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Investigating the Degree to Which Unstructured Socializing With Peers and Delinquency Are Nonlinear. 调查非结构化的同伴社交与犯罪的非线性程度。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2023-0117
Robert J L Archer

Since the formulation of Cohen and Felson's (1979) routine activity theory (RAT), Osgood et al. (1996) established a reformulated theory to better explain patterns of situational offense and coined the RAT of general deviance or more commonly known as unstructured socializing with peers (USWP). The present study seeks to explore whether spending more time in USWP may increase antisocial behavior in a nonlinear manner, either accelerating or decelerating. Results showed that the relationship between USWP and property delinquency was found to be nonlinear in a decelerating manner. Similar results were found for the association between USWP and substance use. Finally, the relationship between USWP and violent delinquency was significant, although no evidence was found for nonlinearity. The present study concludes with theoretical implications, limitations, and directions for future research.

自科恩和费尔逊(1979 年)提出常规活动理论(RAT)以来,奥斯古德等人(1996 年)建立了一个重新制定的理论,以更好地解释情境犯罪的模式,并提出了一般偏差的常规活动理论,或更常见的与同伴的非结构化社交(USWP)。本研究旨在探讨花更多的时间与同伴进行非结构化社交是否会以非线性的方式增加反社会行为,或加速或减速。结果表明,USWP 与财产犯罪之间的关系是非线性的,呈减速趋势。在 USWP 与药物使用之间也发现了类似的结果。最后,尽管没有发现非线性的证据,但 USWP 与暴力犯罪之间的关系是显著的。本研究最后提出了理论意义、局限性和未来研究方向。
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引用次数: 0
Cyberbullying: Risk Factors for Victimization in Rural Schools and the Influence of School Climate. 网络欺凌:农村学校的受害风险因素及学校氛围的影响》(Risk Factors for Victimization in Rural Schools and the Influence of School Climate.
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2022-0115
Ashley Harrison-Pavlik, Mary Louise Cashel, Daryl Kroner

This study evaluated the prevalence rates and risk factors for cyberbullying victimization and perpetration among 7th-12th grade students (n = 3,396) enrolled in 22 public school districts across Southern Illinois. Risk factors included victimization by traditional bullying, gender identity, cell phone use, and social media usage. We also examined perceptions of school climate and safety. We observed that traditional bullying victimization, gender identity, and social media usage predicted cyberbullying victimization. Similarly, perceptions of school climate and safety were significantly and positively correlated with cyberbullying victimization. In turn, perceptions of school climate and safety predicted cyberbullying perpetration. Rurality was a factor uniquely related to perpetration. Specifically, students from non-rural schools reported higher levels of cyberbullying perpetration than did students from rural schools. Our results underscore the need for intervention and prevention programs to focus on all forms of bullying and parental monitoring of social media accounts.

本研究评估了南伊利诺伊州 22 个公立学区的 7-12 年级学生(n = 3,396 人)中网络欺凌受害和犯罪的流行率和风险因素。风险因素包括传统欺凌的受害情况、性别认同、手机使用情况和社交媒体使用情况。我们还研究了对学校氛围和安全的看法。我们发现,传统欺凌受害情况、性别认同和社交媒体使用情况预示着网络欺凌受害情况。同样,对学校氛围和安全的看法也与网络欺凌受害情况呈显著正相关。反过来,对学校氛围和安全的看法也预示着网络欺凌的发生。乡村是与网络欺凌行为有关的一个独特因素。具体来说,来自非农村学校的学生比来自农村学校的学生更容易遭受网络欺凌。我们的研究结果表明,干预和预防计划需要关注各种形式的欺凌以及家长对社交媒体账户的监控。
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引用次数: 0
College Students' Coercive Sexting and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration in Shorter- and Longer-Term Relationships. 大学生在短期和长期关系中的胁迫性 Sexting 和亲密伴侣暴力侵害行为。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2024-0065
Mary Christine Jensen, Alisa Renee Garner, Evan Jacob Basting, Alyssa Marie Medenblik, Jacqueline Sullivan, Stella Son, Gregory Lyal Stuart

