Pub Date : 2025-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102844
Riley K. Acton , Jo R. King , Austin C. Smith
We examine the impact of local labor market shocks and state unemployment insurance (UI) policies on student discipline in U.S. public schools. Analyzing school-level discipline data and firm-level layoffs in 23 states, we find that layoffs have little effect on discipline rates on average. However, effects differ across the UI benefit distribution. At the lowest benefit level ($265/week), a mass layoff increases out-of-school suspensions by 5.1%, with effects dissipating as UI benefits increase. Effects are consistently largest for Black students – especially in predominantly White schools – resulting in increased racial disproportionality in school discipline following layoffs in low-UI states.
{"title":"Suspended from work and school? Impacts of layoff events and unemployment insurance on student disciplinary incidence","authors":"Riley K. Acton , Jo R. King , Austin C. Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examine the impact of local labor market shocks and state unemployment insurance (UI) policies on student discipline in U.S. public schools. Analyzing school-level discipline data and firm-level layoffs in 23 states, we find that layoffs have little effect on discipline rates on average. However, effects differ across the UI benefit distribution. At the lowest benefit level ($265/week), a mass layoff increases out-of-school suspensions by 5.1%, with effects dissipating as UI benefits increase. Effects are consistently largest for Black students – especially in predominantly White schools – resulting in increased racial disproportionality in school discipline following layoffs in low-UI states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 102844"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-05DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102842
Marisa Hidalgo-Hidalgo, Dunia López-Pintado
Individuals interact within small, and often unobservable, groups embedded in broader social contexts, which significantly shape peer dynamics and influence outcomes. Although peer effects are widely studied, their direction and impact are highly variable and context-dependent. This lack of consensus presents difficulties for decision-making in education, workplaces, and other settings, underscoring the importance of addressing subtle aspects of the interaction process effectively. We investigate the impact of partner interactions on learning outcomes in a setting combining collaborative and individual tasks. We conduct a field experiment using the simplest group structure possible—pairs—thus avoiding the endogenous formation of smaller peer groups. In particular, university students were randomly and repeatedly paired to sit together and collaborate during classroom activities. Our findings reveal a negative partner ability effect: an increase in partner ability reduces one’s academic outcomes. This effect is particularly pronounced when paired with more capable counterparts and for male students. Results remain robust across various specifications and sample definitions, among others. We explore potential mechanisms behind these results such as free-riding and discouragement.
{"title":"Partner effects and collaborative learning","authors":"Marisa Hidalgo-Hidalgo, Dunia López-Pintado","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Individuals interact within small, and often unobservable, groups embedded in broader social contexts, which significantly shape peer dynamics and influence outcomes. Although peer effects are widely studied, their direction and impact are highly variable and context-dependent. This lack of consensus presents difficulties for decision-making in education, workplaces, and other settings, underscoring the importance of addressing subtle aspects of the interaction process effectively. We investigate the impact of partner interactions on learning outcomes in a setting combining collaborative and individual tasks. We conduct a field experiment using the simplest group structure possible—pairs—thus avoiding the endogenous formation of smaller peer groups. In particular, university students were randomly and repeatedly paired to sit together and collaborate during classroom activities. Our findings reveal a negative partner ability effect: an increase in partner ability reduces one’s academic outcomes. This effect is particularly pronounced when paired with more capable counterparts and for male students. Results remain robust across various specifications and sample definitions, among others. We explore potential mechanisms behind these results such as free-riding and discouragement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"98 ","pages":"Article 102842"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102781
Suparee W. Boonmanunt , Wasinee Jantorn , Varunee Khruapradit , Weerachart T. Kilenthong
This study investigates factors associated with child time preferences using a longitudinal dataset from rural Thailand with rich background information on child, caregiver, parent, and household characteristics. We find that the caregiver discount factor positively correlates with a child’s ability to delay gratification, regardless of whether the caregiver is a parent. This correlation is stronger when both parents live at home than when neither of them is present, and when the main caregivers are older. In addition, children’s age, literacy ability, and being a firstborn child (versus later-born) are significantly associated with children’s time preferences, while other variables, e.g., screen time, are not.
{"title":"Intergenerational transmission of time preferences: Evidence from rural Thailand","authors":"Suparee W. Boonmanunt , Wasinee Jantorn , Varunee Khruapradit , Weerachart T. Kilenthong","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates factors associated with child time preferences using a longitudinal dataset from rural Thailand with rich background information on child, caregiver, parent, and household characteristics. We find that the caregiver discount factor positively correlates with a child’s ability to delay gratification, regardless of whether the caregiver is a parent. This correlation is stronger when both parents live at home than when neither of them is present, and when the main caregivers are older. In addition, children’s age, literacy ability, and being a firstborn child (versus later-born) are significantly associated with children’s time preferences, while other variables, e.g., screen time, are not.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102781"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102824
Tong Wang
The minimum wage has long been central to labour market policy debates. This paper develops a unified theoretical framework to assess the multifaceted effects of minimum wage hikes on employment, wages, effort, labour productivity, and firms’ profits. The model introduces two key channels: a conventional wage channel, where increased compensation for unskilled workers reduces labour demand, and a novel effort channel, where higher effort and productivity in response to perceived employer generosity mitigate job loss. In equilibrium, firms offer wage premiums above the minimum wage to incentivise effort, with spillovers to higher wages through workers’ fairness considerations. The own-wage employment elasticity for unskilled workers is about , indicating mild disemployment effects. Moreover, this elasticity shows weak dependence on the business cycle. The framework highlights critical interactions across multiple margins, offering comprehensive insights into the broader impacts of minimum wage policy.
