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Exploring the Underlying Constructs of Rape-Related Cognition Scales and Their Relationships With Sexual Aggression. 探索强奸相关认知量表的基本结构及其与性侵犯的关系。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-07 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2021-0166
Anna T Pham, Sacha Maimone, Chantal A Hermann, Kevin L Nunes

Rape-related cognitions (typically defined as encompassing any number of cognitive constructs) are thought to play a role in sexual aggression. However, rape-related cognition scales often assess these cognitive constructs as one. The purpose of this study is to explore the factor structure of these measures using a sample of 191 community men. We found that items from the Rape Myth Acceptance, RAPE, and Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance (IRMA) scales formed one factor, which was significantly related to sexual aggression. We further found that four and six IRMA subscales were significantly related to past and likelihood of sexual aggression, respectively. Additionally, one IRMA subscale was independently related to past and likelihood of sexual aggression. The results are discussed in terms of implications and direction for future research.

与强奸相关的认知(通常被定义为包括任何数量的认知结构)被认为在性侵犯中发挥了作用。然而,强奸相关认知量表通常将这些认知结构作为一个整体进行评估。本研究的目的是使用 191 名社区男性样本来探索这些测量的因子结构。我们发现,强奸迷思接受量表、RAPE 量表和伊利诺伊州强奸迷思接受量表(IRMA)中的项目组成了一个因子,该因子与性攻击显著相关。我们进一步发现,IRMA 的四个和六个分量表分别与过去的性侵犯行为和性侵犯可能性有明显关系。此外,有一个 IRMA 子量表与过去的性侵犯行为和性侵犯可能性独立相关。本文从对未来研究的影响和方向两个方面对研究结果进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 0
Transgender Incarceration and Law Enforcement as a Source of Harm: Upstream and Primordial Prevention Perspectives. 作为危害来源的跨性别监禁和执法:上游和原始预防观点。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2022-0106
Nolan S Kline, Nathaniel J Webb, Stacey B Griner

In the United States (US), transgender individuals are more likely to experience violence and sexual assault in jails and prisons compared with cisgender peers. Harms of incarceration on transgender individuals include limited access to medical care and hormone therapy, as well as being housed in facilities based on biological sex instead of gender identity. However, there has been insufficient research on addressing factors that lead to transgender individuals being incarcerated in the first place. In this article, we argue the need to focus on law enforcement interactions with transgender individuals in the US to reduce incarceration-related harms. Using the perspectives of primordial prevention and focusing on upstream factors that create health-related harms, we assert that focusing on law enforcement is a necessary component in addressing how the criminal justice system harms transgender individuals.

在美国,跨性别者比异性恋者更容易在监狱和监狱中遭受暴力和性侵犯。监禁对跨性别者的危害包括获得医疗保健和激素治疗的机会有限,以及根据生理性别而不是性别认同被关押在设施中。然而,关于解决导致跨性别者被监禁的首要因素的研究还不够。在本文中,我们认为有必要关注美国执法部门与跨性别者的互动,以减少与监禁相关的伤害。从原始预防的角度出发,关注与健康相关的上游因素,我们认为关注执法是解决刑事司法系统如何伤害跨性别者的必要组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
Intimate Partner Sexual Violence, Gender, and Psychological Distress Among Northern Irish University Students. 亲密伴侣性暴力、性别和北爱尔兰大学生的心理困扰。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2022-0050
Susan Lagdon, Ngozi Anyadike-Danes, Megan Reynolds, William F Flack, Cherie Armour

While substantial prevalence rates of intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV) have been found among university students for decades in North America, there is a specific gap in published studies on this issue in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The present analysis used data from a larger survey study of students in one Northern Irish university. The analyses reported here were used to examine relationships among IPSV victims, gender (males and females only), unhealthy alcohol use, and psychological distress among university students (n = 654) since the age of 16 and during the previous year. The results of this study are consistent with previous research indicating that women (n = 248) experience IPSV more often than men (n = 37; 50% vs. 23%, respectively). Nonetheless, IPSV is experienced by both men and women with statistically significant associations with alcohol use, posttraumatic stress, depression, and generalized anxiety compared with those who did not report any IPSV experience.

