Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102617
Yu-Wei Luke Chu , Ming-Jen Lin , Huici Nian
We estimate intergenerational wealth mobility using administrative records from Taiwan and find strong intergenerational rank correlations in household gross wealth, around 0.40 for sons and 0.30 for daughters. The wealth rank correlations are similar for single and married children, even though married children have greater household wealth and relatively strong assortative mating. The intergenerational wealth correlation is nonlinear and particularly strong for families in the top 10 % of household wealth. Different family sizes and gender compositions do not significantly affect intergenerational wealth mobility, regardless of the children's gender or marital status. Since our sample includes only parents who are still alive, these correlations are not driven by bequests. However, inter vivos transfers appear to play a significant role.
{"title":"The apple doesn't fall far from the tree: Intergenerational wealth mobility in Taiwan","authors":"Yu-Wei Luke Chu , Ming-Jen Lin , Huici Nian","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We estimate intergenerational wealth mobility using administrative records from Taiwan and find strong intergenerational rank correlations in household gross wealth, around 0.40 for sons and 0.30 for daughters. The wealth rank correlations are similar for single and married children, even though married children have greater household wealth and relatively strong assortative mating. The intergenerational wealth correlation is nonlinear and particularly strong for families in the top 10 % of household wealth. Different family sizes and gender compositions do not significantly affect intergenerational wealth mobility, regardless of the children's gender or marital status. Since our sample includes only parents who are still alive, these correlations are not driven by bequests. However, inter vivos transfers appear to play a significant role.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 102617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142744207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to almost-universal enrolment in primary schools, policy focus has shifted towards improving learning outcomes. One important way of doing this is to enhance accountability, especially in the case of public provision of education. In this context, we examine the effectiveness of two different strategies of increasing accountability – one involving only the community, and the other which builds collaboration between the schools and the community. We implement a randomized controlled trial in 400 villages in India, and find: (i) both interventions led to a significant enhancement in children's foundational literacy and numeracy skills, (ii) we observed limited differences between the impacts of the two interventions, and (iii) the community-school intervention exhibited significantly greater effects when parents reported visiting the school, underscoring the vital role of parent-teacher interactions and their shared responsibility in shaping children's learning outcomes. In terms of mechanism, we find that direct learning inputs play a major role in mediating the observed effects of both interventions. Additionally, parent-teacher engagement and children's studying habits outside of the school are potential important channels through which the observed effects operate in the community-school intervention.
{"title":"Improving children's foundational learning through community-school participation: Experimental evidence from rural India","authors":"Deepak Kumar , Naveen Sunder , Ricardo Sabates Aysa , Wilima Wadhwa","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to almost-universal enrolment in primary schools, policy focus has shifted towards improving learning outcomes. One important way of doing this is to enhance accountability, especially in the case of public provision of education. In this context, we examine the effectiveness of two different strategies of increasing accountability – one involving only the community, and the other which builds collaboration between the schools and the community. We implement a randomized controlled trial in 400 villages in India, and find: (i) both interventions led to a significant enhancement in children's foundational literacy and numeracy skills, (ii) we observed limited differences between the impacts of the two interventions, and (iii) the community-school intervention exhibited significantly greater effects when parents reported visiting the school, underscoring the vital role of parent-teacher interactions and their shared responsibility in shaping children's learning outcomes. In terms of mechanism, we find that direct learning inputs play a major role in mediating the observed effects of both interventions. Additionally, parent-teacher engagement and children's studying habits outside of the school are potential important channels through which the observed effects operate in the community-school intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 102615"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142196131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102651
Jaesoo Kim
This paper explores the impact of non-standard work hours on job performance, with a particular focus on the gender pay gap within the principal–agent model. We develop a moral hazard model that introduces a gender-specific dimension, examining the relationship between optimal contracts and performance pay disparities. We explore two distinct scenarios—one featuring different pay and another with equal pay. The situation with different pay enables us to discern the factors contributing to the wage gap between the two workers. Upon examining the scenario where the contract is constrained to equal pay, we identify two noteworthy outcomes within the optimal contract. Firstly, the compensation structure shifts toward dependence on relative performance, departing from the independent performance evaluation observed in scenarios with different pay. Secondly, equal pay decreases the likelihood of having both the glass ceiling and glass cliff phenomena.
