Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry最新文献_第10页

Development of the scrupulosity inventory: A factor analysis and construct validity study 审慎性量表的开发:因子分析与结构效度研究

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101926

Chris H. Miller , Dawson W. Hedges , Bruce Brown , Joseph Olsen , Elijah C. Baughan

Background and objectives

Scrupulosity, despite its considerable prevalence and morbidity, remains under-investigated. The present study develops and examines the psychometric properties of a comprehensive assessment tool, the Scrupulosity Inventory (SI).

Methods

The SI, along with other measures of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and perfectionism, were administered to a sample (N = 150) of college undergraduates similar in size to other scale development studies of related measures. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the SI, examined its convergent and divergent validity, and assessed its ability to predict categorical diagnoses of scrupulosity using a receiver operator characteristic analysis.

Results

We found a well-fitting confirmatory bifactor model (RMSEA = 0.049) with a strong general Scrupulosity factor ( $ω_{H_{S}} = 0.907$ ) and specific factors for Personal Violations ( $ω_{H_{S}} = 0.212$ ), Ritualized Behavior ( $ω_{H_{S}} = 0.505$ ), Interference with Life ( $ω_{H_{S}} = 0.254$ ), and Problem Pervasiveness ( $ω_{H_{S}} = 0.430$ ). As predicted, we also found the strongest convergence (r = 0.63) between the SI and the Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS), intermediate convergence (r = 0.54) between the SI and Perfectionism Inventory (PI), and weaker convergence (r = 0.47) between the SI and YBOCS. Finally, we found that a categorical diagnosis of scrupulosity was highly predicted by the SI (AUC = 0.84), less well-predicted by the PIOS (AUC = 0.75) and less well predicted by the YBOCS (AUC = 0.69).

Limitations

This study was conducted among a sample of undergraduates at a religiously affiliated university.

Conclusions

These results suggest utility in using the SI to measure the severity of scrupulosity symptoms and that scrupulosity and OCD may present significantly different clinical features.

背景与目的尽管糖尿病的患病率和发病率很高，但仍未得到充分的研究。本研究开发并检验了一种综合评估工具的心理测量特性，即严谨量表(SI)。方法将SI与强迫症和完美主义的其他测量方法一起应用于一个样本(N = 150)的大学生，该样本的规模与其他相关测量方法的量表开发研究相似。我们对SI进行了探索性和验证性因素分析，检验了其收敛性和发散性有效性，并使用接收算子特征分析评估了其预测谨慎性分类诊断的能力。结果验证性双因子模型(RMSEA = 0.049)具有较强的一般严谨性因子(ωHS=0.907)和个人违规(ωHS=0.212)、仪式化行为(ωHS=0.505)、干扰生活(ωHS=0.254)和问题普遍性(ωHS=0.430)的特定因子。正如预测的那样，我们还发现SI与Penn诚信量表(PIOS)之间的收敛性最强(r = 0.63)，SI与完美主义量表(PI)之间的收敛性中等(r = 0.54)，SI与YBOCS之间的收敛性较弱(r = 0.47)。最后，我们发现谨慎性的分类诊断被SI高度预测(AUC = 0.84)，被PIOS预测较差(AUC = 0.75)和被YBOCS预测较差(AUC = 0.69)。本研究是在一所宗教附属大学的本科生中进行的。结论这些结果提示使用SI来衡量严谨症状的严重程度是有用的，并且严谨和强迫症可能表现出明显不同的临床特征。

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引用次数: 0

Aversive conditioning is impaired in impulsive individuals: A study on learning asymmetries 冲动型人的厌恶性条件反射会受损：关于学习不对称的研究

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101939

Laurens T. Kemp , Tom Smeets , Anita Jansen , Katrijn Houben

Background and objectives

Appetitive and aversive conditioning are thought to be involved in the development and maintenance of mental disorders including anxiety, mood, eating, and substance use disorders. However, few studies measure the relative strength of appetitive and aversive associations, and their relevance to the risk of mental disorders. This study aims to address this gap.

Methods

We tested how readily healthy volunteers acquire appetitive vs. aversive associations. 150 participants associated complex 3D objects with either gain or loss and made decisions to gain or avoid losing points. We investigated the relationship of a learning asymmetry with neuroticism, impulsivity, and anhedonia, to test the hypothesis that a stronger learning asymmetry corresponds to more extreme scores on these traits.

