Violence and Victims最新文献

Disability prejudice, that is, disablism, generates multiple forms of oppression magnified when intersecting with other forms of discrimination. Discrimination and violence are two forms of disablist hate crime and end results of disablism. Data about this phenomenon in Portugal are scarce. This study aimed to characterizing these two manifestations of hate crime experienced by disabled people in Portugal. A nonprobabilistic sample of 392 Portuguese disabled adults completed an online survey on the living conditions of disabled people in Portugal, including a sociodemographic questionnaire, and questions about previous experiences of discrimination and violence. Analysis reveals high levels of discrimination and violence against disabled people in Portugal, with 71% of the participants declaring to have been discriminated against and 20% to have experienced some form of violence.

Professionals serving sexual assault victims significantly impact their well-being, with inadequate care leading to retraumatization. This study broadens the scope of previous research by investigating the application of trauma-informed practices among various professional groups. Drawing on thematic analysis of qualitative interviews with professionals from two universities, the findings reveal a shared commitment to minimizing harm to survivors. However, the approach to trauma-informed care varies by service type. Advocates and health care professionals adopt a survivor-centered approach, while Title IX and law enforcement employ a constrained version. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for delivering effective support to survivors and establishing appropriate professional boundaries.

This study examined 71 mass shootings carried out by a single individual who opened fire on random victims in a public setting. Findings indicate that the (all-male) shooters commonly showed signs of anger, isolation, and marginalization. Many were motivated by a perceived grievance. However, among the sizeable group of young white men, extremist, hate-based ideologies often served as motivations. While very few of the shooters had been formally diagnosed, a number had shown signs of mental illness or suicidal tendencies, and close to 30% committed suicide following their attacks. The shooters typically carried out their attacks with semi-automatic guns and high-capacity magazines. Suggested preventative actions included attention to warning signs and gun control measures.

There is an ongoing debate about gender differences in the direction, magnitude, forms, and consequences of intimate partner violence. The findings of studies reporting gender symmetry in intimate partner violence (IPV) are challenged on the basis that they do not consider such forms of IPV as coercive control and physical violence. The present study is from a large-scale ongoing birth cohort study. At 21 years of age, respondents completed a questionnaire assessing their social and economic circumstances, experiences of IPV, and their mental health. At 30 years of age, respondents completed the Composite Abuse Scale. Three scales of IPV were used. The scales were of physical violence, emotional abuse, and coercive control. These scales were used in conjunction with questions about fear of a partner to predict respondent levels of Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)-diagnosed depression and drug use disorders. The CIDI was administered at 30 years of age. Analyses are stratified by gender and with adjustment for all other forms of IPV. While there were few gender differences in forms of IPV, female respondents consistently and more often feared their partners if they had experienced any form of IPV. Experience of any form of IPV was associated with increased rates of mental illness for both males and females. Female respondents' experiences of IPV were generally associated with increased levels of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) depression, while male experiences of IPV were associated with increased levels of DSM-IV drug use disorders.

This article examines covictims' campaigns for the demolition of residences tainted by homicide. It takes guidance from scholarship on domicide, the deliberate destruction of home, and theoretical contributions exploring meaning-making in homicide bereavement. It conceptualizes restorative domicide as the deliberate destruction of a residence associated with homicide. Drawing upon open-source data to compose a qualitative case study based in Ontario, Canada, this article locates restorative domicide as a meaning-making strategy across three themes: (a) transforming traumatic landscapes, (b) deriving purpose in demolition, and (c) affirming and preserving the victim's moral worth The findings corroborate and extend existing research by demonstrating the diverse set of meanings covictims ascribe to and pursue through residential demolition, highlighting its potential to facilitate healing, enable goal-oriented action, and recognize the collective dimension of the loss. The findings are used to platform a discussion of theoretical, methodological, and policy directions.

The COVID-19 pandemic pushed many aspects of American life online, including sexual intimacy. Increases in sexting and other forms of virtual intimacy may also have increased the nonconsensual distribution of intimate images (NDII), a form of image-based sexual abuse (IBSA). This study is among the first to quantitatively examine the holistic downstream consequences of NDII victimization among U.S. adults (N = 3,150) during the COVID-19 pandemic. We hypothesized that (a) emerging adults would be more likely to experience NDII during the pandemic than other age groups, (b) that victims would experience more negative downstream consequences than nonvictims across nine health and well-being outcomes, and (c) that victims of marginalized identity groups would experience more severe negative outcomes than their nonvictim peers, as compared to those in more privileged identity groups. Multivariate analyses of variance were used to examine the effects of victimization, gender, race, and sexual orientation on all outcomes. Results supported hypothesis 2 but did not fully support hypotheses 1 and 3. During the pandemic, victims experienced worse well-being on all nine outcomes than nonvictims, and, unexpectedly, some of these outcomes (e.g., alcohol consumption) were further exacerbated in men (vs. women) victims.

This study tested structural equation models of associations between childhood maltreatment (CM), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and emotion regulation (ER) difficulties in a sample of young adult college students (N = 606). The primary final model demonstrated that lack of emotional clarity and limited access to ER strategies partially mediated the association between CM and PTSD symptoms. Exploratory analyses showed that CM was also indirectly associated with PTSD symptoms via lack of emotional awareness, nonacceptance, and difficulty controlling impulses. A near-equivalent model revealed reverse associations: PTSD symptoms mediated the association between CM and ER difficulties. The current study provided some empirical evidence to the theoretical sequence of ER and replicated indirect effects of CM on PTSD symptoms via ER difficulties.

This study examined the implementation of a state law in the southern United States that required hospitals to report gunshot wounds (GSWs) to law enforcement by exploring changes in the proportion of reported GSW cases in a level 1 trauma center. In the first year of implementation, 95.7% of the GSW admissions who arrived via a private vehicle or walked in were reported to law enforcement; this decreased to 71.9% in the second year. Patient demographics did not predict whether GSWs would be reported, but GSWs in transfer patients were less likely to be reported. This case study shows evidence that mandatory reporting may be feasible but hospitals may need additional support and communication infrastructure to implement and maintain adherence to laws mandating reporting of GSWs.

This study explores the relationship between social services availability and domestic violence in Erie, Pennsylvania, before the COVID-19 pandemic. Utilizing police-reported data and multivariate spatially lagged regression, we analyzed how social service density and socioeconomic factors impact neighborhood violence rates. Findings indicate an inverse relationship between social service availability and domestic violence incidents. Fewer social services in a neighborhood correlate with higher rates of domestic violence, suggesting that such services play a critical role in mitigating violence. The study's results are particularly relevant given the exacerbation of domestic violence under pandemic-induced confinement and service limitations, highlighting the need for accessible social support in vulnerable communities.

Since the formulation of Cohen and Felson's (1979) routine activity theory (RAT), Osgood et al. (1996) established a reformulated theory to better explain patterns of situational offense and coined the RAT of general deviance or more commonly known as unstructured socializing with peers (USWP). The present study seeks to explore whether spending more time in USWP may increase antisocial behavior in a nonlinear manner, either accelerating or decelerating. Results showed that the relationship between USWP and property delinquency was found to be nonlinear in a decelerating manner. Similar results were found for the association between USWP and substance use. Finally, the relationship between USWP and violent delinquency was significant, although no evidence was found for nonlinearity. The present study concludes with theoretical implications, limitations, and directions for future research.