Violence and Victims最新文献

Individuals with disabilities are nearly four times as likely to be victims of nonlethal violent crimes than individuals without disabilities. This study evaluated the relationship between vision and/or hearing loss and nonlethal violent victimization (NLVV), reporting of NLVV crimes to the police, and medical care for injury from NLVV. Data were analyzed from the 2016-2021 National Crime Victimization Survey. Logistic regression analyses found that individuals with sensory disabilities experienced more crime episodes but were less likely to report incidents to the police than individuals without sensory disabilities. Individuals with vision loss only or both sensory disabilities were less likely to receive medical care than individuals without sensory disabilities. Tailored programs are needed to reduce the burden of NLVV among individuals with vision and/or hearing loss.

Victimization is a common but unfortunate reality, with sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals at an increased risk of various forms of victimization compared with the heterosexual and cisgender counterparts. This disproportionate victimization of SGMs increases the likelihood that these individuals will experience adverse mental, physical, and educational outcomes. Some scholars have explored potential protective factors, specific to SGMs, that may be associated with a decreased risk of victimization and/or subsequent adverse outcomes. The present article provides readers with a narrative review of the relevant literature on these topics by examining prevalence rates of SGM victimization, common adverse consequences experienced by SGMs, and empirically examined protective factors for SGMs that show some evidence of effectiveness. The article ends with a discussion of suggestions for future research.

Vulnerability is the perception of being exposed and susceptible to potential harm or adversity. This study underscores the critical role of individual women's perceived vulnerability in shaping their sense of safety and risk of victimization within the urban landscape. Focusing on women aged 15-49 years in Sambalpur city and its surrounding areas, the research draws on in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, analyzed through a phenomenological lens. Findings reveal that women's perceptions of physical vulnerability, sociopsychological harm associated with sexual crimes, apprehension about demands for sexual favors, and direct or vicarious experiences of victimization profoundly shape their fears and perceived risk of crime in the city. Recognizing and addressing these dimensions is vital to fostering urban spaces where women can move freely and confidently, without the shadow of fear or anxiety.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with some of the poorest mental and physical health outcomes. There is often high dropout from treatment for PTSD, especially among those who have experienced chronic or multiple traumatic events. One increasingly popular PTSD treatment delivery model targeting treatment retention is intensive treatment delivery. Narrative exposure therapy (NET) is an exposure-based PTSD treatment designed to address multiple trauma exposures, but NET has not been systematically delivered in an intensive brief format. The current study aimed to determine the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of intensively delivered NET to a highly traumatized sample (HI-NET). A trauma-exposed clinical sample (N = 8; range of lifetime traumatic events: 5-15; 100% endorsed history of interpersonal violence; mean age = 46; 87% White) participated in daily NET sessions for 1 week. Participants completed self-report measures assessing PTSD, depressive, and dissociation symptoms as well as trauma-related cognitions at baseline, 1 week posttreatment, and 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up time points. HI-NET was feasible, with all participants attending all sessions. Participants reported high levels of acceptability and satisfaction. Participants showed significant reductions in PTSD symptoms (≥12 points on the PTSD Checklist for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5 [PCL-5]) from baseline (M = 49.00, SD = 16.34) through 6-month assessment (M = 24.29, SD = 16.89, g = 1.88). Depressive symptoms, the frequency and intensity of dissociative symptoms, and dysfunctional trauma-related cognitions all significantly decreased alongside PTSD symptoms. This is the first investigation of an intensive delivery of NET, an evidence-based treatment for PTSD that can target multiple traumatic events. After only six sessions delivered to a highly traumatized sample, there was a significant decrease in PTSD symptoms that remained decreased over time. HI-NET is feasible, acceptable, and efficacious, yet larger clinical trials with more diverse samples are needed.

