Labour Economics最新文献

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Tuition fees and academic (in)activity 学费和学术活动

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102809

Johannes Berens , Leandro Henao , Kerstin Schneider

We examine the effects of abolishing moderate tuition fees (EUR 500 per semester) in Germany on higher education outcomes. Using administrative panel data from a state university, we find that tuition-free students reduced their academic effort: active students postponed graduation, while low-activity students became more inactive by withdrawing from registered exams. Leveraging detailed student-level data, we analyze the ghost student phenomenon, in which enrolled students show no academic activity. This pattern emerges from strong enrollment incentives combined with a lack of performance standards. After the reform, the share of ghost students increased, reducing the efficiency of public spending on higher education.

我们研究了在德国取消中等学费（每学期500欧元）对高等教育成果的影响。利用一所州立大学的行政小组数据，我们发现免学费的学生减少了他们的学业努力：积极的学生推迟毕业，而不积极的学生则通过退出注册考试而变得更加不积极。利用详细的学生数据，我们分析了幽灵学生现象，在这种现象中，入学的学生没有任何学术活动。这种模式源于强大的入学激励和缺乏表现标准。改革后，幽灵学生的比例增加，降低了高等教育公共支出的效率。

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Gender norms and child penalties 性别规范和儿童惩罚

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102770

Radine Rafols

I study how early gender beliefs shape the labor market consequences of parenthood. Drawing on panel data from the NLSY79, I document sharp and persistent gender gaps in wages, hours, employment, and earnings following childbirth. Mothers with egalitarian norms exhibit stronger labor force attachment and suffer smaller penalties across all outcomes. To understand mechanisms, I demonstrate that gender norms affect decisions that typically correlate with labor market success. A causal mediation analysis reveals that the indirect effect of norm beliefs on fertility explain a sizable share of the gap between modern and traditional mothers, while education, marriage timing, and occupational sorting play more limited roles.

我研究早期的性别观念如何影响为人父母对劳动力市场的影响。根据NLSY79的面板数据，我记录了分娩后在工资、工作时间、就业和收入方面明显而持续的性别差距。拥有平等主义规范的母亲在所有结果中都表现出更强的劳动力依恋，受到的惩罚也更小。为了理解其中的机制，我证明了性别规范会影响那些通常与劳动力市场成功相关的决策。一项因果中介分析显示，规范信念对生育率的间接影响解释了现代母亲与传统母亲之间相当大的差距，而教育、结婚时机和职业分类的作用则更为有限。

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Inequality in pension contribution gaps1 养老金缴纳差距的不平等

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102807

Salvador Valdés-Prieto , Samuel Leyton

We examine how gaps in contributions to social insurance vary across the earnings distribution. These gaps have multiple short-term effects on workers in addition to reducing contributory pensions. Using a 14-year panel from Chile, we find that earners in the two lowest wage deciles experience substantially higher gaps, a result that persists after controlling for extensive covariates, individual fixed effects and applying instrumental variables. The remaining incidence of the wage decile on earner gaps is a collective attribute of each wage decile that may help guide policy. We also analyze total gaps—which include periods of inactivity—using a 35-year administrative panel. Total gap frequency declines from 91–90% in the lowest decile to 26% in the highest, a larger inequality than in other estimates. We further measure the dispersion of cumulative total gaps over a 20-year horizon, starting from different initial earnings deciles. Finally, we review reasons for weak political incentives to reduce earner gaps through closing statutory exemptions and increasing enforcement budgets.

我们研究了社会保险缴费差距在不同收入分配中的差异。这些缺口除了减少养老金缴款外，还会对工人产生多重短期影响。通过对智利长达14年的调查，我们发现工资水平最低的两个十分之一的收入者的收入差距要大得多，在控制了广泛的协变量、个体固定效应和应用工具变量之后，这一结果仍然存在。工资十分位数对收入差距的剩余影响是每个工资十分位数的集体属性，可能有助于指导政策。我们还分析了总差距——包括不活动的时期——使用了一个35年的行政小组。总差距频率从最低十分位数的91-90%下降到最高十分位数的26%，差距比其他估计更大。我们从不同的初始收入十分位数开始，进一步测量了20年期间累积总差距的分散程度。最后，我们回顾了通过关闭法定豁免和增加执法预算来减少收入差距的政治动机薄弱的原因。

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First generation college students and peer effects 第一代大学生和同伴效应

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102768

Michael S. Kofoed , Todd R. Jones

Higher education policymakers are concerned about the success of first-generation college students. In this study, we investigate one potential factor that may influence the outcomes of first-generation students: their peers. We leverage the assignment of roommates at The United States Military Academy (West Point) to study the effect of being exposed to a roommate(s) with a one standard deviation higher SAT score on first-semester math and English grades for first-generation students. In our main specifications, we fail to detect statistically significant effects, though we can rule out effects larger than around 0.05 to 0.07 standard deviations in final course grades.