{"title":"Incentive contracts with pay gap and pay equity","authors":"Jaesoo Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the impact of non-standard work hours on job performance, with a particular focus on the gender pay gap within the principal–agent model. We develop a moral hazard model that introduces a gender-specific dimension, examining the relationship between optimal contracts and performance pay disparities. We explore two distinct scenarios—one featuring different pay and another with equal pay. The situation with different pay enables us to discern the factors contributing to the wage gap between the two workers. Upon examining the scenario where the contract is constrained to equal pay, we identify two noteworthy outcomes within the optimal contract. Firstly, the compensation structure shifts toward dependence on relative performance, departing from the independent performance evaluation observed in scenarios with different pay. Secondly, equal pay decreases the likelihood of having both the glass ceiling and glass cliff phenomena.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 102651"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102647
Yujung Hwang , Toan Nguyen
A distribution factor generates exogenous variation in household members’ bargaining weights, and therefore, it helps identify a collective model. We derive testable hypotheses of the exogeneity of a single distribution factor in a general collective model. Next, we test whether the local sex ratio – a popular distribution factor in the literature – satisfies the exclusion restriction required of distribution factors using the dual-earner sample in Japanese and Australian data. We reject the exclusion restriction for Japan but not for Australia, which is explained by a dependency between the local sex ratio and local gender norms in Japan. We discuss its implication on the marriage market matching model equilibrium. Next, we conclude by investigating alternative distribution factors, but we find similar endogeneity issues in the Japanese sample, implying that understanding cultural context would be critical when choosing a distribution factor.
{"title":"Is sex ratio a valid distribution factor in a collective model?","authors":"Yujung Hwang , Toan Nguyen","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A distribution factor generates exogenous variation in household members’ bargaining weights, and therefore, it helps identify a collective model. We derive testable hypotheses of the exogeneity of a single distribution factor in a general collective model. Next, we test whether the local sex ratio – a popular distribution factor in the literature – satisfies the exclusion restriction required of distribution factors using the dual-earner sample in Japanese and Australian data. We reject the exclusion restriction for Japan but not for Australia, which is explained by a dependency between the local sex ratio and local gender norms in Japan. We discuss its implication on the marriage market matching model equilibrium. Next, we conclude by investigating alternative distribution factors, but we find similar endogeneity issues in the Japanese sample, implying that understanding cultural context would be critical when choosing a distribution factor.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 102647"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142748693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102650
Andrew Brudevold-Newman, Diego Ubfal
Young adults seeking to enter the labor market often confront a skills mismatch, with employers expressing challenges in recruiting new entrants who possess the necessary soft skills. This paper reports findings from a randomized controlled trial in Rwanda, in which recent tertiary education graduates were randomly selected to participate in a two-week intensive soft skills training program developed and delivered by the staff of the University of Rwanda. Results indicate that the program expedited the graduates’ entry into the job market during a period marked by disruptions due to COVID-19. These effects dissipated over the following year as more jobs became available in the economy, and the employment rate of the control group caught up with that of the treatment group. The faster labor market entry for the training participants seems to be driven by an expansion and more intensive use of their job networks.
