Pub Date : 2025-04-21DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102725
Xiaoliang Yang , Peng Zhou
We present evidence for taste-based discrimination against Chinese first authors in economic citations. We utilize a gravity model of citations and interpret the bias as a negative effect of “cultural distance”. After controlling for quality as well as author-, paper-, and journal-specific attributes, publications with a Chinese first author receive 14 % less citations. Coauthoring with non-Chinese does not mitigate the discrimination at all. While being affiliated with a US-based institute slightly reduces the bias by dampening the perceived “Chineseness”, it is not big enough to offset the discriminatory effect. Moreover, the COVID pandemic exacerbated the discriminatory effect. The forensic analysis narrowed down the source of discrimination to non-Chinese top economists from non-US affiliations.
{"title":"Unveiling citation bias in economics: Taste-based discrimination against Chinese-authored papers","authors":"Xiaoliang Yang , Peng Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present evidence for taste-based discrimination against Chinese first authors in economic citations. We utilize a gravity model of citations and interpret the bias as a negative effect of “cultural distance”. After controlling for quality as well as author-, paper-, and journal-specific attributes, publications with a Chinese first author receive 14 % less citations. Coauthoring with non-Chinese does not mitigate the discrimination at all. While being affiliated with a US-based institute slightly reduces the bias by dampening the perceived “Chineseness”, it is not big enough to offset the discriminatory effect. Moreover, the COVID pandemic exacerbated the discriminatory effect. The forensic analysis narrowed down the source of discrimination to non-Chinese top economists from non-US affiliations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102725"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143867748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-12DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102717
Pablo Blanchard, Matias Brum, Paula Carrasco, Cecilia Parada, Ivone Perazzo
In this paper, we analyse the impacts of a social and labour inclusion programme, Uruguay Trabaja (UT) on employment and job quality through objective and subjective e measures. Using administrative data and a custom survey, we estimate the programme’s causal effects by exploiting the random assignment of the beneficiaries. Our findings suggest that participants in UT are more likely to secure formal employment and earn higher formal wages compared to non-participants, with indications of these effects enduring over time. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that UT contributes to increased labour market participation, and satisfaction across various dimensions of employment, overall job satisfaction, and general life satisfaction in the medium term. We also investigate the significance of two channels in driving the observed outcomes: the means of accessing employment and training opportunities. This study underscores the importance of implementing comprehensive programmes for vulnerable populations and emphasizes the value of considering medium-term impacts when assessing programme effectiveness.
{"title":"Employment effects of a social and labour inclusion programme","authors":"Pablo Blanchard, Matias Brum, Paula Carrasco, Cecilia Parada, Ivone Perazzo","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102717","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, we analyse the impacts of a social and labour inclusion programme, <em>Uruguay Trabaja</em> (UT) on employment and job quality through objective and subjective e measures. Using administrative data and a custom survey, we estimate the programme’s causal effects by exploiting the random assignment of the beneficiaries. Our findings suggest that participants in UT are more likely to secure formal employment and earn higher formal wages compared to non-participants, with indications of these effects enduring over time. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that UT contributes to increased labour market participation, and satisfaction across various dimensions of employment, overall job satisfaction, and general life satisfaction in the medium term. We also investigate the significance of two channels in driving the observed outcomes: the means of accessing employment and training opportunities. This study underscores the importance of implementing comprehensive programmes for vulnerable populations and emphasizes the value of considering medium-term impacts when assessing programme effectiveness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102717"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-02DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102718
Sangmin Aum , Bongseop Kim , Jungmin Lee
This study investigates the relative importance of non-wage job attributes, with a particular focus on corporate culture and overtime work. Using a discrete choice experiment with 3,026 wage workers in South Korea, we estimate the willingness-to-pay for a horizontal corporate culture, no overtime requirement, career development opportunities, and commuting time flexibility. We find that workers place the highest value on a horizontal corporate culture, followed by no overtime requirement. Using auxiliary data on working conditions from a nationally representative survey, we find that accounting for the non-uniform distribution of these non-wage job attributes across workers exacerbates compensation inequality.