亲密伴侣性暴力(IPSV)的发生率在北美的大学生中已经存在了几十年,但在英国和爱尔兰发表的关于这一问题的研究中存在一个具体的差距。目前的分析使用了来自北爱尔兰一所大学学生的更大规模调查研究的数据。本文报告的分析用于检查大学生(n = 654)自16岁以来和前一年IPSV受害者、性别(仅限男性和女性)、不健康饮酒和心理困扰之间的关系。本研究的结果与先前的研究一致,表明女性(n = 248)比男性(n = 37;50% vs. 23%)。尽管如此,与没有报告任何IPSV经历的人相比,男性和女性都经历过IPSV,与酒精使用、创伤后应激、抑郁和广泛性焦虑有统计学意义的关联。
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引用次数: 0
Prevalence of Violence Victimization and Perpetration During Middle and High School in Underresourced, Urban Communities. 在资源不足的城市社区,中学和高中期间暴力受害和犯罪的普遍性。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2022-0033
Sarah DeGue, Colleen M Ray, Daniel Bontempo, Phyllis Holditch Niolon, Allison J Tracy, Lianne Fuino Estefan, Vi D Le, Todd D Little

This study describes rates of violence victimization, perpetration, and witnessing in 6th-11th grade for a multisite sample (N = 3,466) of predominantly Black and Hispanic middle- and high-school students from urban areas with high rates of crime and economic disadvantage. Students completed surveys in middle and high school assessing teen dating violence, stalking, sexual violence and harassment, bullying, cyberbullying, and physical violence perpetration and victimization, as well as witnessing violence. The highest prevalence rates are observed most often in 8th or 9th grade. Youth reported high rates of witnessing serious assault and severe community violence throughout adolescence. These findings suggest that efforts to prevent violence among youth living in under-resourced communities need to start early and address community-level socioeconomic disparities.

这项研究描述了来自犯罪率和经济劣势较高的城市地区的以黑人和西班牙裔为主的中学生和高中生在6至11年级的暴力受害率、实施率和目睹率(N=3466)。学生们在中学和高中完成了调查,评估青少年约会暴力、跟踪、性暴力和性骚扰、欺凌、网络欺凌、身体暴力的实施和受害,以及目睹暴力。发病率最高的是8年级或9年级。据报告,青少年在整个青春期目睹严重袭击和严重社区暴力的比率很高。这些发现表明,预防生活在资源不足社区的青年暴力的努力需要尽早开始,并解决社区一级的社会经济差异。
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引用次数: 0
Intangible Identity Theft and Intimate Partner Violence. 无形身份盗窃和亲密伴侣暴力。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2023-0121
Nevena Stojakovic, Stewart J D'Alessio, Lisa Stolzenberg

While tougher domestic violence laws and protective orders are frequently credited with attenuating intimate partner violence (IPV), one unexplored explanation for this observed reduction is that intimate partner abusers are shifting their abusive behavior to intangible identity theft to thwart legal mechanisms traditionally used to deter IPV. Unlike the monetary motive associated with document identity theft, intangible identity theft is committed by someone with a preexisting grievance against the victim because the theft's primary purpose is to tarnish the victim's reputation. Results from a multilevel analysis show that a woman has a lower probability of being a victim of an intimate rather than nonintimate partner crime in cities with a higher intangible identity theft rate. Such a finding suggests that intangible identity theft may be a form of intimate partner abuse with few adverse consequences for offenders because identity thieves are rarely arrested and prosecuted. Nevertheless, the current study is only preliminary. Further research is needed before our findings and conclusions can be universally accepted.

虽然更严格的家庭暴力法和保护令经常被认为是减少亲密伴侣暴力的原因,但对这一减少现象的一个未经探索的解释是,亲密伴侣施虐者正在将其虐待行为转变为无形的身份盗窃,以挫败传统上用于阻止亲密伴侣暴力行为的法律机制。与文件身份盗窃相关的金钱动机不同,无形身份盗窃是由对受害者已有不满的人实施的,因为盗窃的主要目的是玷污受害者的声誉。多层次分析的结果表明,在无形身份盗窃率较高的城市,女性成为亲密伴侣犯罪而非非亲密伴侣犯罪受害者的概率较低。这一发现表明,无形身份盗窃可能是亲密伴侣虐待的一种形式,对犯罪者几乎没有不利后果,因为身份盗窃者很少被逮捕和起诉。然而,目前的研究只是初步的。在我们的发现和结论被普遍接受之前,还需要进一步的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Interpersonal Violence and Maxillofacial Injuries: Toward an Active Surveillance Proposal Through the Presentation Profile in Hospital Emergency Services. 人际暴力与颌面伤害:透过医院急救服务的简报,朝向主动监控的建议。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2022-0020
Fabiola Werlinger, Marcelo Villalón, Valentina Duarte, Pilar Sepúlveda

To establish a set of variables that define a predictive profile of events of maxillofacial trauma resulting from interpersonal violence, we analyzed sociodemographic variables and clinical characteristics of injuries recorded in three tertiary care hospital centers in Chile. To assess the relation between categories, we applied a multiple correspondence analysis. We identified 567 cases. Two dimensions explained 53.4% of the model. The first dimension was composed of variables related to the severity of the injury: medical-legal prognosis (.574), type of trauma (.511), and the destination of the patient (.332); the second dimension was composed of variables related to the typology of interpersonal violence: type of violence (.398) and sex of the patient (.370). Two profiles were recognized: women, victims of domestic violence, with lesions affecting mainly soft tissues and not requiring hospitalization and men, victims of community violence, with lesions involving fractures associated with greater severity and requiring hospitalization. There are two key dimensions in the diagnosis of maxillofacial trauma resulting from interpersonal violence: severity of the injury and typology of the interpersonal violence. Exploring these predictive profiles can be a useful complement to the current screening tools of violence in clinical practice.