{"title":"Soft-skills, networking, and workforce entry: Impacts of a training program for recent graduates in Rwanda","authors":"Andrew Brudevold-Newman, Diego Ubfal","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102650","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102650","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Young adults seeking to enter the labor market often confront a skills mismatch, with employers expressing challenges in recruiting new entrants who possess the necessary soft skills. This paper reports findings from a randomized controlled trial in Rwanda, in which recent tertiary education graduates were randomly selected to participate in a two-week intensive soft skills training program developed and delivered by the staff of the University of Rwanda. Results indicate that the program expedited the graduates’ entry into the job market during a period marked by disruptions due to COVID-19. These effects dissipated over the following year as more jobs became available in the economy, and the employment rate of the control group caught up with that of the treatment group. The faster labor market entry for the training participants seems to be driven by an expansion and more intensive use of their job networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 102650"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142704609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-16DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102649
Marina Bonaccolto-Töpfer , Sascha Satlukal
Generally, women set lower reservation wages than men what may translate into substantial gender pay gaps in the labor market. This paper compares both parametric and semiparametric estimators to analyze unexplained gender gaps in reservation wages among non-employed individuals in Germany. We examine these estimators using both conventional and data-driven model specifications. The results suggest substantial unexplained gaps in favor of men (up to 8%). In addition, we show that the gaps are larger at the top of the reservation wage distribution as well as among individuals with children and with a high educational attainment. The estimates are robust across the various estimators and model specifications. These findings imply that pronounced unexplained gender gaps in reservation wages do exist in Germany. As they are likely to result in actual gender pay gaps, gender gaps in reservation wages should be on the political agenda.
{"title":"Gender differences in reservation wages: New evidence for Germany","authors":"Marina Bonaccolto-Töpfer , Sascha Satlukal","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Generally, women set lower reservation wages than men what may translate into substantial gender pay gaps in the labor market. This paper compares both parametric and semiparametric estimators to analyze unexplained gender gaps in reservation wages among non-employed individuals in Germany. We examine these estimators using both conventional and data-driven model specifications. The results suggest substantial unexplained gaps in favor of men (up to 8%). In addition, we show that the gaps are larger at the top of the reservation wage distribution as well as among individuals with children and with a high educational attainment. The estimates are robust across the various estimators and model specifications. These findings imply that pronounced unexplained gender gaps in reservation wages do exist in Germany. As they are likely to result in actual gender pay gaps, gender gaps in reservation wages should be on the political agenda.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 102649"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102646
Thomas Breda , Luke Haywood , Haomin Wang
We quantify the unintended effects of a low-wage payroll tax reduction using an equilibrium search model featuring bargaining, worker and firm productivity heterogeneity, labor taxes, and a minimum wage. The decentralized economy is inefficient due to search externalities and labor market policies. We estimate the model using French data and find that a significant reduction in low-wage payroll taxes in 1995 leads to an overall improvement in economic efficiency by increasing employment and correcting existing policy distortions that disincentivize labor force participation. However, the tax reduction, by increasing labor force participation among low-productivity workers and vacancy postings by low-productivity firms, results in negative but minor spillover and reallocation effects due to congestion. We find that the optimal policy mix is a lower minimum wage and lower payroll taxes compared to the policies in place in the early 1990s.
{"title":"Equilibrium effects of payroll tax reductions and optimal policy design","authors":"Thomas Breda , Luke Haywood , Haomin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We quantify the unintended effects of a low-wage payroll tax reduction using an equilibrium search model featuring bargaining, worker and firm productivity heterogeneity, labor taxes, and a minimum wage. The decentralized economy is inefficient due to search externalities and labor market policies. We estimate the model using French data and find that a significant reduction in low-wage payroll taxes in 1995 leads to an overall improvement in economic efficiency by increasing employment and correcting existing policy distortions that disincentivize labor force participation. However, the tax reduction, by increasing labor force participation among low-productivity workers and vacancy postings by low-productivity firms, results in negative but minor spillover and reallocation effects due to congestion. We find that the optimal policy mix is a lower minimum wage and lower payroll taxes compared to the policies in place in the early 1990s.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 102646"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142705220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102645
Kenta Fukuda
This study examines how married households respond to negative income shocks resulting from the husband’s job loss, focusing on both monetary insurance channels and changes in the time use of husbands and wives. Using a unique Japanese panel dataset, the empirical analysis shows that the husband’s involuntary job loss leads to significant and persistent declines in his labor earnings. However, the impact on household consumption expenditure is considerably smaller, with only about one-fifth of the income shock transmitted to consumption, suggesting that a substantial amount of monetary insurance is at work. In the short run, unemployment benefits play a crucial role in mitigating the shock, while the wife’s labor supply becomes important in the long run, especially for households where the wife was not employed full-time before the job loss. Additionally, husbands significantly increase their time spent on home production following job loss, and this effect persists for at least three years.