Results

Impulsivity was positively associated with the learning asymmetry (R² = .10). This resulted from an inverse relation with the strength of aversive associations, indicating that impulsive individuals are worse at aversive learning. However, appetitive associations did not differ significantly. No correlations with neuroticism or anhedonia were found.

Limitations

Conditioning studies typically use primary reinforcers and a CS-. Lacking these may make these results less comparable to other studies.

Conclusions

We demonstrate that the learning asymmetry can measure individual differences linked to personality traits, and that impulsivity, normally linked with appetitive learning, also influences aversive learning. These results enable additional studies of learning asymmetry in relation to mental disorders, which could include measurements of mental health symptoms to provide further insight into how appetitive and aversive learning interacts with mental disorders.

背景和目的人们认为食欲和厌恶性条件反射与焦虑、情绪、饮食和药物使用障碍等精神障碍的发展和维持有关。然而，很少有研究测量食欲和厌恶关联的相对强度及其与精神障碍风险的相关性。我们测试了健康志愿者获得食欲性联想与厌恶性联想的容易程度。150名参与者将复杂的三维物体与获得或失去联系起来，并做出获得或避免失去点数的决定。我们研究了学习不对称与神经质、冲动性和失乐症的关系，以验证这样一个假设，即学习不对称越强，这些特质的得分就越极端。结果冲动性与学习不对称呈正相关（R2 = .10）。这是因为冲动性与厌恶性联想的强度成反比，表明冲动型个体的厌恶性学习能力更差。然而，食欲联想却没有显著差异。局限性条件反射研究通常使用主要强化物和 CS-。结论我们证明了学习不对称性可以测量与人格特质相关的个体差异，而且通常与食欲学习相关的冲动性也会影响厌恶学习。这些结果有助于进一步研究学习不对称性与精神障碍的关系，其中可包括对精神健康症状的测量，从而进一步了解食欲学习和厌恶学习与精神障碍的相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Effectiveness of exposure-based treatment for childhood anxiety disorders: An open clinical trial to test its relation with indices of emotional processing and inhibitory learning 暴露疗法对儿童焦虑症的疗效：测试其与情绪处理和抑制性学习指数关系的开放式临床试验

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101942

Rachel de Jong , Miriam J.J. Lommen , Peter J. de Jong , Wiljo J.P.J. van Hout , Adina C.E. Duin-van der Marel , Maaike H. Nauta

Background and objectives

The current study examined how effectiveness of exposure-based CBT was related to indices of emotional processing and inhibitory learning during exposure exercises.

Methods

Adolescents with anxiety disorder(s) (N = 72; age 11–19; 85% girls) received a group-based, intensive two-week treatment of which effectiveness was indexed by the SCARED and by ratings of anxiety and approach towards individualized goal situations. To index emotional processing, subjective units of distress (SUDs) were used to indicate both initial and final fear level, and absolute, relative, and total dose of fear reduction. To index inhibitory learning, subjective threat expectancies (STEs) were used to indicate initial and final threat expectancy, and absolute, relative, and total dose of expectancy change.

Results

From pre-treatment to follow-up, there was a large-sized reduction of anxiety symptoms, small-sized decrease of subjective anxiety and a large-sized increase in subjective approach towards individual treatment goals. Higher fear levels prior to exposure were related to a larger decrease of symptoms. Higher threat expectancies after exposure exercises were independently associated with less decrease of anxiety and increase of approach towards treatment goals. Total dose of experienced fear reduction and total dose of experienced expectancy change were (partly) independently related to more increase in approach towards individualized goal situations.

Limitations

As patients also received other treatment elements, the results cannot be interpreted unequivocally.

Conclusions

The pattern of findings seems to indicate that emotional processing (as indexed by fear reduction) and inhibitory learning (as indexed by expectancy change) are both relevant in exposure-based CBT.

