Labour Economics最新文献

英文中文

Racial representation among academics and students’ academic and labor market outcomes 学者和学生的学术和劳动力市场结果中的种族代表性

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102745

Angus Holford , Sonkurt Sen

We study the impact of racial representation among academic staff on university students’ academic and labor market outcomes. We use administrative data on the universe of staff and students at all UK universities, linked to survey data on students’ post-graduation outcomes, exploiting idiosyncratic variation (conditional on a rich set of fixed effects and observable student, staff, and university-department level characteristics) in the proportion of racial minority academic staff to whom students are exposed. We find that minority and own-race representation benefits the academic outcomes of minority groups: When minority students are exposed to 1 standard deviation higher proportion of minority academics, they are 1.03ppt (2% of the mean) more likely to graduate with a first or upper second class honors degree and they are also 0.88ppt (1.5% of the mean) more likely to graduate on time. There is no beneficial impact of minority or own-race representation on the labor market outcomes of minorities. However, we do find that minority representation among academic staff significantly increases progression of minority students to graduate study, suggesting that there may be benefits of same-race representation operating through provision of role models or domain-specific advice and guidance.

我们研究了学术人员中种族代表性对大学生学业和劳动力市场结果的影响。我们使用了所有英国大学教职员工和学生的行政数据，与学生毕业后成果的调查数据相关联，利用了学生所接触的少数种族学术人员比例的特殊变化（以一系列丰富的固定效应和可观察的学生、教职员工和大学系级特征为条件）。我们发现，少数族裔和本种族的代表有利于少数族裔的学术成果：当少数族裔学生的学术比例高出1个标准差时，他们获得一等或二等以上荣誉学位的可能性增加1.03个百分点（占平均值的2%），按时毕业的可能性也增加0.88个百分点（占平均值的1.5%）。少数族裔或本种族代表对少数族裔的劳动力市场结果没有有利影响。然而，我们确实发现，学术人员中的少数族裔代表显著提高了少数族裔学生的研究生学习进度，这表明，通过提供榜样或特定领域的建议和指导，同种族代表可能会带来好处。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of area-level waiting times for psychological therapies on individual-level labour market outcomes 区域层面心理治疗等待时间对个人层面劳动力市场结果的影响

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102748

Joe Dodd, Luke Munford, Matt Sutton, Igor Francetic

The association between common mental health conditions, including anxiety and depression, and labour outcomes has been extensively documented. However, the consequences of delaying access to therapies addressing these conditions is unknown. The NHS Talking Therapies programme was launched in England in 2008 and had expanded to reach 1.24 million users by 2021. We investigate the reduced-form impact of delayed access to this programme on the gap in probability of employment and taking time away from work attributable to poor mental health. We measure mental health and labour outcomes using 2015-2019 data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study. As this does not record use of Talking Therapies, we use poor mental health to proxy capacity to benefit and identify the intent-to-treat effect. A one standard deviation (10.5 days) decrease in median area-level waiting time leads to a 1.5 percentage point decrease in the gap in probability of employment between individuals in good and poor mental health. Similarly, the gap in the probability of taking time away from work decreases by around 1 percentage point. Our findings are robust to alternative model specifications, sample definitions, treatment definitions, and dealing with potential selective attrition. Our reduced form estimates suggest that faster access to effective treatment can improve labour market outcomes and reduce the productivity losses associated with mental health problems.

包括焦虑和抑郁在内的常见心理健康状况与分娩结果之间的关联已得到广泛记录。然而，延迟获得治疗这些疾病的后果尚不清楚。NHS谈话疗法项目于2008年在英格兰启动，到2021年已扩大到124万用户。我们调查了由于心理健康状况不佳而延迟获得该计划对就业概率差距和请假的影响。我们使用英国家庭纵向研究的2015-2019年数据来衡量心理健康和劳动结果。由于这并没有记录谈话疗法的使用情况，我们用不良的心理健康状况来代表获益的能力，并确定治疗意图的效果。区域一级等待时间中位数每减少一个标准差（10.5天），心理健康状况良好和心理健康状况不佳的个人就业概率差距就会缩小1.5个百分点。同样，从工作中抽出时间的概率差距减少了大约1个百分点。我们的发现是稳健的替代模型规范，样本定义，处理定义，并处理潜在的选择性损耗。我们的简化形式估计表明，更快地获得有效治疗可以改善劳动力市场结果，减少与精神健康问题相关的生产力损失。

