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Gender peer effects in university courses: Evidence from tutorial groups 大学课程中的性别同伴效应:来自辅导小组的证据
IF 2.6 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102804
Yuxuan Zhang
This paper analyzes the impacts of peer gender composition on students’ educational outcomes using administrative records from a world top-ranking university in Singapore.1 Leveraging a unique tutorial balloting system at the university, I explore the near-random variation in gender composition across different tutorial groups within the same course. A modified version of the commonly used balance test method from the literature is applied to demonstrate random fluctuations in gender ratio across tutorial groups. At the baseline, I found positive and significant impact of having more female peers on both male and female students’ academic performance. Nevertheless, there are substantial heterogeneity across student-level characteristics. This paper, in particular, also established a direct comparison of gender peer effects between quantitative and qualitative fields and found asymmetric impacts on male and female students. Overall, the results imply that the impacts of peer gender composition vary considerably across contexts and policy construction must account for this variability instead of aiming for a one-size-fits-all solution.
本文利用新加坡一所世界一流大学的行政记录,分析了同龄人性别构成对学生教育成果的影响。1利用该大学独特的导师组投票系统,我探索了同一课程中不同导师组性别构成的近乎随机变化。本文采用文献中常用的平衡测试方法的改进版本来证明辅导小组性别比例的随机波动。在基线上,我发现有更多的女性同伴对男女学生的学习成绩都有积极而显著的影响。然而,在学生水平的特征上存在着实质性的异质性。特别的是,本文还建立了定量和定性领域性别同伴效应的直接比较,发现男女学生的影响不对称。总体而言,研究结果表明,同龄人性别构成的影响在不同背景下差异很大,政策建设必须考虑到这种差异,而不是以一刀切的解决方案为目标。
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引用次数: 0
Market-oriented reforms and human capital reallocation in urban China: A gender perspective 市场化改革与中国城市人力资本再配置:性别视角
IF 2.6 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102811
Pengzhan Qian
Until the early 1990s, jobs were assigned by the government in urban China, and education opportunities were limited. Under these constraints, talented people, especially women, may not have been educated or assigned to occupations that suited their abilities best, resulting in a misallocation of human capital. Over the years, market-oriented reforms, such as abolishing the job assignment system and expanding college education, have changed people’s occupational and educational choices significantly. This paper investigates the macroeconomic consequences of market-oriented reforms between 1990 and 2010. I build a quantitative model of occupational and educational choice with wedges to measure the degrees of misallocation. I find that market-oriented reforms have significantly reduced misallocations. Without any market-oriented reforms, 19% of young people in 2010 would have chosen different occupations. Consequently, the human capital of the young cohort would have been 1.6% lower, and economic output would have been 0.8% lower.
直到20世纪90年代初,中国城市的工作都是由政府分配的,受教育的机会也很有限。在这些限制下,有才能的人,特别是妇女,可能没有受过教育或没有被分配到最适合其能力的职业,导致人力资本分配不当。多年来,以市场为导向的改革,如取消分工制度和扩大大学教育,极大地改变了人们的职业和教育选择。本文研究了1990年至2010年间市场化改革的宏观经济后果。我建立了一个职业和教育选择的定量模型,用楔子来衡量错配的程度。我发现,市场化改革大大减少了错配。如果没有市场导向的改革,2010年19%的年轻人会选择不同的职业。因此,年轻群体的人力资本将降低1.6%,经济产出将降低0.8%。
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引用次数: 0
Asymmetric labor supply responses to tax rate reform: Experimental evidence 非对称劳动力供给对税率改革的响应:实验证据
IF 2.6 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102810
Katharina Pfeil , Matthias Kasper , Sarah Necker , Lars P. Feld
We study how individuals adjust their labor supply in response to tax reforms that alter income tax progressivity. In an online experiment with 522 participants, we compare responses to reforms that replace a progressive tax system with a flat tax and vice versa. We find asymmetric effects: labor supply increases when a progressive regime is replaced by a flat tax system, but does not decline when progressivity is introduced. This increase in labor provision occurs only when the reform lowers the marginal tax rate, not when it raises it. Our results suggest that labor supply responses to tax reforms are nuanced and path-dependent: reforms change behavior when they ease tax burdens for individuals who were previously discouraged from working more due to progressive thresholds.