方法患有焦虑症的青少年（72 人；年龄 11-19 岁；85% 为女孩）接受了为期两周的小组强化治疗，治疗效果由 SCARED 以及焦虑评分和对个性化目标情境的接近程度来衡量。在情绪处理方面，采用主观痛苦单位（SUDs）来表示最初和最终的恐惧水平，以及减少恐惧的绝对、相对和总剂量。结果从治疗前到随访期间，焦虑症状大幅减少，主观焦虑大幅减少，对个人治疗目标的主观态度大幅提高。暴露前较高的恐惧水平与症状的大幅减少有关。暴露练习后，较高的威胁预期与焦虑的减少和治疗目标的增加有独立的联系。局限性由于患者还接受了其他治疗要素，因此无法对结果做出明确的解释。结论研究结果的模式似乎表明，情绪处理（以恐惧减少为指标）和抑制性学习（以期望值变化为指标）在基于暴露的 CBT 中都是相关的。

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引用次数: 0

Examining the influence of self-referential thinking on aberrant salience and jumping to conclusions bias in individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders 研究自我参照思维对精神分裂症谱系障碍患者异常显著性和跳脱结论偏差的影响

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101935

Shreya Jagtap , Michael W. Best

Background and objectives

Cognitive processes such as aberrant salience and the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias are implicated in the development of delusions. Self-referential thinking is implicated in this process; however, it is unknown how it may interact with aberrant salience and JTC bias in individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSDs). This study examined associations of self-referential thinking with aberrant salience, JTC bias, and delusion severity, and whether self-referential stimuli led to an increase in aberrant salience and JTC bias in SSDs (n = 20) relative to psychiatrically healthy controls (n = 20).

Methods

To assess aberrant salience and JTC bias, participants were asked to complete both self-referential and neutral versions of the Salience Attribution Test (SAT) and the Beads Task, as well as self-report measures of aberrant salience and JTC bias.

Results

Self-referential task condition interacted with clinical group to predict JTC beads task scores, such that participants with SSDs exhibited greater levels of JTC bias than psychiatrically healthy controls during the neutral task condition, when controlling for levels of motivation, cognitive insight, and functioning. Self-referential thinking was significantly associated with aberrant salience, JTC bias, and delusion severity.

Limitations

This experiment examined trait-level relationships between variables, so does not provide information about state-level interrelationships and would benefit from replication using more dynamic methods such as ecological momentary assessment.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the interrelationships between self-referential thinking, JTC bias, aberrant salience, and delusion severity, in individuals with SSDs, and support the interactive role of self-referential thinking in predicting JTC bias.

背景与目的认知过程如异常显著性和跳脱性结论(JTC)偏差与妄想的发展有关。这一过程涉及自我参照思维;然而，尚不清楚它如何与精神分裂症谱系障碍(ssd)患者的异常显著性和JTC偏倚相互作用。本研究考察了自我参照思维与异常显著性、JTC偏差和妄想严重程度的关联，以及自我参照刺激是否导致ssd患者(n = 20)相对于精神健康对照组(n = 20)的异常显著性和JTC偏差增加。方法为了评估异常显著性和JTC偏差，参与者被要求完成自我参照和中立版本的显著性归因测试(SAT)和珠子任务，以及自我报告的异常显著性和JTC偏差测量。结果自我参照任务条件与临床组相互作用预测JTC珠子任务得分，因此，在控制动机、认知洞察力和功能水平时，在中性任务条件下，ssd参与者比精神健康对照组表现出更高的JTC偏差水平。自我参照思维与异常显著性、JTC偏差和妄想严重程度显著相关。该实验考察了变量之间的特征级关系，因此不能提供有关状态级相互关系的信息，并且将受益于使用更动态的方法(如生态瞬时评估)进行复制。结论ssd患者自我参照思维、JTC偏倚、异常显著性和妄想严重程度之间存在相互关系，支持自我参照思维在预测JTC偏倚中的交互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Sleep-related attentional bias in insomnia: The mediating role of arousal 失眠症中与睡眠有关的注意偏差：唤醒的中介作用

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101943

Cindy Lebrun , Pom Charras , Sophie Bayard

Background and objectives

Characterize the nature of attentional biases toward nocturnal and diurnal sleep-related stimuli in individuals with insomnia disorder. We investigated the contributing role of sleep-related attentional biases in insomnia severity and whether their effects on insomnia severity were mediated by arousal and valence levels of the presented stimuli.

Methods

Sixty-four individuals with insomnia disorder and 70 controls completed two Posner spatial cueing tasks including both nocturnal (alarm clocks) and diurnal (fatigue) pictorial stimuli associated with neutral cues. Arousal and valence of the sleep-related stimuli were assessed using a 5-point Likert type scale.