This study examines the moderating role of relationship length on the association between coercive sexting and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. Research has supported a positive association between coercive sexting and IPV perpetration (Drouin et al., 2015), though no prior research has examined how relationship length moderates this association. To test this relationship, we administered a multipart questionnaire online to 798 undergraduate participants (79% White, 77% female, MAge = 19.1 years) currently in a relationship. We assessed physical, psychological, and sexual IPV perpetration. Relationship length moderated the link between coercive sexting and sexual IPV perpetration. More specifically, the association was stronger in longer-term compared to shorter-term relationships. These results carry implications for future research and IPV education and intervention programs, suggesting that they should incorporate coercive sexting into their curriculums and target newer couples.

本研究探讨了关系长度对胁迫性色情短讯与亲密伴侣暴力(IPV)之间关联的调节作用。研究表明,胁迫性色情短信与 IPV 施暴之间存在正相关关系(Drouin 等人,2015 年),但此前没有研究探讨了关系长度如何调节这种关系。为了检验这种关系,我们对目前处于恋爱关系中的 798 名本科生参与者(79% 白人,77% 女性,平均年龄 = 19.1 岁)进行了多部分在线问卷调查。我们对身体、心理和性方面的 IPV 行为进行了评估。关系长度调节了胁迫性色情短信与性 IPV 施暴之间的联系。更具体地说,与短期关系相比,长期关系中的关联性更强。这些结果对未来的研究和 IPV 教育与干预项目具有启示意义,建议这些项目将胁迫性短信息纳入其课程,并以新婚夫妇为目标。
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引用次数: 0
Initial Witnessing on Future Witnessing: A Mediation Analysis of Chronic Community Violence, Post-Traumatic Stress, and Delinquency in Urban, African American Youth. 最初见证对未来见证的影响:对长期社区暴力、创伤后压力和城市非裔美国青少年犯罪的调解分析。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-07 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2022-0067
Kaleigh Wilkins, Maryse Richards

Witnessing community violence can predict negative mental health outcomes for youth such as post-traumatic stress symptoms and delinquent behavior. Such outcomes differ by gender. Variables that predict witnessing community violence in youth are less understood. This study aims to explore potential pathways between initial witnessing and continued witnessing for early adolescents. The relationship between witnessing as a predictor and witnessing as an outcome is hypothesized to be mediated by both post-traumatic stress and delinquency and moderated by gender. A sample of 153 African American, sixth-grade students (M= 11.65, 59% female) in high crime, high poverty areas completed self-report surveys at baseline, 12 and 24 months. Moderated serial mediation was used to assess longitudinal associations. For the full model, delinquency at Time 3 was associated with a positive change in witnessing at Time 3. Gender moderated several paths. For girls, witnessing at Time 1 was predictive of high post-traumatic stress (aggregate) at Time 2 and high delinquency at Time 3. For girls, witnessing at Time 1 also was predictive of higher hyperarousal and higher intrusion subscale symptoms than other symptoms at Time 2. Analyses also indicated that hyperarousal at Time 2 significantly predicted witnessing at Time 3 for girls only. Lastly, delinquency at Time 3 was associated with a positive change in witnessing at Time 3. For boys, no analyses indicated witnessing at Time 1 as a significant predictor. Results contribute to our understanding of the trajectory of witnessing community violence and the roles both post-traumatic stress subscales and delinquency play in that trajectory, especially among girls.