我们研究个人如何调整其劳动力供给,以应对改变所得税累进性的税制改革。在一项有522名参与者参与的在线实验中,我们比较了人们对以单一税制取代累进税制和以单一税制取代累进税制的反应。我们发现了不对称效应:当累进税制被单一税制取代时,劳动力供给增加,但当引入累进税制时,劳动力供给不会下降。只有当改革降低边际税率,而不是提高边际税率时,劳动力供应才会增加。我们的研究结果表明,劳动力供给对税收改革的反应是微妙的和路径依赖的:改革在减轻个人的税收负担时改变了行为,这些个人以前因累进门槛而不愿更多地工作。
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引用次数: 0
Tip suggestions and service efficiency 小费建议和服务效率
IF 2.6 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102767
Guangli Zhang , Jeffrey Cross
That customers respond to tip suggestions is well-documented, but less is known about how changing tip suggestions impacts service quality. Leveraging the unique setting of New York City taxicabs, we document that increasing tip suggestions improves driver efficiency (e.g., shorter distance) only when total fares are fixed. Findings from this paper thus provide novel evidence that changes in tip suggestions can impact supply-side behavior, such as service efficiency. Our results show, however, that the effect will likely vary based on the market setting, particularly the pricing mechanisms and the opportunity cost of slower service.
顾客对小费建议的反应是有据可查的,但对于改变小费建议如何影响服务质量却知之甚少。利用纽约市出租车的独特设置,我们证明,只有在总票价固定的情况下,增加小费建议才能提高司机的效率(例如,缩短距离)。因此,本文的研究结果提供了新的证据,证明小费建议的变化可以影响供方行为,如服务效率。然而,我们的研究结果表明,这种影响可能会因市场环境而异,特别是定价机制和慢速服务的机会成本。
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引用次数: 0
Wage setting protocols and labor market conditions: Theory and evidence 工资设定协议与劳动力市场条件:理论与证据
IF 2.6 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102806
Stanislav Rabinovich , Brenda Samaniego de la Parra , Ronald Wolthoff
We theoretically and empirically examine how firms’ choices of wage-setting protocols respond to labor market conditions. We develop a simple model in which workers can send multiple job applications and firms choose between posting wages and Nash bargaining. Posting a wage allows the firm to commit to lower wages than would be negotiated ex-post, but eliminates the ability to respond to a competing offer, should the worker have one. The model makes predictions about the joint correlation between the application–vacancy ratio, the number of applications per worker, and the incidence of wage posting. We find empirical support for these predictions in a novel dataset from an online job board. Our theory also implies that an increase in labor market competition may manifest itself through the incidence of wage posting rather than a change in the posted wages themselves; and that labor market regulations such as pay transparency laws have redistributive equilibrium effects by disproportionately benefiting workers with few applications.
我们从理论上和经验上考察了企业对工资设定协议的选择如何响应劳动力市场条件。我们开发了一个简单的模型,在这个模型中,工人可以发送多个工作申请,公司在公布工资和纳什议价之间做出选择。公布工资可以让公司承诺比事后协商的工资更低的工资,但如果员工有竞争对手的报价,公司就无法对其做出回应。该模型预测了申请空缺率、每个工人的申请数量和工资发布发生率之间的联合相关性。我们从一个在线招聘板的新数据集中找到了这些预测的实证支持。我们的理论还表明,劳动力市场竞争的增加可能通过发布工资的发生率而不是发布工资本身的变化来表现出来;劳动力市场法规,如薪酬透明法,通过不成比例地惠及很少申请的工人,具有再分配平衡效应。
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引用次数: 0
The Hedgehog’s curse: Knowledge specialization and displacement loss 刺猬的诅咒:知识专业化和位移损失
IF 2.6 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102769
Victor Hernandez Martinez , Hans A. Holter , Roberto Pinheiro
This paper studies the impact of knowledge specialization on earnings losses following displacement. We develop a novel measure of human capital specialization based on the share of knowledge areas that are irrelevant for an occupation. Combining our measure with individual labor histories from the NLSY, we show that workers with human capital specialization one standard deviation larger than average suffer earnings losses 4.8 percentage points larger than average per year following exogenous displacement. A longer average duration of non-employment spells and occupational downgrading are the two mechanisms that explain the negative effect of specialization on post-displacement earnings.