Results

Attention biases characterized by difficulty disengaging from and increased avoidance for daytime fatigue, and by difficulty disengaging from alarm clocks were observed in individuals with insomnia disorder compared to controls. On the whole sample, difficulty to disengage from diurnal and nocturnal sleep-related stimuli were related mostly to higher arousal rating of sleep-related stimuli and insomnia severity. Higher arousal rating for sleep-related stimuli mediates the relationship between difficulty disengaging and insomnia severity.

Limitations

The cross-sectional nature of the study.

Conclusions

We provide first initial evidence for an attentional bias characterized by on one side, avoidance for diurnal sleep-related stimuli and on other side, disengagement for both diurnal and nocturnal sleep-related stimuli in patients with insomnia. Disengagement difficulties for both diurnal and nocturnal sleep-related stimuli indirectly affected insomnia severity through arousal elicited by these stimuli. It appears important to develop and apply attentional bias modification training therapeutic interventions that can effectively reduce sleep-related arousal and attentional biases.

背景和目的描述失眠症患者对夜间和昼间睡眠相关刺激的注意偏差的性质。方法64名失眠症患者和70名对照组患者完成了两项Posner空间线索任务，包括与中性线索相关的夜间（闹钟）和昼夜（疲劳）图形刺激。结果与对照组相比，失眠症患者出现了注意偏差，其特点是难以脱离白天的疲劳并增加了对疲劳的回避，以及难以脱离闹钟。在所有样本中，难以脱离昼间和夜间睡眠相关刺激主要与睡眠相关刺激的唤醒等级较高和失眠严重程度有关。研究的横断面性质。结论我们首次提供了失眠症患者注意力偏差的初步证据，这种偏差的特点是一方面回避昼间睡眠相关刺激，另一方面脱离昼间和夜间睡眠相关刺激。对昼间和夜间睡眠相关刺激的脱离困难会通过这些刺激引起的唤醒间接影响失眠的严重程度。看来，开发和应用能有效减少睡眠相关唤醒和注意偏差的注意偏差修正训练治疗干预非常重要。

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引用次数: 0

Implicit aggressive self-concept in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Results from an approach-avoidance task 强迫症患者的内隐攻击性自我概念:来自接近-回避任务的结果

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101927

Josefine Gehlenborg, Franziska Miegel, Steffen Moritz, Jakob Scheunemann, Amir-Hosseyn Yassari, Lena Jelinek

Background and objectives

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have reported higher anger and aggression than healthy individuals in previous studies using explicit measures. However, studies using implicit measures have demonstrated mixed results. The aim of the present study was to investigate implicit aggressiveness in OCD using an approach-avoidance task (AAT).

Methods

Seventy-eight patients with OCD and 37 healthy controls underwent structured clinical interviews and measures of anger, OCD, and depressive symptoms as well as a computerized AAT that included aggressive, peaceful, negative, and positive stimuli.

Results

In line with previous studies, patients with OCD reported higher scores on explicit anger. With respect to the implicit measure, repeated measures ANOVAs did not show any differences in mean reaction times for pushing compared to pulling aggressive versus peaceful and negative versus positive words. However, analyses of specific OCD symptom dimensions demonstrated significantly faster reaction times for pulling compared to pushing aggressive words for patients with high scores in the OCD symptom dimensions obsessing and hoarding.

Limitations

Eighty percent of patients with OCD showed psychiatric comorbidities and all were seeking treatment.

Conclusion

The present study supports previous studies reporting the absence of higher aggressiveness in patients with OCD compared to healthy controls using implicit measures. However, in contrast to previous studies, we found an implicit approach bias towards aggressive self-statements for OCD patients scoring high in the symptom dimensions obsessing and hoarding compared to healthy controls. Future studies should further elucidate putative functional relationships between different OCD symptom dimensions and implicit aggressiveness.