目睹社区暴力会对青少年的心理健康产生负面影响,如创伤后应激症状和犯罪行为。这些结果因性别而异。而预测青少年目睹社区暴力的变量却鲜为人知。本研究旨在探索青少年初次目睹和持续目睹之间的潜在途径。目睹作为一种预测因素与目睹作为一种结果之间的关系,假设会受到创伤后压力和犯罪的影响,并受到性别的调节。犯罪率高、贫困率高地区的 153 名六年级非裔美国学生(中= 11.65,59%为女性)在基线、12 个月和 24 个月时完成了自我报告调查。评估纵向关联时使用了调节序列调解法。在完整模型中,第 3 个时间点的犯罪率与第 3 个时间点的目击正相关。性别调节了几条路径。对于女孩来说,在第一时间目睹可预测在第二时间的高创伤后应激反应(总和)和在第三时间的高犯罪率。对于女孩来说,在第一时间目睹也可预测在第二时间出现较高的过度焦虑和较高的入侵量表子量表症状。分析还表明,仅对女孩而言,第二阶段的过度焦虑可显著预测第三阶段的目睹行为。最后,第 3 时间段的犯罪与第 3 时间段目睹行为的正向变化相关。对于男孩来说,没有分析表明第一时间的目睹是一个重要的预测因素。研究结果有助于我们了解目睹社区暴力的轨迹,以及创伤后应激子量表和犯罪在这一轨迹中所起的作用,尤其是对女孩而言。
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引用次数: 0
Risk Factors and Moderators of Intimate Partner Violence Victimization Versus Perpetration Among Women in Spain. 西班牙妇女遭受亲密伴侣暴力侵害的风险因素和调节因素。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2024-0069
Christina M Rodriguez, Doris F Pu, Raquel Conchell, Samantha Gonzalez, Edoardo Modanesi

Bidirectional intimate partner violence (IPV) appears highly prevalent, but the extant literature, which has been dominated by work in North America, has not adequately accounted for how victimization overlaps with perpetration and how potential resources may interact with risk factors. A community sample of Spanish women completed measures of IPV approval, mental health risk factors (psychological distress and problematic substance use), and interpersonal resources (partner and social satisfaction). Using Mplus accounting for victimization and perpetration overlap, findings indicate that greater psychological distress and substance use were associated with IPV perpetration, and lower IPV approval was linked to victimization. Stronger partner satisfaction did not serve a buffering role but rather interacted to increase IPV perpetration; low social support was associated with victimization and exacerbated risk of perpetration.

双向亲密伴侣暴力(IPV)似乎非常普遍,但现有文献主要集中在北美地区,并没有充分考虑到受害与施暴之间的重叠以及潜在资源与风险因素之间的相互作用。一个西班牙妇女社区样本完成了对 IPV 认可度、心理健康风险因素(心理困扰和问题药物使用)和人际资源(伴侣和社会满意度)的测量。使用 Mplus 计算受害和施暴的重叠,结果表明,更严重的心理困扰和药物使用与 IPV 施暴相关,而较低的 IPV 认同与受害相关。较高的伴侣满意度并没有起到缓冲作用,而是相互影响,增加了实施 IPV 的风险;较低的社会支持与受害有关,并加剧了实施 IPV 的风险。
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引用次数: 0
Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence in Young to Middle Adulthood: Associations With Respondent Gender, Sexual Orientation, and Partner Gender. 中青年时期亲密伴侣暴力的普遍性:与受访者性别、性取向和伴侣性别的关系。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2023-0100
Carolyn Tucker Halpern, Mallory Turner, Meghan E Shanahan, Laurel Sharpless, Adia R Louden, Pooja Deshpande, Sandra L Martin

We estimate past-year physical and sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) prevalence from early to middle adulthood, examining associations with respondent gender, sexual orientation, and partner gender. We used three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. For each wave, we estimated IPV prevalence, stratified by gender, sexual orientation, and partner gender. Findings indicate that diverse-sexual males and females are more likely to experience IPV compared to heterosexuals. Further, diverse-sexual males are less likely to experience physical and sexual IPV if they have a same-gender partner. In contrast, heterosexual males are more likely to experience physical and sexual IPV if they have same-gender partners. All females were more likely to experience physical and sexual violence if they have different-gender partners.

