Labour Economics最新文献

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Job loss, consumption insurance, and household time allocation 失业、消费保险和家庭时间分配

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102645

Kenta Fukuda

This study examines how married households respond to negative income shocks resulting from the husband’s job loss, focusing on both monetary insurance channels and changes in the time use of husbands and wives. Using a unique Japanese panel dataset, the empirical analysis shows that the husband’s involuntary job loss leads to significant and persistent declines in his labor earnings. However, the impact on household consumption expenditure is considerably smaller, with only about one-fifth of the income shock transmitted to consumption, suggesting that a substantial amount of monetary insurance is at work. In the short run, unemployment benefits play a crucial role in mitigating the shock, while the wife’s labor supply becomes important in the long run, especially for households where the wife was not employed full-time before the job loss. Additionally, husbands significantly increase their time spent on home production following job loss, and this effect persists for at least three years.

本研究探讨了已婚家庭如何应对丈夫失业带来的负收入冲击，重点关注货币保险渠道以及丈夫和妻子的时间使用变化。利用日本独特的面板数据集进行的实证分析表明，丈夫非自愿失业会导致其劳动收入显著且持续下降。然而，对家庭消费支出的影响要小得多，只有约五分之一的收入冲击会传导到消费上，这表明有大量的货币保险在起作用。在短期内，失业救济在缓解冲击方面发挥了重要作用，而妻子的劳动力供给在长期内变得非常重要，尤其是对于妻子在失业前没有全职工作的家庭。此外，失业后丈夫花在家庭生产上的时间会显著增加，而且这种影响至少会持续三年。

引用次数: 0

The intergenerational effects of requiring unemployment benefit recipients to engage in non-search activities 要求失业救济金领取者从事非研究活动的代际影响

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102644

Deborah A. Cobb-Clark , Sarah C. Dahmann , Anne C. Gielen

We use a quasi-experimental design and national administrative data to analyze the intergenerational effects of introducing non-search activity requirements for long-term unemployment benefit recipients aged 18–34. The young-adult children of these recipients were in early adolescence when the requirements were introduced. Using a regression discontinuity approach, we find that young adults, particularly men, whose fathers were subject to the requirements have a lower incidence of unemployment benefit receipt compared to those whose fathers were not. More detailed investigation suggests completion of the mandated activities, role modeling, changes in attitudes, improved health, and greater support and stability as potential channels.

我们采用准实验设计和国家行政数据，分析了对 18-34 岁长期失业救济金领取者引入非搜索活动要求的代际影响。要求出台时，这些领取者的未成年子女正处于青春期。通过使用回归不连续法，我们发现，与那些父亲受此要求约束的人相比，父亲受此要求约束的年轻人，尤其是男性，领取失业救济金的比例较低。更详细的调查表明，完成规定的活动、榜样示范、态度转变、健康状况改善以及更多的支持和稳定是潜在的渠道。

引用次数: 0

Good personality traits in bad times: Does conscientiousness mitigate the adverse effects of graduating in a recession? 逆境中的良好人格特征：自觉性是否能减轻经济衰退时期毕业的不利影响？

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102643

Liwen Chen , Guanghua Wang

This paper studies whether and how conscientiousness, a personality trait, helps individuals mitigate the adverse effects of graduating during a recession on early career outcomes. By analyzing college-educated individuals who graduated in the 1980s, we find that conscientiousness reduces the income losses of workers who graduated during a recession. This effect results mainly from workers’ adjustments in the labor supply. When graduating during a recession, college graduates high in conscientiousness are more likely to find full-time jobs and work more hours per week than their counterparts low in conscientiousness. Regarding the other four Big Five personality traits, while agreeableness has a modest effect on mitigating the effects of adverse labor market entry conditions on hourly wages, extraversion, openness to experience, and emotional stability do not appear to buffer against such early career losses. Additionally, cognitive ability does not offset the challenges posed by graduating during a recession.

