Labour Economics最新文献

英文中文

Gender peer effects in university courses: Evidence from tutorial groups 大学课程中的性别同伴效应：来自辅导小组的证据

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102804

Yuxuan Zhang

This paper analyzes the impacts of peer gender composition on students’ educational outcomes using administrative records from a world top-ranking university in Singapore.¹ Leveraging a unique tutorial balloting system at the university, I explore the near-random variation in gender composition across different tutorial groups within the same course. A modified version of the commonly used balance test method from the literature is applied to demonstrate random fluctuations in gender ratio across tutorial groups. At the baseline, I found positive and significant impact of having more female peers on both male and female students’ academic performance. Nevertheless, there are substantial heterogeneity across student-level characteristics. This paper, in particular, also established a direct comparison of gender peer effects between quantitative and qualitative fields and found asymmetric impacts on male and female students. Overall, the results imply that the impacts of peer gender composition vary considerably across contexts and policy construction must account for this variability instead of aiming for a one-size-fits-all solution.

本文利用新加坡一所世界一流大学的行政记录，分析了同龄人性别构成对学生教育成果的影响。1利用该大学独特的导师组投票系统，我探索了同一课程中不同导师组性别构成的近乎随机变化。本文采用文献中常用的平衡测试方法的改进版本来证明辅导小组性别比例的随机波动。在基线上，我发现有更多的女性同伴对男女学生的学习成绩都有积极而显著的影响。然而，在学生水平的特征上存在着实质性的异质性。特别的是，本文还建立了定量和定性领域性别同伴效应的直接比较，发现男女学生的影响不对称。总体而言，研究结果表明，同龄人性别构成的影响在不同背景下差异很大，政策建设必须考虑到这种差异，而不是以一刀切的解决方案为目标。

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引用次数: 0

The effects of tenure-track systems on selection and productivity in Economics 经济学中终身职位制度对人才选择和生产力的影响

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102779

Marco Giovanni Nieddu , Roberto Nisticò , Lorenzo Pandolfi

This paper examines how publication-based tenure-track systems affect the careers of Ph.D. graduates in Economics. We leverage a 2010 reform in Italy that replaced open-ended assistant professor (AP) positions with fixed-term contracts and introduced publication minimum requirements for career advancement. Using survey and administrative data, along with a Difference-in-Differences Event-Study approach comparing Economics to less academically-oriented fields, we find that the reform significantly reduced the likelihood of Economics Ph.D. graduates entering academia in Italy, while increasing transitions to academic careers abroad or to public and private sector jobs. Talented graduates were disproportionately affected, revealing negative selection into Italian academia following the removal of permanent AP positions. Despite these trends, tenure-track hires tend to publish more in high-ranking journals, suggesting that the reform’s incentive effects may partly mitigate its negative selection effects.

本文考察了基于出版物的终身职位制度如何影响经济学博士毕业生的职业生涯。我们利用意大利2010年的改革，用固定期限合同取代了开放式助理教授职位，并引入了职业晋升的最低出版要求。利用调查和行政数据，以及将经济学与较少学术导向的领域进行比较的差异事件研究方法，我们发现改革显著降低了经济学博士毕业生进入意大利学术界的可能性，同时增加了向国外学术职业或公共和私营部门工作的过渡。有才华的毕业生受到了不成比例的影响，这揭示了在取消AP永久职位后，意大利学术界的负面选择。尽管有这些趋势，但聘用的终身教职员工倾向于在高级期刊上发表更多文章，这表明改革的激励效应可能在一定程度上缓解了其负面的选择效应。

引用次数: 0

Long-run impacts of fertility restriction policy on China’s gender gap in career advancement 生育限制政策对中国职业发展性别差距的长期影响

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102782

Chen Chen

This paper examines the impact of China’s family planning policies in the 1970s (“Later, Longer, Fewer” campaign) on the long-term career advancement of men and women. Despite the high female labor force participation rates, I use a cohort Triple-Difference approach and find a significant gender gap in achieving managerial positions among those affected by the policies, with average exposure reducing these disparities by 20%. The narrowing of the gender gap is more pronounced for women in non-white-collar or non-female-dominated industries, where fewer institutional advantages leave women more vulnerable to fertility-related career disruptions. Women more exposed to family planning policies tend to seek college education, increase labor input, and rely less on offspring for old-age support, with no analogous findings in men, suggesting that human capital accumulation is a key mechanism for the narrowing of the gender gap in career outcomes. This paper underscores the capacity of policy interventions to influence labor market dynamics and foster gender equality.