{"title":"Labour market outcomes of minimum wage changes: A behavioural perspective","authors":"Tong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102824","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102824","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The minimum wage has long been central to labour market policy debates. This paper develops a unified theoretical framework to assess the multifaceted effects of minimum wage hikes on employment, wages, effort, labour productivity, and firms’ profits. The model introduces two key channels: a conventional wage channel, where increased compensation for unskilled workers reduces labour demand, and a novel effort channel, where higher effort and productivity in response to perceived employer generosity mitigate job loss. In equilibrium, firms offer wage premiums above the minimum wage to incentivise effort, with spillovers to higher wages through workers’ fairness considerations. The own-wage employment elasticity for unskilled workers is about <span><math><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>026</mn></mrow></math></span>, indicating mild disemployment effects. Moreover, this elasticity shows weak dependence on the business cycle. The framework highlights critical interactions across multiple margins, offering comprehensive insights into the broader impacts of minimum wage policy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102824"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145623331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102786
Margherita Agnoletto , Martina Repetto
This paper investigates the effects of gender composition within general practices on overall job satisfaction, its associated lower-level domains, service quality and retention rates of general practitioners (GPs). Using data from the nationally representative Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life (MABEL) panel, we estimate an individual fixed-effects model and address potential endogeneity in several ways. We show that an increase in the female share of GPs within a practice positively influences overall job satisfaction and various well-being components, with female GPs driving the effects. However, increasing the female share negatively affects several domains of job satisfaction if it reduces gender diversity, highlighting the importance of maintaining a balanced gender composition within practices. To obtain an equivalent effect on overall job satisfaction, gross annual earnings would need to increase by approximately AU$406,400. Additionally, our findings show positive effects on retention intentions. Potential mechanisms include a greater understanding of work-life balance among colleagues, stronger workplace support, and reduced job-related stress.
{"title":"Gender mix prescription: Is it the cure for job satisfaction and retention?","authors":"Margherita Agnoletto , Martina Repetto","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the effects of gender composition within general practices on overall job satisfaction, its associated lower-level domains, service quality and retention rates of general practitioners (GPs). Using data from the nationally representative Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life (MABEL) panel, we estimate an individual fixed-effects model and address potential endogeneity in several ways. We show that an increase in the female share of GPs within a practice positively influences overall job satisfaction and various well-being components, with female GPs driving the effects. However, increasing the female share negatively affects several domains of job satisfaction if it reduces gender diversity, highlighting the importance of maintaining a balanced gender composition within practices. To obtain an equivalent effect on overall job satisfaction, gross annual earnings would need to increase by approximately AU$406,400. Additionally, our findings show positive effects on retention intentions. Potential mechanisms include a greater understanding of work-life balance among colleagues, stronger workplace support, and reduced job-related stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102786"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102780
Saqib Hussain, Chungeun Yoon
This paper investigates the impact of terrorism on educational outcomes following the death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. The unexpected death of bin Laden, al-Qaeda’s founder and symbolic leader, triggered a significant escalation in retaliatory terrorist attacks. Terrorist groups perceived Pakistan as complicit in the U.S. operation, leading to increased attacks on government, military, and civilian targets, with assaults on educational institutions rising by 50 percent. This surge led to a significant decline in educational attainment, reducing average years of schooling by 0.52 years and lowering primary school completion rates by 5.9 percentage points, with a more pronounced impact on girls. Furthermore, academic performance declined, with math, English, and reading scores falling by approximately 0.1 standard deviations. These findings highlight that the elimination of a terrorist leader can incite retaliatory violence, significantly undermining the educational prospects of children, particularly girls.