为了建立一组变量,定义由人际暴力导致的颌面创伤事件的预测概况,我们分析了智利三家三级护理医院中心记录的社会人口统计学变量和损伤的临床特征。为了评估类别之间的关系,我们应用了多重对应分析。我们确定了567例。二维解释了53.4%的模型。第一个维度由与伤害严重程度相关的变量组成:医疗-法律预后(.574)、创伤类型(.511)和患者目的地(.332);第二个维度由与人际暴力类型相关的变量组成:暴力类型(0.398)和患者性别(0.370)。人们认识到两种情况:妇女是家庭暴力的受害者,其损伤主要影响软组织,不需要住院治疗;男子是社区暴力的受害者,其损伤涉及骨折,严重程度较高,需要住院治疗。人际暴力导致的颌面部创伤的诊断有两个关键维度:伤害的严重程度和人际暴力的类型。探索这些预测档案可以是一个有用的补充,目前的筛查工具的暴力在临床实践。
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引用次数: 0
We Have a Voice: An Examination of Intimate Partner Violence in a Native American Community. 我们有声音:美国原住民社区亲密伴侣暴力事件调查。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2023-0055
Sheena L Gilbert, Lane Kirkland Gillespie, Jacqueline G Lee, Laura L King

Indigenous people experience a higher rate of intimate partner violence (IPV) than other racial/ethnic groups; however, limited research examines IPV among this population. In collaboration with a tribe in the western United States, this study surveyed a sample of indigenous people (N = 27) to learn about their experiences with victimization. Results show that respondents experienced high amounts of recent relationship and lifetime victimization, mostly consistent with previous literature. Additional issues and challenges emerged from the data, such as low reporting rates and service accessibility. These findings are contextualized within prior IPV literature, and we offer recommendations for future research.

土著人遭受亲密伴侣暴力的比率高于其他种族/族裔群体;然而,有限的研究调查了这一人群中的IPV。这项研究与美国西部的一个部落合作,调查了一个土著人样本(N=27),以了解他们的受害经历。结果显示,受访者经历了大量的近期关系和终身受害,这与之前的文献基本一致。数据中还出现了其他问题和挑战,如报告率低和服务可及性差。这些发现在先前的IPV文献中有具体的背景,我们为未来的研究提供了建议。
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引用次数: 0
College Students' Trust, Betrayal, and Needs During and After Their Worst Nonassault-Related Healthcare Experiences Differ Based on Sexual Violence Exposure. 大学生在最糟糕的非攻击相关医疗经历期间和之后的信任、背叛和需求因性暴力暴露而不同。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2022-0074
Emma C Lathan, Candice N Selwyn, Margaret E Gigler, Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Amanda K Gilmore

The BITTEN theoretical framework conceptually links patient's past healthcare betrayal and trauma experiences with their current and future healthcare interactions. BITTEN was used to examine whether healthcare experiences, behaviors, and needs differ between those with and without a history of sexual violence exposure. College students at two public universities in the southeastern United States (n = 1,381; 59.5% White, 61.0% women) completed measures about their self-selected worst or most frightening but nonassault-related healthcare experience. Multivariate general linear and mediation models were used to test theory-derived hypotheses. Participants exposed to sexual violence reported greater healthcare institutional betrayal, lower trust, and greater need for tangible aid and trauma-informed care during their worst nonassault-related healthcare experience. They also reported greater current healthcare avoidance alongside increased utilization of more physical and mental healthcare appointments, even after accounting for gender and race differences. These results suggest that, with minimal information about past sexual violence exposure, healthcare providers could be better poised to predict and address vulnerable patients' healthcare needs.