{"title":"Why do you like or dislike your job?","authors":"Sangmin Aum , Bongseop Kim , Jungmin Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102718","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102718","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the relative importance of non-wage job attributes, with a particular focus on corporate culture and overtime work. Using a discrete choice experiment with 3,026 wage workers in South Korea, we estimate the willingness-to-pay for a horizontal corporate culture, no overtime requirement, career development opportunities, and commuting time flexibility. We find that workers place the highest value on a horizontal corporate culture, followed by no overtime requirement. Using auxiliary data on working conditions from a nationally representative survey, we find that accounting for the non-uniform distribution of these non-wage job attributes across workers exacerbates compensation inequality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102718"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-02DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102696
Pia Heckl , Carolina Lennon , Alyssa Schneebaum
Global firms have a higher share of female employees than domestic non-exporters. To explain this fact, this paper tests whether international trade and FDI are channels through which norms regarding gender (in)equality are transmitted from customers and investors to firms. We employ pooled cross-sectional data from 2007–2016 for around 28,000 firms in 104 different countries. We compare global versus non-global firms in the same market to study the influence of firms’ exposure to gender norms in commercial partner countries. The results show a race to the top for low- and mid-level jobs and the opposite for top managerial positions.
{"title":"How is global commerce affecting the gender composition of employment? A firm-level analysis of the effects of exposure to gender norms via trade and FDI","authors":"Pia Heckl , Carolina Lennon , Alyssa Schneebaum","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Global firms have a higher share of female employees than domestic non-exporters. To explain this fact, this paper tests whether international trade and FDI are channels through which norms regarding gender (in)equality are transmitted from customers and investors to firms. We employ pooled cross-sectional data from 2007–2016 for around 28,000 firms in 104 different countries. We compare global versus non-global firms in the same market to study the influence of firms’ exposure to gender norms in commercial partner countries. The results show a race to the top for low- and mid-level jobs and the opposite for top managerial positions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102696"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-24DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102712
Ying H. Chao
From 1985 to 2019, administrative data indicates that 22% of unemployment insurance (UI) applicants were denied benefits annually due to eligibility requirements. This paper develops a quantitative equilibrium search model that incorporates realistic UI application processes and examines workers’ UI decisions and employment outcomes. Using this model, I analyze the role of eligibility requirements and the implications of incorporating them into policy evaluations. Relaxing earnings requirements increases take-up rates and generates a 4% welfare gain, benefiting low-income workers the most. In contrast, eliminating the separation requirement yields the highest welfare gain but also raises unemployment, highlighting the moral hazard effects of UI expansion. Lastly, a counterfactual analysis shows that ignoring UI eligibility leads to misleading predictions, overstating take-up rates and understating precautionary savings, underscoring the need to properly account for eligibility requirements in policy evaluations.
{"title":"A quantitative analysis of relaxing UI eligibility requirements","authors":"Ying H. Chao","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>From 1985 to 2019, administrative data indicates that 22% of unemployment insurance (UI) applicants were denied benefits annually due to eligibility requirements. This paper develops a quantitative equilibrium search model that incorporates realistic UI application processes and examines workers’ UI decisions and employment outcomes. Using this model, I analyze the role of eligibility requirements and the implications of incorporating them into policy evaluations. Relaxing earnings requirements increases take-up rates and generates a 4% welfare gain, benefiting low-income workers the most. In contrast, eliminating the separation requirement yields the highest welfare gain but also raises unemployment, highlighting the moral hazard effects of UI expansion. Lastly, a counterfactual analysis shows that ignoring UI eligibility leads to misleading predictions, overstating take-up rates and understating precautionary savings, underscoring the need to properly account for eligibility requirements in policy evaluations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102712"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-23DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102714
Mika Haapanen , Jaakko Pehkonen , Ville Seppälä
This study investigates how job displacement among adult children affects their parents’ earnings using population-based data from Finland. The research utilizes plant closures during the 1991–1994 recession as exogenous shocks to identify causal effects. Our results show that an adult child's job loss leads to increased parental earnings, particularly two to five years post-displacement, but the effect size gradually diminishes over time. The effects are pronounced among older parents and male parents. This study contributes to the literature on intergenerational economic spillovers and highlights the role of parents’ altruism and economic behavior in response to children's job displacement.