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引用次数: 0

Who will work on Sunday? The winners and losers of Sunday laws relaxation 谁星期天上班？周日法律放松的赢家和输家

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102744

Dominique Goux , Eric Maurin

In 2016, a law authorized Sunday working in the retail sector in some thirty French areas. We show that the reform did not coincide with any significant increase in retail trade employment in target areas. However, the increase in the number of days shops are open has led employers to favor employees who are sufficiently experienced to manage a store independently. There has been a significant drop in the employment share of less experienced workers, as well as a sharp decline in the share of single parents, for whom it is difficult to reconcile family responsibilities and Sunday work.

2016年，一项法律授权在法国约30个地区的零售部门周日工作。我们发现，改革并未与目标区零售业就业的显著增加同时发生。然而，商店营业天数的增加导致雇主青睐那些有足够经验能够独立管理商店的员工。经验不足的工人的就业比例大幅下降，单亲父母的比例也大幅下降，因为他们很难协调家庭责任和周日工作。

引用次数: 0

Why does temporary work increase disability insurance inflow? 为什么临时工增加伤残保险流入？

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102719

Pierre Koning , Paul Muller , Roger Prudon

We show that workers with fixed-term contracts are substantially more likely to apply for and be awarded disability insurance (DI) benefits than permanent workers. We study whether this differential can be explained by (i) selection of worker types into contracts, (ii) the relation between contract type and the risk of illness, (iii) differences in employer support during illness, and (iv) differences in labour market prospects of ill workers. We find that selection actually masks part of the differential, whereas the impact of contract type on health is limited. In contrast, the difference in employer support during illness is a significant cause of the heightened DI risk of temporary workers, especially in slack labour markets. We therefore conclude that, conditional on being ill, workers with fixed-term contracts face different support structures and incentives that make them more likely to ultimately apply for and be awarded DI.

我们表明，与长期工人相比，有固定期限合同的工人更有可能申请并获得残疾保险（DI）福利。我们研究了这种差异是否可以通过以下几个方面来解释：(i)合同中工人类型的选择，（ii）合同类型与疾病风险之间的关系，（iii）患病期间雇主支持的差异，以及（iv）患病工人劳动力市场前景的差异。我们发现选择实际上掩盖了部分差异，而合同类型对健康的影响是有限的。相反，患病期间雇主支持的差异是临时工失业风险增加的一个重要原因，尤其是在劳动力市场疲软的情况下。因此，我们得出结论，在生病的条件下，有固定期限合同的工人面临不同的支持结构和激励措施，这使他们更有可能最终申请并获得残障保险。

引用次数: 0

Who picks up the slack? Understanding spousal responses to unemployment spells 谁来收拾残局？了解配偶对失业的反应

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-05-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102732

Laura Kawano , Sara LaLumia , Shanthi Ramnath , Michael Stevens

We use a large panel of married households to update estimated added worker effects. In response to a primary earner’s job loss, secondary earners are 1.1 to 2.4 percentage points more likely to work and compensate for 3.6 to 5.1 percent of the displaced worker’s lost earnings. When a secondary earner is displaced, spousal employment is unchanged but there is a substantial earnings reduction. These small compensatory responses are explained by an increased probability that the nondisplaced spouse exits employment, either through correlated unemployment shocks or retirement. Conditional on relative-earner status, sex-based differences in added worker effects are small.

我们使用一个大型已婚家庭面板来更新估计的额外工人效应。作为对初级收入者失业的回应，次级收入者工作的可能性要高出1.1至2.4个百分点，并弥补失业工人收入损失的3.6%至5.1%。当一个第二收入者被取代时，配偶就业没有改变，但收入会大幅减少。这些小的补偿性反应可以解释为，非流离失所的配偶通过相关的失业冲击或退休退出就业的可能性增加。在相对收入地位的条件下，基于性别的额外工人效应差异很小。

引用次数: 0

Paid parental leave and long-term outcomes of children—Quasi-experimental evidence from former East Germany 带薪育儿假与儿童的长期影响——来自前东德的准实验证据

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-05-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102740