bite理论框架从概念上将患者过去的医疗背叛和创伤经历与他们当前和未来的医疗互动联系起来。该研究使用bite来检查有和没有性暴力暴露史的人的医疗保健经历、行为和需求是否存在差异。美国东南部两所公立大学的大学生(n = 1381;59.5%白人,61.0%女性)完成了关于他们自选的最糟糕或最可怕但与攻击无关的医疗保健经历的测量。多元一般线性和中介模型被用来检验理论推导的假设。遭受性暴力的参与者报告说,在他们最糟糕的非攻击相关医疗经历中,医疗机构对他们的背叛更大,信任度更低,对有形援助和创伤知情护理的需求更大。他们还报告说,即使在考虑了性别和种族差异之后,目前更多人回避医疗保健,同时更多地利用身体和心理医疗保健预约。这些结果表明,对过去性暴力暴露的信息最少,医疗保健提供者可以更好地预测和解决弱势患者的医疗保健需求。
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引用次数: 0
The Importance of Narcissism and Impulsivity for Bullying and Cyberbullying Perpetration. 自恋和冲动对欺凌和网络欺凌行为的重要性。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-11 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2022-0149
Tuba Bağatarhan, Diğdem Müge Siyez, Alexander T Vazsonyi

Bullying and cyberbullying remain serious public health concerns threatening the well-being of adolescents. The current study tested the links between narcissism and impulsivity and measures of both bullying and cyberbullying perpetration. Data were collected from 575 Turkish adolescents (54.4% female, M age = 15.86, SD = 1.15). Hierarchical logistic regressions tested the main study hypotheses. Findings showed that narcissism and impulsivity were each independently and additively positively associated with both bullying and cyberbullying perpetration. Findings from a competing, ex post facto alternative model provided evidence that impulsivity was a mediator in the narcissism-bullying perpetration (partial) and the narcissism-cyberbullying perpetration links (full). Findings highlight the importance of considering both narcissism and impulsivity in evaluating the factors contributing to both forms of bullying behaviors, which has important prevention and intervention effort implications.

欺凌和网络欺凌仍然是威胁青少年福祉的严重公共卫生问题。目前的研究测试了自恋和冲动之间的联系,以及欺凌和网络欺凌行为的测量。数据来自575名土耳其青少年(54.4%为女性,M年龄= 15.86,SD = 1.15)。层次逻辑回归检验了主要研究假设。研究结果表明,自恋和冲动分别与欺凌和网络欺凌行为存在独立和叠加的正相关。一个竞争性的事后替代模型的研究结果提供了证据,证明冲动性是自恋-欺凌行为(部分)和自恋-网络欺凌行为(全部)的中介。研究结果强调了在评估导致两种欺凌行为的因素时同时考虑自恋和冲动的重要性,这对预防和干预工作具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
How Expert Are the Experts? Child Custody Evaluations in Situations of Domestic Violence in Italy. 专家是怎样的专家?意大利家庭暴力情况下的儿童监护权评估。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2021-0041
Mariachiara Feresin, Marianna Santonocito

In recent decades, scholars and professionals have investigated the courts' treatment of mothers and children who claim that an ex-partner/father is abusive, especially in child custody proceedings. In Italy, Laws 54/2006 and 154/2013 established that joint-custody and coparenting are critical to ensure the best interest of the child. In the process of custody determination, judges can appoint an expert to assess parenting skills. The aim of this qualitative study was to investigate the knowledge, opinions, and practices of the Court-Appointed Experts (CAEs) in child custody disputes in cases involving allegations of domestic violence (DV). Semistructured face-to-face interviews were conducted with 15 CAEs; the interviews' transcripts were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results suggested that in the management of child custody cases, most CAEs showed: strong prejudices against women victims of DV, who were often blamed and/or secondarily victimized; adherence to controversial models (e.g., parental alienation syndrome) and characterization of mothers as "alienators"; poor knowledge of DV and relevant laws. CAEs' overlooking DV underlines the urgent need to develop and implement guidelines on child custody decision-making in the context of DV.

近几十年来,学者和专业人士调查了法院对声称前伴侣/父亲虐待的母亲和儿童的待遇,尤其是在儿童监护诉讼中。在意大利,第54/2006号和第154/2013号法律规定,共同监护权和共同负担对确保儿童的最大利益至关重要。在监护权的确定过程中,法官可以任命一名专家来评估育儿技能。这项定性研究的目的是调查法院指定专家在涉及家庭暴力指控的案件中对儿童监护权纠纷的了解、意见和做法。对15名CAE进行了半结构化的面对面访谈;采用定性内容分析法对访谈笔录进行分析。结果表明,在儿童监护案件的管理中,大多数CAE表现出:对DV的女性受害者有强烈的偏见,她们经常受到指责和/或二次受害;坚持有争议的模式(如父母疏远综合症),并将母亲定性为“疏远者”;对DV和相关法律了解不足。CAEs忽视DV强调迫切需要制定和实施DV背景下的儿童监护决策指南。
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引用次数: 0
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Violence and Victims
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