{"title":"Parental earnings response to children's job loss: Evidence from Finland","authors":"Mika Haapanen , Jaakko Pehkonen , Ville Seppälä","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102714","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102714","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates how job displacement among adult children affects their parents’ earnings using population-based data from Finland. The research utilizes plant closures during the 1991–1994 recession as exogenous shocks to identify causal effects. Our results show that an adult child's job loss leads to increased parental earnings, particularly two to five years post-displacement, but the effect size gradually diminishes over time. The effects are pronounced among older parents and male parents. This study contributes to the literature on intergenerational economic spillovers and highlights the role of parents’ altruism and economic behavior in response to children's job displacement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102714"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-22DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102711
Joseph Pickens
A search and matching model is developed to investigate the effect of skill distribution change and skill-biased technical change (SBTC) on United States private sector unionization. The model’s equilibrium is such that workers with moderate skill will select into the union sector while those with low or high skill will select into the non-union sector. The model’s calibration to the U.S. private sector employs a novel method to separate movements in the skill distribution and skill premium. This, in turn, is used to help identify SBTC. A counterfactual analysis documents a significant relationship between the skill distribution and unionization. In particular, a rise in skill dispersion accounts for one-seventh of U.S. private sector deunionization between 1984 and 2019. This analysis also gives a quantitative effect of SBTC in line with the literature: it accounts for between one-fifth and two-fifths of deunionization depending on the specification. However, part of its qualitative effect is novel: SBTC shifts unionization towards more skilled workers. Further analysis suggests that skill distribution change is not likely to have a significant effect on private sector unionization in the future.
{"title":"Deunionization and skills","authors":"Joseph Pickens","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A search and matching model is developed to investigate the effect of skill distribution change and skill-biased technical change (SBTC) on United States private sector unionization. The model’s equilibrium is such that workers with moderate skill will select into the union sector while those with low or high skill will select into the non-union sector. The model’s calibration to the U.S. private sector employs a novel method to separate movements in the skill distribution and skill premium. This, in turn, is used to help identify SBTC. A counterfactual analysis documents a significant relationship between the skill distribution and unionization. In particular, a rise in skill dispersion accounts for one-seventh of U.S. private sector deunionization between 1984 and 2019. This analysis also gives a quantitative effect of SBTC in line with the literature: it accounts for between one-fifth and two-fifths of deunionization depending on the specification. However, part of its qualitative effect is novel: SBTC shifts unionization towards more skilled workers. Further analysis suggests that skill distribution change is not likely to have a significant effect on private sector unionization in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102711"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-21DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102710
Claudio A. Mora-García , Mounu Prem , Paul Rodríguez-Lesmes , Juan F. Vargas
While a large literature has studied the effects of violent conflict on health outcomes, little is known about how violence reduction can affect a key driver of post-conflict recovery, namely the quantity and type of healthcare workers. By leveraging a permanent ceasefire that ended over five decades of armed conflict between the Colombian government and the FARC insurgency, we study the extent to which conflict termination affected the share of different types of health workers in areas more exposed to FARC violence relative to other places. Based on administrative records on the location of all formal healthcare workers in Colombia and using a difference-in-differences strategy, we find that a municipality that experienced one standard deviation higher FARC violence intensity relative to the rest of the country witnessed 13.4% post-ceasefire differential decrease in the share of employed healthcare workers per 1,000 people. We find a stronger decrease among vocational nurses and a weaker decrease among physicians. We show that this effect is likely explained by lifting mobility restrictions in previously violent areas, and document that, because the net reduction in healthcare workers increased the within-municipality share of (higher-educated) physicians, it did not translate into a deterioration of mortality rates or healthcare service provision.