本文考察了20世纪70年代中国计划生育政策（“晚、长、少”运动）对男女长期职业发展的影响。尽管女性劳动力参与率很高，但我使用了队列三重差异方法，发现受政策影响的女性在获得管理职位方面存在显著的性别差距，平均暴露将这些差距缩小了20%。在非白领或非女性主导行业的女性中，性别差距的缩小更为明显，在这些行业，制度优势较少，女性更容易受到与生育相关的职业中断的影响。受计划生育政策影响更大的女性倾向于寻求大学教育，增加劳动投入，对子女养老的依赖程度更低，而男性则没有类似的发现，这表明人力资本积累是缩小职业成果性别差距的关键机制。本文强调了政策干预影响劳动力市场动态和促进性别平等的能力。

引用次数: 0

The two faces of worker specialization 工人专业化的两面

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102829

Zsófia L. Bárány , Kerstin Holzheu

We study how worker specialization — the distance between a worker’s skill set and those prevalent in the labor market — shapes employment outcomes. Using US and French data, we first document that specialized jobs are characterized by asymmetric skill profiles and a scarcity of nearby employment opportunities. We incorporate these features into a random search model with multidimensional skills, mismatch penalties and skill complementarity. We show that specialization lowers job-finding rates due to a lack of suitable jobs, but raises re-employment wages via improved productivity. Empirical evidence from displaced workers in both countries confirms these predictions. Our findings reconcile competing views in the literature by showing that specialization entails trade-offs and is neither uniformly beneficial nor harmful.

我们研究工人专业化——工人的技能与劳动力市场中普遍存在的技能之间的距离——如何影响就业结果。利用美国和法国的数据，我们首先证明了专业工作的特点是技能不对称和附近就业机会的稀缺。我们将这些特征整合到一个具有多维技能、错配惩罚和技能互补的随机搜索模型中。我们表明，专业化由于缺乏合适的工作而降低了就业率，但通过提高生产率提高了再就业工资。来自两国失业工人的经验证据证实了这些预测。我们的研究结果调和了文献中相互矛盾的观点，表明专业化需要权衡，既不总是有益的，也不总是有害的。

引用次数: 0

Replacing labour with capital: Evidence from aggregate mobility shocks 用资本取代劳动力：来自总体流动性冲击的证据

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102832

Bharadwaj Kannan , Roberto Pinheiro , Harry J. Turtle

Do firms respond to labour mobility shocks? We construct an overlapping generations model where policies restricting labour mobility present firms with an important trade-off. Firms leverage their monopsony power to reduce late-career wages while early-career workers demand a wage premium to join the restricted sector. In response to higher labour turnover costs, firms alter their optimal capital–labour ratio. We confirm these predictions in the data by exploiting the statewide adoption by state supreme courts of the inevitable disclosure doctrine (IDD) as a valid legal doctrine intended to protect trade secrets by restricting labour mobility. Post-IDD, early-career workers receive higher starting wages, late-career workers experience slower wage growth, firms raise investment by 3.5%, and their capital–labour ratio by 5.5%. Our results suggest that firms respond meaningfully to labour mobility shocks by replacing labour with capital.

企业对劳动力流动冲击有反应吗？我们构建了一个代际重叠模型，其中限制劳动力流动的政策给企业带来了重要的权衡。公司利用他们的垄断力量来降低后期职业的工资，而早期职业的工人则要求工资溢价才能加入受限制的行业。为了应对更高的劳动力流动成本，企业改变了其最优资本劳动比。我们通过利用州最高法院在全州范围内采用的不可避免的披露原则（IDD）作为旨在通过限制劳动力流动来保护商业秘密的有效法律原则，在数据中证实了这些预测。在idd之后，早期职业工作者的起薪更高，晚期职业工作者的工资增长较慢，企业将投资提高3.5%，资本劳动比率提高5.5%。我们的研究结果表明，企业通过用资本取代劳动力来有效地应对劳动力流动性冲击。

引用次数: 0

Do levy penalties boost disability hiring in SMEs? Evidence from a Japanese quota reform 征收罚款会否促进中小企业聘用残疾人士？来自日本配额改革的证据