本文研究了自觉性这一人格特质是否以及如何帮助个人减轻在经济衰退期间毕业对早期职业生涯结果的不利影响。通过分析 20 世纪 80 年代毕业的受过大学教育的个人，我们发现自觉性可以减少在经济衰退期间毕业的工人的收入损失。这种效应主要来自于工人对劳动力供给的调整。在经济衰退期间毕业的高自觉性大学毕业生比低自觉性大学毕业生更有可能找到全职工作，每周工作时间也更长。至于其他四个 "大五 "人格特质，虽然 "宜人性 "对减轻不利的劳动力市场进入条件对小时工资的影响有一定作用，但 "外向性"、"经验开放性 "和 "情绪稳定性 "似乎并不能缓冲这种早期职业损失。此外，认知能力也不能抵消在经济衰退期间毕业所带来的挑战。

引用次数: 0

Estimating heterogeneous effects: Applications to labor economics 估算异质效应：劳动经济学的应用

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102638

Stéphane Bonhomme , Angela Denis

A growing number of applications involve settings where, in order to infer heterogeneous effects, a researcher compares various units. Examples of research designs include children moving between different neighborhoods, workers moving between firms, patients migrating from one city to another, and banks offering loans to different firms. We present a unified framework for these settings, based on a linear model with normal random coefficients and normal errors. Using the model, we discuss how to recover the mean and dispersion of effects, other features of their distribution, and to construct predictors of the effects. We provide moment conditions on the model’s parameters, and outline various estimation strategies. A main objective of the paper is to clarify some of the underlying assumptions by highlighting their economic content, and to discuss and inform some of the key practical choices.

越来越多的应用涉及这样的环境：为了推断异质效应，研究人员需要比较不同的单位。研究设计的例子包括在不同社区之间流动的儿童、在不同公司之间流动的工人、从一个城市迁移到另一个城市的病人以及向不同公司提供贷款的银行。我们根据具有正态随机系数和正态误差的线性模型，提出了一个适用于这些环境的统一框架。利用该模型，我们讨论了如何恢复效应的均值和离散度及其分布的其他特征，以及如何构建效应的预测因子。我们提供了模型参数的矩条件，并概述了各种估计策略。本文的一个主要目的是通过强调经济内容来澄清一些基本假设，并讨论和说明一些关键的实际选择。

引用次数: 0

Golfing CEOs 打高尔夫的首席执行官们

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102639

Yutaro Izumi , Hitoshi Shigeoka , Masayuki Yagasaki

Izumi et al. (2023) document the existence of CEO gender homophily in firm-to-firm transactions, where CEOs of the same gender are more likely to trade more than those of the opposite gender, putting female CEOs at a disadvantage in a male-dominated business landscape. In this paper, we examine whether informal networking tools, in particular playing golf as a hobby, mitigate this disadvantage for female CEOs. Using a unique dataset that includes both CEO hobbies and detailed inter-firm networks, we show that playing golf does not benefit female CEOs in finding male business partners, while for male CEOs playing golf is associated with a higher share of trading with male CEOs. This result suggests that women’s participation in traditionally male-dominated socializing activities does not necessarily help them gain access to male business networks.

Izumi 等人（2023 年）记录了公司与公司交易中 CEO 性别同质性的存在，即同性别的 CEO 比异性别的 CEO 更有可能进行更多的交易，从而使女性 CEO 在男性主导的商业环境中处于不利地位。在本文中，我们研究了非正式网络工具，尤其是作为业余爱好的高尔夫运动，是否能缓解女性首席执行官的这种劣势。我们使用了一个独特的数据集，其中包括首席执行官的爱好和详细的企业间网络，结果表明，打高尔夫球并不能帮助女性首席执行官找到男性商业伙伴，而对于男性首席执行官来说，打高尔夫球则与更高的男性首席执行官交易份额相关。这一结果表明，女性参与传统上由男性主导的社交活动并不一定有助于她们进入男性商业网络。

引用次数: 0

Mother tongue-based education in a diverse society and the acquisition of foundational skills: Evidence from the Philippines 多元社会中的母语教育与基础技能的掌握：菲律宾的证据