本文研究了知识专业化对置换后收入损失的影响。我们开发了一种基于与职业无关的知识领域份额的人力资本专业化的新措施。将我们的测量与NLSY的个人劳动历史相结合,我们表明,人力资本专业化程度比平均水平高出一个标准差的工人,在外源性流离失所后,每年的收入损失比平均水平高出4.8个百分点。较长的平均失业时间和职业降级是解释专业化对流离失所后收入的负面影响的两种机制。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of tenure-track systems on selection and productivity in Economics 经济学中终身职位制度对人才选择和生产力的影响
IF 2.6 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102779
Marco Giovanni Nieddu , Roberto Nisticò , Lorenzo Pandolfi
This paper examines how publication-based tenure-track systems affect the careers of Ph.D. graduates in Economics. We leverage a 2010 reform in Italy that replaced open-ended assistant professor (AP) positions with fixed-term contracts and introduced publication minimum requirements for career advancement. Using survey and administrative data, along with a Difference-in-Differences Event-Study approach comparing Economics to less academically-oriented fields, we find that the reform significantly reduced the likelihood of Economics Ph.D. graduates entering academia in Italy, while increasing transitions to academic careers abroad or to public and private sector jobs. Talented graduates were disproportionately affected, revealing negative selection into Italian academia following the removal of permanent AP positions. Despite these trends, tenure-track hires tend to publish more in high-ranking journals, suggesting that the reform’s incentive effects may partly mitigate its negative selection effects.
本文考察了基于出版物的终身职位制度如何影响经济学博士毕业生的职业生涯。我们利用意大利2010年的改革,用固定期限合同取代了开放式助理教授职位,并引入了职业晋升的最低出版要求。利用调查和行政数据,以及将经济学与较少学术导向的领域进行比较的差异事件研究方法,我们发现改革显著降低了经济学博士毕业生进入意大利学术界的可能性,同时增加了向国外学术职业或公共和私营部门工作的过渡。有才华的毕业生受到了不成比例的影响,这揭示了在取消AP永久职位后,意大利学术界的负面选择。尽管有这些趋势,但聘用的终身教职员工倾向于在高级期刊上发表更多文章,这表明改革的激励效应可能在一定程度上缓解了其负面的选择效应。
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引用次数: 0
Long-run impacts of fertility restriction policy on China’s gender gap in career advancement 生育限制政策对中国职业发展性别差距的长期影响
IF 2.6 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102782
Chen Chen
This paper examines the impact of China’s family planning policies in the 1970s (“Later, Longer, Fewer” campaign) on the long-term career advancement of men and women. Despite the high female labor force participation rates, I use a cohort Triple-Difference approach and find a significant gender gap in achieving managerial positions among those affected by the policies, with average exposure reducing these disparities by 20%. The narrowing of the gender gap is more pronounced for women in non-white-collar or non-female-dominated industries, where fewer institutional advantages leave women more vulnerable to fertility-related career disruptions. Women more exposed to family planning policies tend to seek college education, increase labor input, and rely less on offspring for old-age support, with no analogous findings in men, suggesting that human capital accumulation is a key mechanism for the narrowing of the gender gap in career outcomes. This paper underscores the capacity of policy interventions to influence labor market dynamics and foster gender equality.
