultural factors on retention. Future research should aim to recruit a larger racially and ethnically diverse sample to explore possible varying retention outcomes of CPT and PE for MST-related PTSD.

改善和扩大对经历过军事性创伤 (MST) 的退伍军人的心理健康治疗是退伍军人医疗保健管理局目前的首要任务。这些退伍军人中的许多人都患上了创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD),而且人们越来越认识到,对于经历过创伤的退伍军人来说,多元化是治疗的核心考虑因素。因此,我们需要更多有关经历过创伤后应激障碍的退伍军人的创伤治疗流失与种族认同之间关系的信息。本文介绍了两项研究,以经历过创伤后应激障碍的退伍军人为样本,探讨中西部退伍军人事务部创伤后应激障碍诊所的辍学情况。这些研究旨在通过对比黑人退伍军人和白人退伍军人在以创伤为重点的护理中的保留率,缩小这一知识差距。在研究 1(n = 141)中,我们调查了在退伍军人事务部创伤后应激障碍专科门诊接受认知加工疗法(CPT)并寻求治疗的退伍军人群体中的种族辍学差异。在研究 2(n = 109)中,我们在另一个寻求治疗的退伍军人群体中探讨了与治疗流失相关的相同问题,这些退伍军人经历过创伤后应激障碍,并在退伍军人事务部创伤后应激障碍专科门诊接受过长期暴露疗法(PE)。这两项研究的结果均未表明,在基于证据的创伤后应激障碍治疗中,自然减员率(总疗程和为期 8 周的最低充分护理 [MAC] 窗口期)存在种族差异。然而,考虑种族和文化因素对保留率的影响仍然很重要。未来的研究应着眼于招募更多的种族和民族多元化样本,以探索 CPT 和 PE 治疗 MST 相关创伤后应激障碍可能产生的不同保留结果。
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引用次数: 0
Do All Victimization Types Cluster? Assessing the Co-Occurrence of Hate Speech With Criminal and Bullying Victimization at School. 所有受害类型都会聚集吗?评估仇恨言论与校园犯罪和欺凌行为的共存性。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2023-0015
Allison Kurpiel

Evidence indicates that poly-victimization relates to greater victim impacts than single-type victimization. A separate body of research finds that victimization motivated by bias is associated with elevated harm. However, little empirical work has assessed whether youth who experience biased victimization are poly-victims, and studies have not sufficiently examined the potentially deleterious effects of experiencing both types of victimization. This study uses nationally representative data to examine the prevalence of school-based crime and bullying victimization among hate speech victims. I then assess the odds of experiencing fear and avoiding places at school across victimization types. The findings reveal that a considerable number of hate speech victims are also bullied and that experiencing any two types of victimization is associated with increased odds of fear and avoidance. These results highlight the importance of targeting biased victimization in anti-bullying programming.

有证据表明,多重受害比单一类型受害对受害者的影响更大。另一项研究发现,以偏见为动机的受害与伤害增加有关。然而,很少有实证研究对遭受偏见伤害的青少年是否属于多重受害者进行评估,也没有研究充分探讨同时遭受两种类型伤害可能产生的有害影响。本研究利用具有全国代表性的数据,考察了仇恨言论受害者中校园犯罪和欺凌受害的普遍程度。然后,我评估了不同受害类型的人在学校经历恐惧和逃避的几率。研究结果表明,相当多的仇恨言论受害者同时也受到了欺凌,而经历任何两种类型的受害都会增加恐惧和回避的几率。这些结果凸显了在反欺凌计划中针对有偏见的受害情况的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Religious Coping Styles Used by Young Black Women Who Experience DatingViolence. 遭遇约会暴力的年轻黑人女性采用的宗教应对方式。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2023-0092
Katrina J Debnam, Juehyun Shin, Adam J Milam

Young Black women experience higher rates of dating violence victimization compared to their White peers. Religion is a cornerstone of African American culture, suggesting that Black women may use religious coping after experiencing trauma like dating violence. However, research has not explored the patterns of religious coping following dating violence experiences. The current study analyzed survey data from 481 young Black women aged 18-19 years on their religious coping behaviors, acceptance of violence beliefs, and dating violence victimization experiences. Results showed that victimization was positively associated with negative religious coping. Findings indicate that one way young Black women cope with dating violence victimization is through feelings of spiritual discontent, and they may see their victimization as a punishment from God.

与白人同龄人相比,年轻黑人女性遭受约会暴力侵害的比例更高。宗教是非裔美国人文化的基石,这表明黑人女性在经历约会暴力等创伤后可能会采用宗教应对方式。然而,有关约会暴力经历后的宗教应对模式的研究还没有。本研究分析了 481 名 18-19 岁年轻黑人女性的调查数据,内容涉及她们的宗教应对行为、接受暴力的信念以及约会暴力受害经历。结果显示,受害经历与消极的宗教应对行为呈正相关。研究结果表明,年轻黑人女性应对约会暴力受害的一种方式是通过精神上的不满情绪,她们可能将受害视为上帝的惩罚。
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引用次数: 0
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Violence and Victims
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