我们估算了早年至成年中期亲密伴侣间身体暴力和性暴力(IPV)的发生率,并研究了与受访者性别、性取向和伴侣性别之间的关联。我们使用了 "全国青少年到成人健康纵向研究"(National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health)的三个波次。在每一波研究中,我们都按性别、性取向和伴侣性别对 IPV 发生率进行了估算。研究结果表明,与异性恋者相比,不同性取向的男性和女性更有可能遭受 IPV。此外,如果有同性性伴侣,不同性取向的男性遭受身体和性方面的 IPV 的可能性较低。相比之下,异性恋男性如果有同性伴侣,则更有可能遭受身体和性方面的 IPV。所有女性如果有不同性别的伴侣,则更有可能遭受身体暴力和性暴力。
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引用次数: 0
Professionals' Readiness to Manage Violence Against Women. 专业人员管理针对妇女的暴力行为的准备情况。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-26 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2021-0191
Raquel Cardoso, José Henrique Pinheiro Ornelas, Marta Silva

Over recent years, community-based responses to domestic violence against women have become an important topic, and there is growing recognition that domestic violence requires a comprehensive response from agencies across a variety of community sectors. When reaching out for help, female survivors of domestic violence need to have access to a broad range of services, empowering professionals to manage violence against women, and coordinated community responses that promotes safety, autonomy, and integration. Since the early 1990s, Portugal has been gradually moving toward a community-based approach to domestic violence against women where local organizations and professionals are major stakeholders of this policy. Besides having had an increased network of services implemented, it is important to examine how prepared service providers are to respond effectively. The current study analyzed how ready professionals in Portugal are to deliver interventions targeting violence against women. A total of 585 professionals from different backgrounds completed a readiness survey. The results revealed that, despite their perceived readiness, professionals are not duly prepared to respond effectively to violence against women. They lack the appropriate knowledge and training to respond effectively to survivors. Hence, further efforts must be made to change professional practices and services to ensure that abuse is recognized, barriers are overcome, and interventions are more effective.

近年来,以社区为基础应对针对妇女的家庭暴力已成为一个重要话题,人们越来越认识到,家庭暴力需要社区各部门机构的综合应对。家庭暴力的女性幸存者在寻求帮助时,需要获得广泛的服务、授权专业人员管理针对妇女的暴力行为,以及促进安全、自主和融合的协调社区应对措施。自 20 世纪 90 年代初以来,葡萄牙已逐步转向以社区为基础的方法来解决针对妇女的家庭暴力问题,地方组织和专业人员是这一政策的主要利益攸关方。除了已实施的服务网络不断扩大之外,研究服务提供者如何准备好有效应对也很重要。本研究分析了葡萄牙专业人员在提供针对暴力侵害妇女行为的干预措施方面的准备情况。共有 585 名来自不同背景的专业人员完成了准备情况调查。结果显示,尽管专业人员认为自己已经准备就绪,但他们并没有为有效应对暴力侵害妇女行为做好充分准备。他们缺乏有效应对幸存者的适当知识和培训。因此,必须进一步努力改变专业做法和服务,以确保认识到虐待行为、克服障碍并采取更有效的干预措施。
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引用次数: 0
How Children Stop Adult Perpetrators From Unwanted Touching Within an Institutional Setting: Termination Patterns During Sexual Contact Stage. 在机构环境中,儿童如何阻止施暴成人的不当触摸:性接触阶段的终止模式。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2023-0065
Leah Shon

This qualitative study analyzes victims' narratives of male-on-male child molestation within the Boy Scouts of America. The focus of previous literature on sex crime victims mostly centered on how to avoid sex offenders based on the offenders' behaviors and effective victims' treatment plans to alleviate their posttrauma as a result of sexual abuse. Yet studies have not provided detailed descriptions of when and how to resist sexual advances to children when such incidents are in progress within youth-oriented institutions. Few have examined victim narratives to discover the dynamics of child molestation, such as physical and verbal interactions between the two parties while sexual touching is occurring. The author used victims' narratives to identify how boy victims responded to unwanted sexual advances by scout leaders within the Boy Scouts of America. Based on qualitative-oriented analysis, this study presents verbal and physical resisting patterns of male victims and the effectiveness of such actions in terminating sexual advances. The findings suggest practical and potential intervention strategies so children know how to stop adult perpetrators from developing unwanted touching within youth-centric institutions.