Katharina Heisig , Larissa Zierow

This study investigates the impact of an increase in paid parental leave from six to twelve months on children’s long-term outcomes. Our setting—former East Germany—is characterized by high maternal labor market participation and a universal supply of standardized childcare. It thus mitigates identification issues such as selection into the labor market and provides a clear counterfactual to maternal care. Applying a difference-in-differences design and using representative survey data, we exploit the specific timing of the parental leave reforms in 1976 and 1986. We find significant and robust positive effects on children’s life satisfaction in adulthood for both reforms. Effects on gross wages are positive but not robust across different specifications. A heterogeneity analysis by gender reveals positive effects on trust and health among males.

本研究调查了带薪育儿假从6个月增加到12个月对儿童长期结果的影响。我们的背景是前东德，其特点是产妇劳动力市场参与度高，普遍提供标准化的托儿服务。因此，它减轻了诸如选择进入劳动力市场等识别问题，并为产妇保健提供了明确的反事实。采用差异中差异设计，并利用代表性调查数据，研究了1976年和1986年产假改革的具体时间。我们发现这两项改革对儿童成年后的生活满意度都有显著的积极影响。对总工资的影响是积极的，但不同规格的影响并不强烈。性别异质性分析显示，男性对信任和健康有积极影响。

引用次数: 0

Being a frontline worker in a health emergency: Healthcare workers’ absences and health during the COVID-19 pandemic 作为突发卫生事件的一线工作者：COVID-19大流行期间医护人员的缺勤与健康

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-05-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102727

Hege Gjefsen , Mari Grøsland , Maja W. Grøtting , Bjørn-Atle Reme

This paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health and absenteeism of healthcare workers. Our findings show an increase in sick leave due to non-COVID-19-related illness and mental health-related consultations in primary care. Additionally, we observe a rise in the use of prescription medications for mental health issues, though this result is less certain due to a shorter observation period. The adverse effects are particularly pronounced among lower-status occupational roles and in regions with higher infection rates. However, the moderate difference in effects across areas with varying levels of infection rates suggests that, beyond the direct impact of treating COVID-19 patients, stringent infection control measures may have contributed to the adverse effects. While these effects appear to be largely transitory, we estimate the cost of increased sick leave due to non-COVID-19-related illness among healthcare workers during the pandemic to be approximately 45 million EUR.

本文探讨了COVID-19大流行对卫生保健工作者健康和缺勤的影响。我们的研究结果显示，因与covid -19无关的疾病和初级保健中与心理健康相关的咨询而请病假的人数有所增加。此外，我们观察到使用处方药治疗心理健康问题的人数有所增加，尽管由于观察期较短，这一结果不太确定。在地位较低的职业角色和感染率较高的地区，不良影响尤其明显。然而，不同感染率地区的效果差异不大，这表明，除了治疗COVID-19患者的直接影响外，严格的感染控制措施可能是造成不良反应的原因之一。虽然这些影响似乎在很大程度上是暂时的，但我们估计，在大流行期间，卫生保健工作者因非covid -19相关疾病而增加的病假费用约为4500万欧元。

引用次数: 0

Gendered language in job ads and applicant behavior: Evidence from India 招聘广告中的性别语言与求职者行为：来自印度的证据

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-05-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102726

Sugat Chaturvedi , Kanika Mahajan , Zahra Siddique

We examine employers’ gender preferences using 157,888 job ads posted on an online job portal in India which received 6.45 million applications. About 8% of the job ads include an explicit gender preference. We apply text analysis methods on job titles and detailed job descriptions to construct measures indicating how predictive the job ad text is of employers’ explicit gender preferences. We find that advertised wages are lower in jobs where employers prefer women, even when this preference is implicitly retrieved through text analysis, and that these jobs attract a larger share of female applicants. We find that explicit gender requests by employers explain 7% of the gender wage gap in applied-for-jobs between comparable men and women after accounting for a wide range of controls. Implicit gender associations in the job ad text, together with explicit requests, explain 17% of this gap. We then systematically uncover gendered words or attributes employers associate with men and women. We find that hard skills-related female-gendered words have lower returns but attract a higher share of female applicants, while male-gendered words indicating decreased flexibility (e.g., frequent travel or unusual working hours) have higher returns but result in a smaller share of female applicants. Finally, we identify words in job ads associated with a higher female applicant share, which can be leveraged in future experimental research and assist organizations looking to attract a diverse applicant pool.