{"title":"Job loss, consumption insurance, and household time allocation","authors":"Kenta Fukuda","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines how married households respond to negative income shocks resulting from the husband’s job loss, focusing on both monetary insurance channels and changes in the time use of husbands and wives. Using a unique Japanese panel dataset, the empirical analysis shows that the husband’s involuntary job loss leads to significant and persistent declines in his labor earnings. However, the impact on household consumption expenditure is considerably smaller, with only about one-fifth of the income shock transmitted to consumption, suggesting that a substantial amount of monetary insurance is at work. In the short run, unemployment benefits play a crucial role in mitigating the shock, while the wife’s labor supply becomes important in the long run, especially for households where the wife was not employed full-time before the job loss. Additionally, husbands significantly increase their time spent on home production following job loss, and this effect persists for at least three years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 102645"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-30DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102644
Deborah A. Cobb-Clark , Sarah C. Dahmann , Anne C. Gielen
We use a quasi-experimental design and national administrative data to analyze the intergenerational effects of introducing non-search activity requirements for long-term unemployment benefit recipients aged 18–34. The young-adult children of these recipients were in early adolescence when the requirements were introduced. Using a regression discontinuity approach, we find that young adults, particularly men, whose fathers were subject to the requirements have a lower incidence of unemployment benefit receipt compared to those whose fathers were not. More detailed investigation suggests completion of the mandated activities, role modeling, changes in attitudes, improved health, and greater support and stability as potential channels.
{"title":"The intergenerational effects of requiring unemployment benefit recipients to engage in non-search activities","authors":"Deborah A. Cobb-Clark , Sarah C. Dahmann , Anne C. Gielen","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We use a quasi-experimental design and national administrative data to analyze the intergenerational effects of introducing non-search activity requirements for long-term unemployment benefit recipients aged 18–34. The young-adult children of these recipients were in early adolescence when the requirements were introduced. Using a regression discontinuity approach, we find that young adults, particularly men, whose fathers were subject to the requirements have a lower incidence of unemployment benefit receipt compared to those whose fathers were not. More detailed investigation suggests completion of the mandated activities, role modeling, changes in attitudes, improved health, and greater support and stability as potential channels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 102644"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142656036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-26DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102643
Liwen Chen , Guanghua Wang
This paper studies whether and how conscientiousness, a personality trait, helps individuals mitigate the adverse effects of graduating during a recession on early career outcomes. By analyzing college-educated individuals who graduated in the 1980s, we find that conscientiousness reduces the income losses of workers who graduated during a recession. This effect results mainly from workers’ adjustments in the labor supply. When graduating during a recession, college graduates high in conscientiousness are more likely to find full-time jobs and work more hours per week than their counterparts low in conscientiousness. Regarding the other four Big Five personality traits, while agreeableness has a modest effect on mitigating the effects of adverse labor market entry conditions on hourly wages, extraversion, openness to experience, and emotional stability do not appear to buffer against such early career losses. Additionally, cognitive ability does not offset the challenges posed by graduating during a recession.
{"title":"Good personality traits in bad times: Does conscientiousness mitigate the adverse effects of graduating in a recession?","authors":"Liwen Chen , Guanghua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper studies whether and how conscientiousness, a personality trait, helps individuals mitigate the adverse effects of graduating during a recession on early career outcomes. By analyzing college-educated individuals who graduated in the 1980s, we find that conscientiousness reduces the income losses of workers who graduated during a recession. This effect results mainly from workers’ adjustments in the labor supply. When graduating during a recession, college graduates high in conscientiousness are more likely to find full-time jobs and work more hours per week than their counterparts low in conscientiousness. Regarding the other four Big Five personality traits, while agreeableness has a modest effect on mitigating the effects of adverse labor market entry conditions on hourly wages, extraversion, openness to experience, and emotional stability do not appear to buffer against such early career losses. Additionally, cognitive ability does not offset the challenges posed by graduating during a recession.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 102643"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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