背景与目的在以往的研究中，强迫症(OCD)患者的愤怒和攻击性高于健康人。然而，使用隐式测量的研究显示了不同的结果。本研究的目的是利用趋近-回避任务(AAT)来研究强迫症的内隐攻击性。方法78名强迫症患者和37名健康对照者进行了结构化的临床访谈，测量了愤怒、强迫症和抑郁症状，并进行了计算机化的AAT，包括攻击性、平和性、消极和积极刺激。结果与之前的研究一致，强迫症患者在显性愤怒上的得分更高。对于内隐测量，重复测量方差分析没有显示推与拉的平均反应时间有任何差异，攻击性与和平，消极与积极词汇。然而，对特定强迫症症状维度的分析表明，在强迫症症状维度上得分较高的患者，在拉动攻击性词语时的反应时间明显快于推动攻击性词语时的反应时间。局限性:80%的强迫症患者表现出精神上的合并症，并且都在寻求治疗。结论本研究支持先前的研究报告，使用内隐测量方法，强迫症患者与健康对照组相比没有更高的攻击性。然而，与之前的研究相比，我们发现强迫症患者的内隐方法倾向于攻击性自我陈述，与健康对照组相比，强迫症患者在症状维度上得分较高。未来的研究应进一步阐明强迫症不同症状维度与内隐攻击性之间的功能关系。

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引用次数: 0

Psychopathy and gaze cueing 精神病和凝视暗示

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101936

Carlo Garofalo , Andrew Jones , Lieke Nentjes , Steven M. Gillespie

Background and objectives

Psychopathic traits – and especially callous affective features – have been linked to altered processing of others’ emotional expressions, and to reduced attention to the eyes. Despite the importance of gaze cueing (i.e., the tendency to orient attention toward where someone else is looking) for social functioning, few studies have investigated relationships between psychopathic traits and gaze cueing, and whether facial emotional expression influence these relationships, obtaining mixed results. To address this gap, the present study aimed to evaluate associations between psychopathic traits and gaze cueing for emotional and neutral expressions.

Methods

65 non-clinical male participants (M_age = 27.3 years) completed two self-report measures of psychopathy and performed laboratory tasks to assess gaze-cueing for emotional vs. neutral faces and an arrow-cueing task as a comparison.

Results

Linear mixed models showed no significant associations of emotional (versus neutral) expressions, or psychopathy trait dimensions, with either gaze cueing or arrow cueing.

Limitations

Reliance on a convenience sample of non-clinical men, assessed with self-reports measures of psychopathy, and using static emotional stimuli limit the generalizability of our findings.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that psychopathic traits are not associated with individual differences in following others’ gaze to direct attention, and that there was no advantage for affective relative to neutral expressions.

背景和目的心理病态特征——尤其是冷酷无情的情感特征——与对他人情绪表达的处理方式改变以及对眼睛的注意力减少有关。尽管凝视线索(即将注意力转向他人注视的地方的倾向)对社会功能很重要，但很少有研究调查精神病特征与凝视线索之间的关系，以及面部情绪表达是否影响这些关系，得到的结果好坏参半。为了解决这一差距，本研究旨在评估精神病态特征与情绪和中性表情的凝视线索之间的联系。方法65名非临床男性参与者(Mage = 27.3岁)完成了两项精神病自我报告测量，并执行了实验室任务来评估情绪与中性面孔的凝视线索和箭头线索任务作为比较。结果线性混合模型显示，无论是凝视线索还是箭头线索，情绪(相对于中性)表达或精神病特征维度都没有显著关联。局限性依赖于方便的非临床男性样本，通过自我报告的精神病测量进行评估，并使用静态情绪刺激限制了我们研究结果的普遍性。结论心理变态特征与跟随他人目光转向直接注意的个体差异无关，情感表情相对于中性表情没有优势。

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引用次数: 0

Implicit beliefs and automatic associations in smoking 吸烟的内隐信念和自动联想

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101925

Helen Tibboel , Bram Van Bockstaele , Adriaan Spruyt , Ingmar Franken

Background and objectives

Dual process models of addiction suggest that controlled, goal-directed processes prevent drug-use, whereas impulsive, stimulus-driven processes promote drug-use. The most frequently used measure of automatic smoking-related processes, the implicit association test (IAT), has yielded mixed results. We examine the validity of two alternative implicit measures: 1) the affect misattribution procedure (AMP), a measure of automatic evaluations, and 2) the relational responding task (RRT), a measure of implicit beliefs.

Methods

Smokers and non-smokers performed smoking-related versions of the AMP and the RRT and filled in questionnaires for smoking dependence. Smokers participated in two sessions: once after they just smoked, and once after being deprived for 10 h. Smokers also kept a smoking diary for a week after the second session.