{"title":"The impact of terrorism on education: Evidence from the death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan","authors":"Saqib Hussain, Chungeun Yoon","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the impact of terrorism on educational outcomes following the death of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. The unexpected death of bin Laden, al-Qaeda’s founder and symbolic leader, triggered a significant escalation in retaliatory terrorist attacks. Terrorist groups perceived Pakistan as complicit in the U.S. operation, leading to increased attacks on government, military, and civilian targets, with assaults on educational institutions rising by 50 percent. This surge led to a significant decline in educational attainment, reducing average years of schooling by 0.52 years and lowering primary school completion rates by 5.9 percentage points, with a more pronounced impact on girls. Furthermore, academic performance declined, with math, English, and reading scores falling by approximately 0.1 standard deviations. These findings highlight that the elimination of a terrorist leader can incite retaliatory violence, significantly undermining the educational prospects of children, particularly girls.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102780"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102801
Giuseppe Moscelli, Osea Giuntella, Nicolas R. Ziebarth
{"title":"Recent evidence on the “Economics of the Healthcare Workforce”: Preface to the Labour Economics Special Issue","authors":"Giuseppe Moscelli, Osea Giuntella, Nicolas R. Ziebarth","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102801","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102801","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102801"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102805
Steven F. Lehrer , Louis-Pierre Lepage , Nuno Sousa Pereira
We study how exposure of employers to immigrants, both at the market and at the individual firm level, mitigates immigrant–native disparities. We use administrative employee–employer matched data from Portugal, which provides a unique setting given that it experienced almost no immigration until the early 2000s followed by substantial immigration waves. Focusing on the evolution of market wages across successive immigration cohorts, we find that increased employer exposure to immigrant groups contributed substantially to the wage convergence between immigrants and natives over the last two decades. We also document that individual-level exposure of firms to immigrants appears to play an important role, influencing future hiring and remuneration of immigrants. Our results provide new insights into how barriers to hiring different worker groups shape economic inequality, with novel implications for integration policies.
{"title":"Breaking barriers: The impacts of employer exposure to immigrants","authors":"Steven F. Lehrer , Louis-Pierre Lepage , Nuno Sousa Pereira","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102805","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102805","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We study how exposure of employers to immigrants, both at the market and at the individual firm level, mitigates immigrant–native disparities. We use administrative employee–employer matched data from Portugal, which provides a unique setting given that it experienced almost no immigration until the early 2000s followed by substantial immigration waves. Focusing on the evolution of market wages across successive immigration cohorts, we find that increased employer exposure to immigrant groups contributed substantially to the wage convergence between immigrants and natives over the last two decades. We also document that individual-level exposure of firms to immigrants appears to play an important role, influencing future hiring and remuneration of immigrants. Our results provide new insights into how barriers to hiring different worker groups shape economic inequality, with novel implications for integration policies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102805"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102783
Dongyoung Kim , Sok Chul Hong
While disasters affect local economy and residents beyond immediate casualties, there is limited evidence on these indirect effects. This study utilizes the 2014 Sewol ferry disaster as a natural experiment to examine the effects of community bereavement on time use. We compare time use before and after the disaster by examining changes both within neighborhoods with a high concentration of victims and between these neighborhoods and the rest of South Korea. On average, in response to the disaster, males in the affected area reallocated market work to leisure, while females shifted from home production to market work and to leisure activities not involving a TV. The temporal evolution of these effects suggests that they persisted throughout the sample period, which lasted 65 days post-disaster.
{"title":"Gendered effects of community bereavement on time use: Evidence from the Sewol ferry disaster","authors":"Dongyoung Kim , Sok Chul Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While disasters affect local economy and residents beyond immediate casualties, there is limited evidence on these indirect effects. This study utilizes the 2014 Sewol ferry disaster as a natural experiment to examine the effects of community bereavement on time use. We compare time use before and after the disaster by examining changes both within neighborhoods with a high concentration of victims and between these neighborhoods and the rest of South Korea. On average, in response to the disaster, males in the affected area reallocated market work to leisure, while females shifted from home production to market work and to leisure activities not involving a TV. The temporal evolution of these effects suggests that they persisted throughout the sample period, which lasted 65 days post-disaster.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102783"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102803
Feicheng Wang , Zhe Liang , Hartmut Lehmann
This paper investigates the impact of trade liberalization-induced labor demand shocks on precarious employment in China. Employing a local labor market approach, we construct a regional measure of exposure to import tariffs and link it to individuals’ employment status and the proportion of precarious employment within firms. Analyzing three waves of household survey data between 1995 and 2007, we find that lower import tariffs contributed to a higher likelihood of precarious employment. To understand the mechanisms, we provide novel firm-level analysis, showing that firms tended to increase the share of temporary employment with lower tariffs. Further results reveal substantial heterogeneity among firms in response to import competition. Smaller and less productive firms employed more temporary workers, whereas larger and more productive firms increased investments in innovation. We also find that hiring temporary workers was associated with lower productivity gains.
{"title":"Import competition and the rise of precarious employment: Evidence from individual-level and firm-level data in China","authors":"Feicheng Wang , Zhe Liang , Hartmut Lehmann","doi":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102803","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102803","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper investigates the impact of trade liberalization-induced labor demand shocks on precarious employment in China. Employing a local labor market approach, we construct a regional measure of exposure to import tariffs and link it to individuals’ employment status and the proportion of precarious employment within firms. Analyzing three waves of household survey data between 1995 and 2007, we find that lower import tariffs contributed to a higher likelihood of precarious employment. To understand the mechanisms, we provide novel firm-level analysis, showing that firms tended to increase the share of temporary employment with lower tariffs. Further results reveal substantial heterogeneity among firms in response to import competition. Smaller and less productive firms employed more temporary workers, whereas larger and more productive firms increased investments in innovation. We also find that hiring temporary workers was associated with lower productivity gains.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48153,"journal":{"name":"Labour Economics","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102803"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145690594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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