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102831

Kodai Matsumoto , Yota Okumura , Atsushi Morimoto , Kazufumi Yugami

Financial incentives can shape firms’ compliance with employment quotas, yet their effectiveness remains contested. This study examines whether Japan’s levy-grant system for disability employment promotes hiring in small and medium-sized enterprises. Using administrative data on statutory quota compliance, we exploit a 2015 reform—lowering the coverage threshold from firms with more than 200 to more than 100 employees—as a natural experiment. Difference-in-differences estimates, supplemented by regression discontinuity analysis, reveal heterogeneous effects by pre-reform compliance status. Firms already meeting the quota expanded disability employment in anticipation of the reform, thereby avoiding future levies, while non-compliant firms increased hiring only after coverage took effect. Near the 100-employee threshold, the policy raised the number of employees with disabilities by 0.2–0.3 persons, the employment rate by 0.2–0.3 percentage points, and the probability of employing at least one person with a disability by 12–15 percentage points. Effects weakened after about seven years, and no evidence was found that grants induced further hiring among compliant firms. Sectoral estimates show larger effects in manufacturing, consistent with accumulated know-how that lowers adaptation costs. These results suggest that levy penalties, rather than grants, drive early employment gains, particularly among firms previously out of compliance.

财政激励可以影响企业对就业配额的遵守，但其有效性仍有争议。本研究探讨日本残障就业征费补助制度是否能促进中小企业的就业。利用法定配额合规的行政数据，我们利用2015年的改革——将员工人数超过200人的企业的覆盖门槛降低到100人以上——作为一个自然实验。差异中的差异估计，辅以回归不连续分析，揭示了改革前合规状态的异质性效应。已经达到配额的企业在预期改革的情况下扩大了残疾人就业，从而避免了未来的征税，而不符合配额的企业只有在保险生效后才增加了招聘。在100名员工门槛附近，该政策将残疾员工人数提高0.2-0.3人，就业率提高0.2-0.3个百分点，雇用至少一名残疾人的概率提高12-15个百分点。大约七年后，这种影响减弱了，没有证据表明拨款会促使合规公司进一步招聘。行业估计显示，制造业受到的影响更大，这与降低适应成本的积累技术相一致。这些结果表明，征收罚款，而不是补助，推动了早期就业的增长，特别是在以前不遵守规定的公司中。

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引用次数: 0

Location, housing and employment opportunities 地理位置、住房和就业机会

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102827

Vera Chiodi , Bruno Crépon , Guillermo Cruces

Housing conditions, residential location, and employment are key determinants of individual welfare, particularly for vulnerable populations facing credit constraints and information frictions. We examine how housing assistance affects employment outcomes using a randomized controlled trial in France that provided vulnerable youth (aged 18–25) with both job search assistance and housing support, including rent guarantees. The program successfully improved housing conditions: beneficiaries experienced better accommodation stability, reduced precarious situations, and increased satisfaction with their housing. However, despite substantial social worker support, the program did not improve employment rates, contract types, or earnings. Strikingly, beneficiaries moved to neighborhoods with objectively worse employment opportunities and lower socioeconomic indicators, yet reported higher satisfaction with their residential areas. This apparent paradox reveals that beneficiaries appear to prioritize housing affordability and conditions over employment access. Our results suggest that successful interventions may need to explicitly balance housing improvements with maintaining access to employment opportunities.

住房条件、居住地点和就业是个人福利的关键决定因素，特别是对面临信贷限制和信息摩擦的弱势群体而言。我们通过在法国进行的一项随机对照试验来检验住房援助如何影响就业结果，该试验为弱势青年（18-25岁）提供求职援助和住房支持，包括租金担保。该方案成功地改善了住房条件：受益人体验到更好的住宿稳定性，减少了不稳定的情况，并提高了对住房的满意度。然而，尽管有大量社会工作者的支持，该计划并没有提高就业率、合同类型或收入。引人注目的是，受益人搬到了客观上就业机会更差、社会经济指标更低的社区，但他们对自己居住的地区的满意度却更高。这个明显的悖论揭示了受益者似乎优先考虑住房负担能力和条件，而不是就业机会。我们的研究结果表明，成功的干预措施可能需要明确地平衡住房改善与保持就业机会。

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引用次数: 0

Deconstructing job search behavior 解构求职行为

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102822

Stefano Banfi , Sekyu Choi , Benjamín Villena-Roldán

Using online job board data, we study the key factors driving application decisions for unemployed and employed job seekers. We identify relevant job consideration sets using a network approach based on co-application patterns. We document how demographics and ad timing affect applications, finding evidence consistent with stock–flow matching for the unemployed. Furthermore, we show seekers respond strongly to misalignment in education, experience, wages, and location, generally applying where observable alignment is good, although employed seekers seem more ambitious, showing greater tolerance for underqualification in education and a tendency to apply for jobs above their declared wage expectations. Methodologically, we propose this network approach for defining consideration sets, helping address potential biases in standard market definitions. This evidence contributes to understanding search behavior and differences between seeker types.