高等教育政策制定者关注的是第一代大学生的成功。在这项研究中，我们调查了一个可能影响第一代学生成绩的潜在因素：他们的同龄人。我们利用美国军事学院（西点军校）室友的分配，研究了第一代学生在第一学期的数学和英语成绩上，面对一个SAT分数高出一个标准差的室友的影响。在我们的主要规范中，我们没有检测到统计上显著的影响，尽管我们可以排除在最终课程成绩中大于0.05到0.07标准差的影响。

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Career concerns as public good: The role of signaling for open source software development 作为公共利益的职业关注：开放源代码软件开发的信号作用

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102800

Lena Abou El-Komboz, Moritz Goldbeck

Why do developers contribute to open-source software (OSS), a public good? We study OSS activity of some 22,900 developers on the largest online code repository platform, GitHub, and find evidence in favor of career concerns as a motivation. Our difference-in-differences model leverages temporal variation in signaling incentives to identify OSS activity driven by career concerns. We find that OSS activity of users who move for a job is significantly elevated in the job search period. This effect is driven by projects increasing external visibility and written in programming languages highly valued in the labor market, but with a lower direct use-value for the community.

为什么开发者要为开源软件（OSS）这个公益事业做贡献？我们研究了最大的在线代码存储平台GitHub上约22,900名开发人员的OSS活动，并找到了支持职业考虑作为动机的证据。我们的差异中的差异模型利用信号激励中的时间变化来识别由职业关注驱动的OSS活动。我们发现，在求职期间，为工作而迁移的用户的OSS活动显著增加。这种效果是由增加外部可见性的项目驱动的，这些项目是用在劳动力市场上很有价值的编程语言编写的，但是对社区的直接使用价值较低。

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The impact of flexibility at work on fertility 工作灵活性对生育能力的影响

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102787

Bernt Bratsberg , Selma Walther

Leveraging the first Covid-19 lockdown in Norway as a laboratory for an increase in work flexibility, we uncover a significant and persistent 10% increase in births. Using the Goldin (2014) measure of work flexibility based on occupation characteristics, we show that fertility increases were concentrated among women in “greedy jobs” with lower flexibility prior to lockdown. We formalize this intuition in a theoretical model where a rise in flexibility increases a woman’s time budget and boosts the fertility of higher earning women. The increase in work flexibility under Covid-19 lockdown allowed high-earning women in inflexible jobs to alleviate the career-family trade-off.

利用挪威首次Covid-19封锁作为提高工作灵活性的实验室，我们发现出生率显著持续增长10%。利用Goldin（2014）基于职业特征的工作灵活性度量，我们表明，在封锁之前，生育率的增长集中在“贪婪工作”中灵活性较低的女性。我们将这种直觉形式化为一个理论模型，即灵活性的提高增加了女性的时间预算，并提高了高收入女性的生育率。在新冠疫情封锁期间，工作灵活性的提高使从事不灵活工作的高收入女性能够缓解职业与家庭之间的权衡。

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Disentangling structural change, servitization, and skill-biased change 拆解结构变化、服务化和技能偏向的变化

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102778

Dominik Boddin , Thilo Kroeger

This paper analyzes three key labor market trends – structural change, servitization, and skill-biased change – using German data from 1975 to 2017. Through a decomposition analysis, we discern their individual impacts on employment shifts, revealing their distinct roles in the German labor market’s evolution. Servitization and skill-biased change significantly influence employment growth alongside structural change. Surprisingly, for instance, structural change accounted for only two-thirds of job losses in the manufacturing sector. Further analysis uncovers more detailed patterns across tasks, firm types, and regions.

本文利用德国1975年至2017年的数据，分析了劳动力市场的三个关键趋势——结构变化、服务化和技能偏向化。通过分解分析，我们发现了它们对就业转移的个体影响，揭示了它们在德国劳动力市场演变中的独特作用。服务化和技能偏向变化与结构变化一起显著影响就业增长。例如，令人惊讶的是，结构性变化只占制造业失业的三分之二。进一步的分析揭示了跨任务、公司类型和地区的更详细的模式。

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The Hedgehog’s curse: Knowledge specialization and displacement loss 刺猬的诅咒：知识专业化和位移损失

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102769

Victor Hernandez Martinez , Hans A. Holter , Roberto Pinheiro

This paper studies the impact of knowledge specialization on earnings losses following displacement. We develop a novel measure of human capital specialization based on the share of knowledge areas that are irrelevant for an occupation. Combining our measure with individual labor histories from the NLSY, we show that workers with human capital specialization one standard deviation larger than average suffer earnings losses 4.8 percentage points larger than average per year following exogenous displacement. A longer average duration of non-employment spells and occupational downgrading are the two mechanisms that explain the negative effect of specialization on post-displacement earnings.