本文考察了20世纪70年代中国计划生育政策(“晚、长、少”运动)对男女长期职业发展的影响。尽管女性劳动力参与率很高,但我使用了队列三重差异方法,发现受政策影响的女性在获得管理职位方面存在显著的性别差距,平均暴露将这些差距缩小了20%。在非白领或非女性主导行业的女性中,性别差距的缩小更为明显,在这些行业,制度优势较少,女性更容易受到与生育相关的职业中断的影响。受计划生育政策影响更大的女性倾向于寻求大学教育,增加劳动投入,对子女养老的依赖程度更低,而男性则没有类似的发现,这表明人力资本积累是缩小职业成果性别差距的关键机制。本文强调了政策干预影响劳动力市场动态和促进性别平等的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Working from home after COVID-19: Evidence from job postings in 20 countries 2019冠状病毒病后在家工作:来自20个国家招聘信息的证据
IF 2.2 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102751
Pawel Adrjan , Gabriele Ciminelli , Alexandre Judes , Michael Koelle , Cyrille Schwellnus , Tara M. Sinclair
Remote work surged during the COVID-19 pandemic. To analyze its post-pandemic persistency, we construct an original dataset measuring remote and hybrid work (WFH) in 20 OECD countries and 55 occupations from January 2019 to December 2023, based on over 1 billion job postings from the global job site Indeed. The share of job postings advertising WFH more than quadrupled from about 2.5 % to around 11 % between January 2020 and January 2023 in the average country in our sample, continuing to grow even after pandemic-related restrictions were phased out. Exploiting changes in pandemic severity across countries and differences in the feasibility of remote work across occupations in a difference-in-differences design, we find that increases in pandemic severity substantially raised advertised WFH, but pandemic easing had no effect. We then use job search data to document persistently high interest in WFH from jobseekers and conclude that the post-pandemic persistency of WFH may partly be a response by employers to demand for flexibility from workers.
在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间,远程工作激增。为了分析其大流行后的持续性,我们构建了一个原始数据集,测量2019年1月至2023年12月期间20个经合组织国家和55个职业的远程和混合工作(WFH),该数据集基于全球求职网站Indeed的10多亿个招聘信息。在我们的样本中,在2020年1月至2023年1月期间,平均每个国家的招聘广告中,WFH的比例翻了两番多,从2.5%左右增至11%左右,即使在与大流行相关的限制措施逐步取消之后,这一比例仍在继续增长。在差异中差异设计中,利用各国大流行严重程度的变化和跨职业远程工作可行性的差异,我们发现大流行严重程度的增加大大提高了宣传的工作时间,但大流行缓解没有影响。然后,我们使用求职数据来记录求职者对工作时间的持续高兴趣,并得出结论,大流行后工作时间的持续存在可能部分是雇主对工人灵活性要求的回应。
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引用次数: 0
Understanding labour productivity in maternity wards 了解产房的劳动生产率
IF 2.2 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-01 Epub Date: 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102760
Marina Di Giacomo , Massimiliano Piacenza , Luca Salmasi , Gilberto Turati
This paper provides a causal estimate of labour productivity in maternity wards. We consider an Italian law that defines the staffing requirements of hospital maternity units according to the annual number of births. We exploit the discontinuities in the availability of medical staff caused by thresholds in the law to define both instrumental variables and a regression discontinuity framework that allows us to estimate the causal effect of different teams of professionals on the mode of delivery and on the health status of newborns and mothers at delivery. The analysis is based on detailed patient-level data on births in an Italian region. We find that maternity units with annual births above the thresholds are more likely to have a 'full team' of professionals at delivery. We find that having a full team has no effect on the mode of delivery (caesarean section vs vaginal birth). However, the presence of a full team has a significant impact on health outcomes. We find an improvement in both neonatal and maternal outcomes associated with a more intensive use of medical interventions, suggesting that larger hospitals are better than smaller units at managing deliveries with appropriate treatments to avoid complications. In addition, we do not find substantial heterogeneous effects across days of the week, time of day, or nationality of mothers.
本文提供了产房劳动生产率的因果估计。我们审议了一项意大利法律,该法律根据每年的出生人数规定了医院妇产部门的人员配备要求。我们利用法律中阈值导致的医务人员可用性的不连续性来定义工具变量和回归不连续性框架,使我们能够估计不同专业团队对分娩方式以及新生儿和分娩时母亲健康状况的因果影响。该分析基于意大利某地区详细的分娩患者数据。我们发现,年出生率高于阈值的产科单位更有可能在分娩时拥有“完整的专业团队”。我们发现,拥有一个完整的团队对分娩方式(剖腹产还是顺产)没有影响。但是,一个完整的小组的存在对健康结果有重大影响。我们发现,与更密集地使用医疗干预措施相关的新生儿和产妇结局都有所改善,这表明,在通过适当治疗避免并发症的分娩管理方面,大医院比小医院做得更好。此外,我们没有发现在一周中的几天、一天中的时间或母亲的国籍之间存在实质性的异质性影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Labour Economics
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