本定性研究分析了受害者对美国童子军中男童对男童的猥亵行为的叙述。以往关于性犯罪受害者的文献主要集中在如何根据罪犯的行为避开性犯罪者,以及有效的受害者治疗计划,以减轻他们因性虐待而造成的创伤后遗症。然而,对于在面向青少年的机构中发生此类事件时,何时以及如何抵制对儿童的性挑逗,研究并未提供详细描述。很少有研究通过研究受害者的叙述来发现猥亵儿童的动态过程,例如在发生性接触时双方的身体和语言互动。作者利用受害者的叙述来确定受害男孩是如何应对美国童子军中的童子军领袖对其进行的不受欢迎的性挑逗的。基于定性分析,本研究介绍了男性受害者的言语和肢体抵抗模式,以及这些行为在终止性挑逗方面的有效性。研究结果提出了切实可行的潜在干预策略,使儿童知道如何在以青少年为中心的机构中阻止成人施暴者进行不受欢迎的接触。
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引用次数: 0
Adults' Recollections of Support and Closeness During Adolescence Amid Interparental Conflict. 在父母间的冲突中,成年人对青春期支持和亲密关系的回忆。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1891/VV-2024-0005
Galit Groper, David Mehlhausen-Hassoen, Zeev Winstok

This study examined adults' memories of childhood exposure to interparental conflict, including support for and closeness to each parent. Closeness and support were explored based on three dimensions: dyadic concordance types of intimate partner violence (father to mother, mother to father, or both), form of violence (verbal or physical), and sex. This study featured 548 Israeli adults who completed a retrospective questionnaire on their parents' interparental violence, their level of support for each parent during conflict, and their closeness to each parent. The results revealed a notable pattern: adolescents exhibited greater support and closeness toward nonviolent parents compared to violent parents, irrespective of the form of violence. Sex differences emerged across types and severity of violence. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.

本研究调查了成年人对童年时期父母间冲突的回忆,包括对父母双方的支持和亲近程度。研究从三个维度探讨了亲密度和支持度:亲密伴侣暴力的双亲一致类型(父亲对母亲、母亲对父亲或双亲一致)、暴力形式(语言或身体)以及性别。这项研究涉及 548 名以色列成年人,他们填写了一份回顾性问卷,内容包括父母之间的暴力行为、冲突期间对父母的支持程度以及与父母的亲密程度。调查结果显示了一种显著的模式:与施暴父母相比,无论暴力形式如何,青少年对非暴力父母的支持和亲近程度都更高。在不同类型和不同严重程度的暴力中,都出现了性别差异。本文讨论了研究结果的理论和实践意义。
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引用次数: 0
The Other Side of the Badge: Police as Victims of Violence. 警徽的另一面:作为暴力受害者的警察。
IF 1.1 4区 医学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2024-0035
Kelly Hine,Katelyn Davenport-Klunder
When considering police within violence and victims research, the emphasis typically falls on the police as responders to victims; however, little research has explored the perspective of police officers as victims of violence themselves. Through a systematic literature review of contemporary assaults toward police, 11 empirical articles were identified and analyzed with 4 main themes emerging: the retaliatory nature of police-citizen dynamics, specific predictors of police assaults, environmental features of assaults, and the impact of assaults. These findings provide evidence-based insights, identify research gaps, and help guide future research agendas, ultimately providing a foundational resource for policymakers, law enforcement agencies, and researchers in developing targeted interventions and policies to enhance officers' safety, foster positive police-community relations, and promote a safer and more resilient society.
在暴力和受害者研究中考虑警察时,重点通常放在警察作为受害者的响应者上;然而,很少有研究从警察本身作为暴力受害者的角度进行探讨。通过对当代袭警事件的系统性文献回顾,我们确定并分析了 11 篇实证文章,并得出了 4 个主题:警察-公民动态的报复性质、袭警事件的具体预测因素、袭警事件的环境特征以及袭警事件的影响。这些发现提供了以证据为基础的见解,找出了研究差距,并有助于指导未来的研究议程,最终为政策制定者、执法机构和研究人员提供了基础资源,帮助他们制定有针对性的干预措施和政策,以加强警官的安全,促进积极的警民关系,并推动建立一个更安全、更有韧性的社会。
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引用次数: 0
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Violence and Victims
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