本文研究了知识专业化对置换后收入损失的影响。我们开发了一种基于与职业无关的知识领域份额的人力资本专业化的新措施。将我们的测量与NLSY的个人劳动历史相结合，我们表明，人力资本专业化程度比平均水平高出一个标准差的工人，在外源性流离失所后，每年的收入损失比平均水平高出4.8个百分点。较长的平均失业时间和职业降级是解释专业化对流离失所后收入的负面影响的两种机制。

引用次数: 0

Tip suggestions and service efficiency 小费建议和服务效率

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-08-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102767

Guangli Zhang , Jeffrey Cross

That customers respond to tip suggestions is well-documented, but less is known about how changing tip suggestions impacts service quality. Leveraging the unique setting of New York City taxicabs, we document that increasing tip suggestions improves driver efficiency (e.g., shorter distance) only when total fares are fixed. Findings from this paper thus provide novel evidence that changes in tip suggestions can impact supply-side behavior, such as service efficiency. Our results show, however, that the effect will likely vary based on the market setting, particularly the pricing mechanisms and the opportunity cost of slower service.

顾客对小费建议的反应是有据可查的，但对于改变小费建议如何影响服务质量却知之甚少。利用纽约市出租车的独特设置，我们证明，只有在总票价固定的情况下，增加小费建议才能提高司机的效率（例如，缩短距离）。因此，本文的研究结果提供了新的证据，证明小费建议的变化可以影响供方行为，如服务效率。然而，我们的研究结果表明，这种影响可能会因市场环境而异，特别是定价机制和慢速服务的机会成本。

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Work less but stay longer — Mature worker responses to a flexibility reform 少工作，长时间工作——成熟员工对灵活性改革的反应

IF 2.6 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-08-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102771

Erik Hernæs , Zhiyang Jia , John Piggott , Trond Christian Vigtel

Many consider that reducing the eligibility age for pension benefits will discourage labour supply among mature workers. This paper analyses a recent Norwegian pension reform that effectively lowered the eligibility age for retirement for some workers from 67 to 62, and we find that the above proposition might not be true. For these workers, the option of flexibly claiming from age 62 is introduced while the expected present value of benefits is held constant through actuarial adjustment of the periodic pension payments. This reform provides us with a unique opportunity to isolate the impact of increased flexibility on labour supply. We employ an event-study difference-in-difference approach to study the labour supply response (measured by number of weekly working hours as well as labour earnings) on the intensive and extensive margin. For those aged from 62 to 66, the reform leads to an increase in the labour supply at the extensive margin of 1.3 percentage points with a reduction in inflow to disability, and a decrease in the intensive margin of labour supply as measured by weekly working hours. In addition, a shift in the distribution of labour earnings further supports the finding that there is a decrease in the intensive margin of labour supply. Our findings thus suggest that increased pension flexibility could promote a gradual exit from the labour market, allowing for greater individual choice and positive welfare effects. This flexibility could also be an important component of broader pension reform.

许多人认为，降低领取养老金的资格年龄将阻碍成年工人的劳动力供应。本文分析了挪威最近的养老金改革，该改革有效地将一些工人的退休年龄从67岁降低到62岁，我们发现上述命题可能不成立。对于这些工人，从62岁开始实行灵活申索的选择，而通过定期养恤金支付的精算调整，保持福利的预期现值不变。这一改革为我们提供了一个独特的机会，以隔离增加灵活性对劳动力供应的影响。我们采用事件-研究差异的方法来研究劳动力供给对集约化和粗放化边际的响应（通过每周工作小时数和劳动收入来衡量）。对于那些年龄在62岁至66岁之间的人来说，改革导致劳动力供应增加了1.3个百分点，减少了残疾人的流入，并减少了以每周工作时间衡量的劳动力供应密集度。此外，劳动收入分配的变化进一步支持了劳动供给密集边际减少的结论。因此，我们的研究结果表明，提高养老金的灵活性可以促进劳动力市场的逐步退出，允许更大的个人选择和积极的福利效应。这种灵活性也可以成为更广泛的养老金改革的重要组成部分。

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