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102641

Takiko Igarashi, Sandy Maulana, Daniel Suryadarma

The Philippines is an ethnolinguistically diverse country with 180 languages spoken. In 2012, the government massively expanded the language of instruction (LoI) options, a shift from a bilingual Filipino-English education to mother tongue-based education using 19 languages targeting students in kindergarten to grade 3. The policy intended to create a closer link between the school instructional language and students’ mother tongue in the early stage of formal schooling, which would improve foundational skills and increase the students’ ability to acquire proficiency in additional languages. We use nationally representative data to evaluate the policy's impact on foundational reading and mathematics skills, exploiting a variation between student cohorts and the variation in the instructional languages before and after the policy. We find that the policy reduced the mean linguistic distance between children's mother tongue and school LoI by between 43 % to 76 %. However, we find a statistically significant and negative effect on foundational reading skills when tested in Filipino or English. The magnitude is not negligible given the Philippines’ flat learning profiles. We find the policy also negatively impacted the foundational mathematics skills of the first cohort fully exposed to the policy. Our findings imply that governments need to reconsider the mother tongue-based education policy as a tool to improve foundational skills in a diverse society.

菲律宾是一个民族语言多样化的国家，使用 180 种语言。2012 年，政府大规模扩大了教学语言（LoI）的选择范围，从菲英双语教育转变为以母语为基础的教育，针对幼儿园至三年级的学生使用 19 种语言。这项政策的目的是在正规学校教育的早期阶段，在学校教学语言和学生母语之间建立更紧密的联系，从而提高学生的基础技能，并增强他们熟练掌握其他语言的能力。我们利用具有全国代表性的数据，评估了该政策对基础阅读和数学技能的影响，同时利用了学生组群之间的差异以及政策实施前后教学语言的差异。我们发现，该政策将儿童母语与学校教学语言之间的平均语言距离缩小了 43% 至 76%。然而，我们发现，在用菲律宾语或英语进行测试时，该政策对基础阅读技能产生了显著的负面影响。考虑到菲律宾扁平化的学习状况，这种影响的程度不容忽视。我们发现，该政策还对第一批完全接触该政策的学生的基础数学技能产生了负面影响。我们的研究结果表明，政府需要重新考虑以母语为基础的教育政策，将其作为在多元化社会中提高基础技能的工具。

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引用次数: 0

The disability pay gap in the UK: What is the role of the public sector? 英国的残疾人薪酬差距：公共部门的作用是什么？

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102642

Melanie Jones

Using data from the UK Quarterly Labour Force Survey we provide the first evidence on variation in the disability pay gap between the public and private sector. Decomposing the disability pay gap at the mean we find evidence of a sizable unexplained pay gap in both sectors, but this is narrower in the public relative to the private sector, consistent with greater pay equality in the public sector. The unexplained disability pay gap increases across the pay distribution particularly in the private sector, suggesting a ‘glass ceiling’. As such, our evidence suggests the public sector provides relative protection for disabled employees, especially at the top end of the wage distribution. This appears to be driven by the influence for females.

利用英国季度劳动力调查的数据，我们首次提供了公共部门和私营部门之间残疾薪酬差距变化的证据。对平均值上的残疾薪酬差距进行分解，我们发现两个部门都存在相当大的无法解释的薪酬差距，但公共部门的差距相对于私营部门要小，这与公共部门更大程度的薪酬平等是一致的。无法解释的残疾薪酬差距在整个薪酬分布中不断扩大，尤其是在私营部门，这表明存在 "玻璃天花板"。因此，我们的证据表明，公共部门为残疾雇员提供了相对保护，尤其是在工资分配的高端。这似乎是受到女性的影响。

引用次数: 0

Television and family demography: Evidence from a natural experiment in East Germany 电视与家庭人口：来自东德自然实验的证据

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102640

Sven A. Hartmann

This paper examines the causal effects of television exposure on individual decisions regarding marriage, divorce, and family planning by utilizing a natural experiment in the German Democratic Republic during the period of German division. I exploit the fact that individuals in some East German areas could not receive Western television due to their place of residence before reunification in 1990. By analyzing survey data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, my results reveal that exposure to Western TV significantly reduced the likelihood of marriage and childbirth while increasing the probability of divorce among East Germans. Analyzing administrative data at the county level supports these findings. In addition, survey data from the late 1980s indicates that the observed effects are primarily due to changes in attitudes towards relationships and family life, particularly among women.