Little is known about the prevalence rates for different sexual assault types, particularly among college men. This study compared the frequency and type of sexual assault for 783 college women and men and examined whether risk factors differed by sexual assault type. Twenty-eight percent of men and 45% of women experienced one or more types of sexual assault in the past year. Heavy drinking and greater posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were significant correlates of incapacitated sexual assault for men, whereas Greek affiliation, heavy drinking, and greater PTSD symptoms were significant for women. For coercive sexual assault, greater PTSD symptoms were significant for men, while Greek affiliation, heavy drinking, and greater PTSD symptoms were significant for women. Both college women and men are at risk for different types of sexual assault.

Psychopathy is the confluence of antagonism toward others (meanness), fearless social dominance (boldness), and difficulty controlling impulses (disinhibition) and is at the root of many social woes. One factor associated with high levels of psychopathy in adulthood is a history of abuse and neglect in childhood. Although there are several studies on this topic, there is little research on the relative association of child abuse and neglect with psychopathy as measured using contemporary assessment instruments (i.e., incorporating indicators of meanness, boldness, and disinhibition). In this study, we address this issue by examining the influence of child abuse and neglect on a composite measurement of psychopathy in two samples (435 college students and 399 women and men recruited online) using a partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Results suggest that across both samples, childhood physical neglect is the strongest predictor of psychopathy in adulthood. However, the influence of other forms of abuse/neglect differs depending on both the sample and gender. These findings shed light on the developmental antecedents of psychopathy and have implications for future study and clinical intervention with people with high levels of psychopathy.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) and nonpartner aggression are common among military veterans, yet the extent of overlap between them remains unknown. The current study examined this overlap and the effect of Strength at Home (SAH) on nonpartner aggression and anger in a sample of men veterans. Participants (N = 135) completed a baseline assessment, were randomly assigned to SAH or treatment-as-usual (TAU), and completed a 3- and 6-month follow-up. IPV and nonpartner aggression use were uncorrelated. Nonpartner aggression was correlated with anger, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression, while IPV was correlated with anger. SAH did not demonstrate an effect on nonpartner aggression. Participants in the SAH condition demonstrated a significant decrease in anger, while participants in TAU did not. Our findings suggest a little overlap between IPV and nonpartner aggression use in veterans.

Youth exposure to violence and crime is often measured through survey data or reports from Child Protective Services, which do not capture the full extent of the problem. In this article, we used administrative data from police incident reports to examine patterns of youth exposure, as victims and witnesses, to crime and violence by youth demographic characteristics (age, race, and gender), location of exposure, and neighborhood social vulnerability. We find roughly the same raw number of incidents by race, though Black youth make up under 15% of the population within the study area. Looking at the data spatially, neighborhood social vulnerability is associated with higher incidents and multiple locations per youth. The results indicate that demographic and neighborhood factors impact youth exposure to incidents.

Depression and violent behavior are serious concerns around the world. The aim of this article is to review the methods and results of longitudinal research on whether depression predicts violent behavior. Six databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Criminal Justice Database, Sociology Database, Gale, and JSTOR) were searched using the search terms "longitudinal" and "depress*" and "violen*." A total of 36 articles were included in this review. The key finding to emerge from this review is that research on whether depression predicts violent behavior has yielded mixed results. More specifically, 11 studies found that depression predicts violence, 12 studies discovered that depression does not predict violence, and 13 studies offered mixed evidence. This review offers several possible explanations for the inconsistent results, as well as numerous suggestions for future research.

How do survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) conceptualize justice? In this exploratory qualitative study, I interviewed 30 female IPV survivors, 17 of whom pursued charges against their abuser and 13 who had not, asking: What does justice look like? Of particular interest was whether survivors' responses would align with tenets of restorative justice. A thematic analysis finds instead that justice for survivors is safety, which existing systems fail to ensure. Regardless of justice involvement, survivors were unanimous in calling for rehabilitation over imprisonment yet stopped short of a restorative justice orientation. My conceptual framework is a call to action acknowledging survivors' need for safety yet envisioning broader restorative possibilities, namely through financial redress and mental health treatment.