Results

We found significant differences between smokers and non-smokers on the RRT, t (86) = 2.86, p = .007, d = 0.61, and on the AMP, F (1, 85) = 6.22, p = .015, _pƞ² = 0.07. Neither the AMP nor the RRT were affected by the deprivation manipulation. Smoking dependence predicted smoking behavior in the following week; the AMP and RRT did not explain additional variance.

Limitations

Possibly, our manipulation was not strong enough to affect the motivational state of participants in a way that it changed their implicit cognitions. Future research should examine the sensitivity of implicit measures to (motivational) context.

Conclusions

We found limited evidence for the validity of the smoking-AMP and the smoking-RRT, highlighting the need for a critical view on implicit measures.

成瘾的双重过程模型表明，受控的、目标导向的过程可以防止吸毒，而冲动的、刺激驱动的过程则可以促进吸毒。最常用的自动吸烟相关过程的测量，内隐联想测试(IAT)，产生了不同的结果。我们研究了两种可选的内隐测量的效度:1)影响错误归因程序(AMP)，一种自动评估的测量，以及2)关系反应任务(RRT)，一种内隐信念的测量。吸烟者和非吸烟者进行了与吸烟相关的AMP和RRT测试，并填写了吸烟依赖问卷。吸烟者参加了两个阶段:一次是在他们刚吸完烟之后，另一次是在被剥夺了10个小时之后。吸烟者在第二阶段之后还记录了一周的吸烟日记。我们发现吸烟者和非吸烟者在RRT上有显著差异，t (86) = 2.86, p = 0.007, d = 0.61，在AMP上，F (1,85) = 6.22, p = 0.015, pƞ2 = 0.07。AMP和RRT均未受到剥夺操作的影响。吸烟依赖预测下一周吸烟行为;AMP和RRT不能解释额外的方差。可能，我们的操纵还不足以影响参与者的动机状态，从而改变他们的内隐认知。未来的研究应该考察内隐测量对(动机)语境的敏感性。我们发现吸烟- amp和吸烟- rrt有效性的证据有限，突出了对隐性测量的批判性观点的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

The legacy of social anxiety-linked negative expectancy: A pathway from pre-event negative expectancies to post-event negative thinking 与社交焦虑相关的消极预期的遗产：从事件发生前的消极预期到事件发生后的消极思维的路径

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101937

Julian Basanovic , Lily Kowal , Sophie Millward , Colin MacLeod

Background and objectives

Following engagement in a social event people with heightened vulnerability to social anxiety report elevated levels of negative thinking about the event, and this post-event negative thinking is implicated in the maintenance of social anxiety vulnerability. It has also been established that heightened social anxiety vulnerability is associated with disproportionately negative expectations of upcoming social events. However, contribution of social anxiety-linked pre-event negative expectancy to post-event negative thinking has not been directly investigated. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the relationship between social anxiety vulnerability and post-event negative thinking is mediated by pre-event negative expectancies that drive increased state anxiety at the time of encountering the event.

Methods

One-hundred and ten participants who varied in social anxiety vulnerability completed a simulated job interview. Participants reported negativity of expectancies before the event, state anxiety experienced at the time of encountering the event, and post-event negative thinking across the seven days following the event.

Results

Analyses revealed elevated social anxiety predicted increased negative post-event thinking. The association between social anxiety and post-event negative thinking was fully mediated by a mediation pathway involving pre-event negative expectancies and state anxiety at the time of encountering the interview event.

Limitations

The study used a laboratory-based social experience, and conclusions could usefully be tested in the context of natural social events.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that social anxiety-linked variation in pre-event negative expectancy may contribute to post-event negative thinking following a social event via its impact on state anxiety.

背景和目的在参与社交活动后，易受社交焦虑影响的人对社交活动的负面思考水平会升高，而这种活动后的负面思考与社交焦虑脆弱性的维持有关。此外，人们还发现，社交焦虑易感性的增强与对即将发生的社交事件的过度消极预期有关。然而，与社交焦虑相关的事件前消极预期对事件后消极想法的影响尚未得到直接研究。本研究旨在验证以下假设：社交焦虑脆弱性与事件发生后的消极思维之间的关系是由事件发生前的消极预期所介导的，这种消极预期会在遇到事件时促使状态焦虑增加。参与者报告了事件发生前的消极预期、事件发生时的焦虑状态以及事件发生后七天内的消极想法。结果分析表明，社交焦虑的升高预示着事件发生后消极想法的增加。结论研究结果表明，与社会焦虑有关的事件前消极预期的变化可能会通过其对状态焦虑的影响而导致社会事件后的消极思维。