利用在线求职板数据，我们研究了影响失业和在职求职者申请决策的关键因素。我们使用基于协同应用模式的网络方法确定相关的工作考虑集。我们记录了人口统计和广告时间如何影响应用程序，找到与失业人员的库存流量匹配一致的证据。此外，我们发现求职者对教育、经验、工资和地点的不一致反应强烈，通常适用于可观察到的一致性良好的地方，尽管求职者似乎更有野心，对教育不足表现出更大的容忍度，并倾向于申请高于其宣布的工资预期的工作。在方法上，我们提出这种网络方法来定义考虑集，帮助解决标准市场定义中的潜在偏差。这一证据有助于理解搜索行为和搜索者类型之间的差异。

引用次数: 0

College scholarships, poverty, signaling and employment opportunities: Evidence from a field experiment 大学奖学金、贫困、信号和就业机会：来自实地实验的证据

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102828

Jorge M. Agüero , Francisco B. Galarza Arellano , Gustavo Yamada

We study the signaling effect of a college scholarship in a labor market where disadvantaged groups face discrimination. Using a correspondence (audit) study, we find that including information about being a scholarship recipient on a resume increases the likelihood of receiving a job interview callback by 20 %. However, the effect is much smaller for resume profiles featuring characteristics that are less common among low-income individuals. This pattern is consistent with the scholarship also conveying a negative socioeconomic signal to employers, helping explain why actual beneficiaries rarely include it on their resumes.

我们研究了在弱势群体面临歧视的劳动力市场中，大学奖学金的信号效应。通过一项通信（审计）研究，我们发现在简历中包含奖学金获得者的信息会增加20%的面试回访的可能性。然而，对于那些在低收入人群中不太常见的简历特征，这种影响要小得多。这种模式与奖学金也向雇主传递负面的社会经济信号是一致的，这有助于解释为什么真正的受益者很少在简历上包括它。

引用次数: 0

Minimum wages in a dual labor market: Evidence from the 2019 minimum-wage hike in Spain 双重劳动力市场中的最低工资：来自西班牙2019年最低工资上涨的证据

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102826

Alexander Hijzen , Mateo Montenegro , Ana Sofia Pessoa

This paper provides an assessment of the 2019 minimum-wage hike in Spain, which increased the minimum wage by 22 % and directly concerned 7 % of dependent employees. We make use of two complementary approaches, one that follows incumbent workers over time and hence does not take account of any possible effects on new hires, and one that tracks employment in wage bins over time and takes account of both separations and new hires. The results are as follows. First, the minimum wage hike significantly increased the wages of directly affected workers, with small positive wage spillovers on workers with initial wages just about the new minimum wage. Second, the increase in wages comes at the expense of a reduction in low-wage employment. While employment increases just above the minimum wage, it is not sufficient to offset the decline in employment below it. Third, the reduction in employment is mainly driven by a reduction in hires of workers on open-ended contracts and to a smaller extent job losses among workers on fixed-term contracts. This illustrates that limiting the study of minimum wage hikes to stayers can dampen the estimated impact on employment.

本文对西班牙2019年最低工资上涨进行了评估，该上涨将最低工资提高了22%，直接涉及7%的受抚养员工。我们采用了两种互补的方法，一种是长期跟踪在职员工，因此不考虑对新员工的任何可能影响；另一种是长期跟踪工资仓中的就业情况，并考虑离职和新员工。结果如下：首先，最低工资上调显著提高了直接受影响的工人的工资，对初始工资与新最低工资相近的工人的工资溢出效应很小。其次，工资的增长是以低工资就业的减少为代价的。虽然就业增长仅略高于最低工资，但这不足以抵消低于最低工资的就业下降。第三，就业减少的主要原因是无固定期限合同工人的就业减少，以及固定期限合同工人在较小程度上的失业。这说明，将最低工资上调的研究局限于滞留者，可能会降低对就业的估计影响。

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