我们研究了雇主的性别偏好，在印度的一个在线就业门户网站上发布了157,888个招聘广告，收到了645万份申请。大约8%的招聘广告包含明确的性别偏好。我们对职位名称和详细的职位描述应用文本分析方法来构建指标，表明招聘广告文本对雇主明确的性别偏好的预测程度。我们发现，在雇主更喜欢女性的工作中，即使通过文本分析隐含地检索到这种偏好，广告上的工资也会更低，而且这些工作吸引了更多的女性求职者。我们发现，在考虑了广泛的控制因素后，雇主明确的性别要求解释了申请工作时男女之间性别工资差距的7%。招聘广告文本中隐含的性别联想，加上明确的要求，解释了17%的差距。然后，我们系统地揭示雇主与男性和女性联系在一起的性别词汇或属性。我们发现，与硬技能相关的女性词汇的回报率较低，但吸引了更多的女性求职者；而表明灵活性较低（例如，频繁出差或不寻常的工作时间）的男性词汇的回报率较高，但导致女性求职者的比例较小。最后，我们在招聘广告中识别出与女性求职者比例较高相关的词汇，这可以在未来的实验研究中加以利用，并帮助那些希望吸引多样化求职者的组织。

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引用次数: 0

Robots for economic development 机器人促进经济发展

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102731

Massimiliano Calì , Giorgio Presidente

Recent evidence suggests that in manufacturing, automation technologies entail a trade-off between productivity gains and employment losses for the economies that adopt them. This paper casts doubts on such trade-off in the context of a developing country. It shows significant employment gains from automation in Indonesian manufacturing during the years 2008–2015, a period of rapid increase in robot imports. Analysis based on manufacturing plant data provides evidence that the absence of this trade-off is due to diminishing productivity returns to robot adoption. As a result, the benefits from automation could be particularly large for countries at early stages of industrialization.

最近的证据表明，在制造业中，自动化技术需要在生产率提高和就业损失之间进行权衡。本文在发展中国家的背景下对这种权衡提出了质疑。报告显示，在2008年至2015年期间，印尼制造业自动化带来了显著的就业增长，这是机器人进口快速增长的时期。基于制造工厂数据的分析提供了证据，表明这种权衡的缺失是由于采用机器人的生产率回报降低。因此，对于处于工业化早期阶段的国家来说，自动化带来的好处可能特别大。

引用次数: 0

Hiring mental health professionals: Evidence from a large-scale policy in Brazil 雇用心理健康专业人员：来自巴西大规模政策的证据

IF 2.2 2区经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS

Labour Economics

Pub Date : 2025-05-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2025.102728

Matías Mrejen , Rudi Rocha

This paper evaluates the impact of a policy that promoted the hiring of mental health professionals in public healthcare services in Brazil by exploiting the staggered adoption of the program across municipalities. We find large positive effects on the employment of non-medical health professionals in healthcare facilities and on their production outputs, along with smaller effects on psychiatrist employment and dispensation of drugs. Lower scarcity of non-medical health professionals in the local labor market was associated with greater hiring effects, while substitution of incumbent workers and spillovers across health facilities, sectors and regions did not play any significant role. Despite hiring efforts, however, no significant impact is observed on related mortality, hospitalizations, or sick leave days. Results suggest an increased availability of employed skilled professionals might not be enough to curb more extreme adverse health outcomes.

本文评估了一项政策的影响，该政策通过利用跨城市交错采用的方案，促进了巴西公共医疗保健服务中心理健康专业人员的招聘。我们发现，这对医疗机构中非医疗卫生专业人员的就业及其生产产出产生了巨大的积极影响，对精神科医生的就业和药物分配的影响较小。当地劳动力市场上非医疗卫生专业人员的稀缺性较低与更大的招聘效应有关，而现有工人的替代和跨卫生设施、部门和区域的溢出效应没有发挥任何重大作用。然而，尽管采取了招聘措施，但对相关死亡率、住院率或病假天数没有显著影响。结果表明，就业技术专业人员的增加可能不足以遏制更极端的不良健康后果。

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全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

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