{"title":"Health workforce reallocation in the aftermath of conflict: Evidence from Colombia","authors":"Claudio A. Mora-García , Mounu Prem , Paul Rodríguez-Lesmes , Juan F. Vargas","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102710","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102710","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While a large literature has studied the effects of violent conflict on health outcomes, little is known about how violence reduction can affect a key driver of post-conflict recovery, namely the quantity and type of healthcare workers. By leveraging a permanent ceasefire that ended over five decades of armed conflict between the Colombian government and the FARC insurgency, we study the extent to which conflict termination affected the share of different types of health workers in areas more exposed to FARC violence relative to other places. Based on administrative records on the location of all formal healthcare workers in Colombia and using a <em>difference-in-differences</em> strategy, we find that a municipality that experienced one standard deviation higher FARC violence intensity relative to the rest of the country witnessed 13.4% post-ceasefire differential decrease in the share of employed healthcare workers per 1,000 people. We find a stronger decrease among vocational nurses and a weaker decrease among physicians. We show that this effect is likely explained by lifting mobility restrictions in previously violent areas, and document that, because the net reduction in healthcare workers increased the within-municipality share of (higher-educated) physicians, it did not translate into a deterioration of mortality rates or healthcare service provision.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102710"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102713
Jeffrey Clemens , Michael R. Strain
Over the past decade, organized labor has played a significant role in advocating for minimum wage increases. Why might this be, given that the minimum wage may act as a substitute for the bargaining power offered by labor unions? In this paper, we study the interplay between minimum wages and union membership. Using variation in U.S. states’ minimum wages during the 2010s, we estimate that each dollar in minimum wage increase predicts a 5 percent increase (0.3 pp) in the likelihood of union membership among individuals ages 16–40. Consistent with a classic “free-riding” hypothesis, however, we find that minimum wage increases predict declines in union membership among the minimum wage's most direct beneficiaries. Instead, increases in union membership occur among much broader groups that are not directly affected by the minimum wage.
{"title":"Why do labor unions advocate for minimum wage increases?","authors":"Jeffrey Clemens , Michael R. Strain","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over the past decade, organized labor has played a significant role in advocating for minimum wage increases. Why might this be, given that the minimum wage may act as a substitute for the bargaining power offered by labor unions? In this paper, we study the interplay between minimum wages and union membership. Using variation in U.S. states’ minimum wages during the 2010s, we estimate that each dollar in minimum wage increase predicts a 5 percent increase (0.3 pp) in the likelihood of union membership among individuals ages 16–40. Consistent with a classic “free-riding” hypothesis, however, we find that minimum wage increases predict declines in union membership among the minimum wage's most direct beneficiaries. Instead, increases in union membership occur among much broader groups that are not directly affected by the minimum wage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102713"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102699
Attila Gyetvai , Maria Zhu
Which former coworkers help displaced workers find jobs? We answer this question by studying occupational similarity in job finding networks. Using matched employer–employee data from Hungary, this paper relates the unemployment duration of displaced workers to the employment rate within their former coworker networks. We find that only coworkers from the same narrow occupation are helpful in job finding, while those from different occupations are not. This effect lasts for a few months after displacement and is primarily driven by former coworkers in occupations requiring at most a primary level of education.
{"title":"Coworker networks and the role of occupations in job finding","authors":"Attila Gyetvai , Maria Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Which former coworkers help displaced workers find jobs? We answer this question by studying occupational similarity in job finding networks. Using matched employer–employee data from Hungary, this paper relates the unemployment duration of displaced workers to the employment rate within their former coworker networks. We find that only coworkers from the same narrow occupation are helpful in job finding, while those from different occupations are not. This effect lasts for a few months after displacement and is primarily driven by former coworkers in occupations requiring at most a primary level of education.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"94 ","pages":"Article 102699"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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