本文利用德国分裂时期德意志民主共和国的一个自然实验，研究了电视接触对个人结婚、离婚和计划生育决定的因果影响。在 1990 年德国统一之前，一些东德地区的居民由于居住地的原因无法收看西方电视，我利用了这一事实。通过分析德国社会经济小组的调查数据，我的结果显示，接触西方电视显著降低了东德人结婚和生育的可能性，同时增加了离婚的可能性。分析县一级的行政数据也支持这些发现。此外，20 世纪 80 年代末的调查数据表明，观察到的影响主要是由于人们对人际关系和家庭生活的态度发生了变化，尤其是女性。

引用次数: 0

Short-term labor supply response to the timing of transfer payments: Evidence from the SNAP program 短期劳动力供给对转移支付时间的反应：来自 SNAP 计划的证据

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102636

Mindy Marks , Silvia Prina , Redina Tahaj

We study the effect of the timing of SNAP payments on weekly labor supply using data from the CPS. We rely on exogenous variation in the fielding of CPS interviews relative to benefit receipt to estimate labor supply of SNAP eligible individuals at the end of their SNAP benefit cycle (i.e. about to receive benefits) compared to individuals at the start of their cycle (i.e. just received benefits). We find that the timing of SNAP benefits impacts labor supply at the intensive margin, while the extensive margin is unaffected. Conditional on being employed, eligible individuals at the end of their SNAP cycle are more likely to be absent from work compared to individuals at the start of their SNAP cycle. They are also less likely to temporarily shift to full time work. Results are more pronounced for individuals with higher predicted benefit amounts. Our findings suggest that a worsening of individuals’ status (e.g. health problems, child care issues) at the end of their SNAP cycle adversely impacts short-term work presence.

我们利用 CPS 数据研究了 SNAP 支付时间对每周劳动力供给的影响。我们依靠 CPS 访谈的实地调查时间相对于福利领取时间的外生变化，来估算 SNAP 福利周期结束时（即即将领取福利）与周期开始时（即刚刚领取福利）的 SNAP 合格者的劳动力供给情况。我们发现，SNAP 福利的发放时间会影响密集边际的劳动力供给，而广泛边际则不受影响。在有工作的条件下，与 SNAP 周期开始时相比，SNAP 周期结束时符合条件的个人更有可能不工作。他们临时转为全职工作的可能性也更小。对于预测福利金额较高的人来说，结果更为明显。我们的研究结果表明，在 SNAP 周期结束时，个人状况的恶化（如健康问题、育儿问题）会对短期工作产生不利影响。

引用次数: 0

Distribution of vacancies and new hires across employers: Implications for job offers, skill requirements, and employers’ search outcomes 空缺职位和新员工在雇主间的分布：对工作机会、技能要求和雇主搜索结果的影响

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102637

Vera Brenčič

We use data on the flow of new vacancies and hires in Slovenia to document three findings. First, labour markets are highly concentrated when we use the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) to measure the distribution of either vacancies or hires across employers in markets defined by required occupation, the statistical region of employers’ headquarters, and the year of either vacancy registration or hiring. Second, employers offer less attractive job offers (in terms of offered wages and offered length of employment) and change the set of required skills (by favoring leadership, manual dexterity, and fitness) in markets with a more concentrated labour demand. Third, employers are equally likely to fill their vacancies, require a similar amount of time to fill them, and are less likely to fill vacancies with workers whose education is below the required education in markets with a more concentrated labour demand. These patterns are consistent with a labour market in which a more concentrated labour demand restricts job searchers’ job options, strengthens employers’ bargaining leverage, and results in job vacancies with less attractive job amenities yet an expanded list of required skills.

我们利用斯洛文尼亚新职位空缺和招聘流动的数据，得出了三个结论。首先，当我们使用赫芬达尔-赫希曼指数（Herfindahl-Hirschman index，HHI）来衡量按所需职业、雇主总部统计区域以及空缺登记或招聘年份界定的市场中雇主之间的空缺或招聘分布时，劳动力市场高度集中。其次，在劳动力需求较为集中的市场中，雇主提供的工作机会（在提供的工资和提供的就业年限方面）吸引力较低，并改变了所需的技能组合（更倾向于领导力、手工灵活性和体能）。第三，在劳动力需求较为集中的市场中，雇主填补空缺的可能性相同，所需的时间相近，而且不太可能用教育程度低于所需教育程度的工人来填补空缺。这些模式与劳动力市场一致，即劳动力需求更加集中限制了求职者的工作选择，加强了雇主的谈判筹码，并导致工作机会吸引力较低但所需技能清单扩大的职位空缺。

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