Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry最新文献_第4页

Fear-related associations in children of parents with an anxiety disorder 父母患有焦虑症的儿童与恐惧有关的联想

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101953

Anke M. Klein , Rianne E. Van Niekerk , Esther Allart Van Dam , Mike Rinck , Marc J.P.M. Verbraak , Giel J.M. Hutschemaekers , Eni S. Becker

Background and objectives

Children of parents with an anxiety disorder are at elevated risk for developing an anxiety disorder themselves. According to cognitive theories, a possible risk factor is the development of schema-related associations. This study is the first to investigate whether children of anxious parents display fear-related associations and whether these associations relate to parental anxiety.

Methods

44 children of parents with panic disorder, 27 children of parents with social anxiety disorder, and 84 children of parents without an anxiety disorder filled out the SCARED-71, and the children performed an Affective Priming Task.

Results

We found partial evidence for disorder-specificity: When the primes were related to their parent's disorder and the targets were negative, the children of parents with panic disorder and children of parents with social anxiety disorder showed the lowest error rates related to their parents' disorder, but they did not have faster responses. We did not find any evidence for the expected specificity in the relationship between the parents' or the children's self-reported anxiety and the children's fear-related associations, as measured with the APT.

Limitations

Reliability of the Affective Priming Task was moderate, and power was low for finding small interaction effects.

Conclusions

Whereas clearly more research is needed, our results suggest that negative associations may qualify as a possible vulnerability factor for children of parents with an anxiety disorder.

背景和目的父母患有焦虑症的儿童自身患焦虑症的风险较高。根据认知理论，一个可能的风险因素是模式相关联想的发展。本研究首次调查了父母患有焦虑症的儿童是否会表现出与恐惧相关的联想，以及这些联想是否与父母的焦虑症有关：当引物与父母的焦虑症有关且目标是负面的时候，父母患有恐慌症的儿童和父母患有社交焦虑症的儿童与父母的焦虑症有关的错误率最低，但他们的反应速度并不快。我们没有发现任何证据表明父母或子女自我报告的焦虑与子女与恐惧有关的联想之间存在预期的特异性关系，这种特异性关系是通过 APT 测定的。局限性情感引物任务的可靠性一般，发现微小交互效应的能力较低。

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引用次数: 0

Sleep-related attentional bias in insomnia: The mediating role of arousal 失眠症中与睡眠有关的注意偏差：唤醒的中介作用

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101943

Cindy Lebrun , Pom Charras , Sophie Bayard

Background and objectives

Characterize the nature of attentional biases toward nocturnal and diurnal sleep-related stimuli in individuals with insomnia disorder. We investigated the contributing role of sleep-related attentional biases in insomnia severity and whether their effects on insomnia severity were mediated by arousal and valence levels of the presented stimuli.

Methods

Sixty-four individuals with insomnia disorder and 70 controls completed two Posner spatial cueing tasks including both nocturnal (alarm clocks) and diurnal (fatigue) pictorial stimuli associated with neutral cues. Arousal and valence of the sleep-related stimuli were assessed using a 5-point Likert type scale.

Results

Attention biases characterized by difficulty disengaging from and increased avoidance for daytime fatigue, and by difficulty disengaging from alarm clocks were observed in individuals with insomnia disorder compared to controls. On the whole sample, difficulty to disengage from diurnal and nocturnal sleep-related stimuli were related mostly to higher arousal rating of sleep-related stimuli and insomnia severity. Higher arousal rating for sleep-related stimuli mediates the relationship between difficulty disengaging and insomnia severity.

Limitations

The cross-sectional nature of the study.

Conclusions

We provide first initial evidence for an attentional bias characterized by on one side, avoidance for diurnal sleep-related stimuli and on other side, disengagement for both diurnal and nocturnal sleep-related stimuli in patients with insomnia. Disengagement difficulties for both diurnal and nocturnal sleep-related stimuli indirectly affected insomnia severity through arousal elicited by these stimuli. It appears important to develop and apply attentional bias modification training therapeutic interventions that can effectively reduce sleep-related arousal and attentional biases.