{"title":"The legacy of social anxiety-linked negative expectancy: A pathway from pre-event negative expectancies to post-event negative thinking","authors":"Julian Basanovic , Lily Kowal , Sophie Millward , Colin MacLeod","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Following engagement in a social event people with heightened vulnerability to social anxiety report elevated levels of negative thinking about the event, and this post-event negative thinking is implicated in the maintenance of social anxiety vulnerability. It has also been established that heightened social anxiety vulnerability is associated with disproportionately negative expectations of upcoming social events. However, contribution of social anxiety-linked pre-event negative expectancy to post-event negative thinking has not been directly investigated. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the relationship between social anxiety vulnerability and post-event negative thinking is mediated by pre-event negative expectancies that drive increased state anxiety at the time of encountering the event.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>One-hundred and ten participants who varied in social anxiety vulnerability completed a simulated job interview. Participants reported negativity of expectancies before the event, state anxiety experienced at the time of encountering the event, and post-event negative thinking across the seven days following the event.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Analyses revealed elevated social anxiety predicted increased negative post-event thinking. The association between social anxiety and post-event negative thinking was fully mediated by a mediation pathway involving pre-event negative expectancies and state anxiety at the time of encountering the interview event.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The study used a laboratory-based social experience, and conclusions could usefully be tested in the context of natural social events.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The findings suggest that social anxiety-linked variation in pre-event negative expectancy may contribute to post-event negative thinking following a social event via its impact on state anxiety.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101937"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623001040/pdfft?md5=30cef25d5a36c3c098eba8ac59e905e8&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623001040-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138683245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effectiveness of a masked counterconditioning approach using continuous flash suppression to alleviate body dissatisfaction in women with high body image concerns 利用连续闪光抑制的掩蔽反调节方法来缓解对身体形象高度关注的女性的身体不满的有效性

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-06-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101938

Irina Masselman , Klaske A. Glashouwer , Mark M. Span , Peter J. de Jong

Background and objectives

Research that used counterconditioning (CC) to reduce women's negative body image has led to mixed results. One explanation could be that the negative responses elicited by own body pictures hinder the effectiveness of CC procedures in adjusting overly negative attitudes towards the own body. In this study we therefore tried to prevent the impact of negative responses by limiting women's perceptual awareness of the own body pictures during the CC procedure.

Methods

Women with a negative body image were randomly assigned to an experimental (n = 75) or control (n = 71) condition. In the experimental condition, participants’ masked body pictures were systematically followed by visible social approval cues (i.e., smiling faces), whereas neutral body-unrelated control pictures were followed by a blank screen. In the control condition, both own body and control pictures were followed by a blank screen.

Results

Participants in the experimental condition did not report a more positive evaluation of the own body (pictures) after CC than participants in the control condition. Also, the strength of automatic affective body evaluations as indexed by a single-target Implicit Association Test did not differ between conditions.

Limitations

Many participants did not remain fully unaware of their body pictures during conditioning.

Conclusions

The findings provided no support for the idea that CC with masked own body pictures can be used in women with body dissatisfaction to improve their body image.

背景和目的：利用反条件疗法（CC）减少女性负面身体形象的研究结果不一。一种解释是，自身身体图片引起的负面反应阻碍了 CC 程序在调整对自身身体的过度负面态度方面的有效性。因此，在本研究中，我们试图通过限制女性在CC过程中对自身身体图片的感知来防止负面反应的影响。方法将具有负面身体形象的女性随机分配到实验条件（75 人）或对照条件（71 人）中。在实验条件下，参与者被遮蔽的身体图片后面会系统地出现可见的社会认可线索（即笑脸），而与身体无关的中性对照图片后面则是空白屏幕。结果与对照组相比，实验组受试者并没有对 CC 后自己的身体（图片）做出更积极的评价。局限性许多参与者在调节过程中并没有完全意识到自己的身体图片。结论研究结果并不支持这样的观点，即使用遮盖自己身体图片的CC可以改善对身体不满意的女性的身体形象。

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引用次数: 0