背景和目的描述失眠症患者对夜间和昼间睡眠相关刺激的注意偏差的性质。方法64名失眠症患者和70名对照组患者完成了两项Posner空间线索任务，包括与中性线索相关的夜间（闹钟）和昼夜（疲劳）图形刺激。结果与对照组相比，失眠症患者出现了注意偏差，其特点是难以脱离白天的疲劳并增加了对疲劳的回避，以及难以脱离闹钟。在所有样本中，难以脱离昼间和夜间睡眠相关刺激主要与睡眠相关刺激的唤醒等级较高和失眠严重程度有关。研究的横断面性质。结论我们首次提供了失眠症患者注意力偏差的初步证据，这种偏差的特点是一方面回避昼间睡眠相关刺激，另一方面脱离昼间和夜间睡眠相关刺激。对昼间和夜间睡眠相关刺激的脱离困难会通过这些刺激引起的唤醒间接影响失眠的严重程度。看来，开发和应用能有效减少睡眠相关唤醒和注意偏差的注意偏差修正训练治疗干预非常重要。

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引用次数: 0

Effectiveness of exposure-based treatment for childhood anxiety disorders: An open clinical trial to test its relation with indices of emotional processing and inhibitory learning 暴露疗法对儿童焦虑症的疗效：测试其与情绪处理和抑制性学习指数关系的开放式临床试验

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101942

Rachel de Jong , Miriam J.J. Lommen , Peter J. de Jong , Wiljo J.P.J. van Hout , Adina C.E. Duin-van der Marel , Maaike H. Nauta

Background and objectives

The current study examined how effectiveness of exposure-based CBT was related to indices of emotional processing and inhibitory learning during exposure exercises.

Methods

Adolescents with anxiety disorder(s) (N = 72; age 11–19; 85% girls) received a group-based, intensive two-week treatment of which effectiveness was indexed by the SCARED and by ratings of anxiety and approach towards individualized goal situations. To index emotional processing, subjective units of distress (SUDs) were used to indicate both initial and final fear level, and absolute, relative, and total dose of fear reduction. To index inhibitory learning, subjective threat expectancies (STEs) were used to indicate initial and final threat expectancy, and absolute, relative, and total dose of expectancy change.

Results

From pre-treatment to follow-up, there was a large-sized reduction of anxiety symptoms, small-sized decrease of subjective anxiety and a large-sized increase in subjective approach towards individual treatment goals. Higher fear levels prior to exposure were related to a larger decrease of symptoms. Higher threat expectancies after exposure exercises were independently associated with less decrease of anxiety and increase of approach towards treatment goals. Total dose of experienced fear reduction and total dose of experienced expectancy change were (partly) independently related to more increase in approach towards individualized goal situations.

Limitations

As patients also received other treatment elements, the results cannot be interpreted unequivocally.

Conclusions

The pattern of findings seems to indicate that emotional processing (as indexed by fear reduction) and inhibitory learning (as indexed by expectancy change) are both relevant in exposure-based CBT.

方法患有焦虑症的青少年（72 人；年龄 11-19 岁；85% 为女孩）接受了为期两周的小组强化治疗，治疗效果由 SCARED 以及焦虑评分和对个性化目标情境的接近程度来衡量。在情绪处理方面，采用主观痛苦单位（SUDs）来表示最初和最终的恐惧水平，以及减少恐惧的绝对、相对和总剂量。结果从治疗前到随访期间，焦虑症状大幅减少，主观焦虑大幅减少，对个人治疗目标的主观态度大幅提高。暴露前较高的恐惧水平与症状的大幅减少有关。暴露练习后，较高的威胁预期与焦虑的减少和治疗目标的增加有独立的联系。局限性由于患者还接受了其他治疗要素，因此无法对结果做出明确的解释。结论研究结果的模式似乎表明，情绪处理（以恐惧减少为指标）和抑制性学习（以期望值变化为指标）在基于暴露的 CBT 中都是相关的。

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引用次数: 0

Aversive conditioning is impaired in impulsive individuals: A study on learning asymmetries 冲动型人的厌恶性条件反射会受损：关于学习不对称的研究

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101939

Laurens T. Kemp, Tom Smeets, Anita Jansen, Katrijn Houben

Background and objectives

Appetitive and aversive conditioning are thought to be involved in the development and maintenance of mental disorders including anxiety, mood, eating, and substance use disorders. However, few studies measure the relative strength of appetitive and aversive associations, and their relevance to the risk of mental disorders. This study aims to address this gap.

Methods

We tested how readily healthy volunteers acquire appetitive vs. aversive associations. 150 participants associated complex 3D objects with either gain or loss and made decisions to gain or avoid losing points. We investigated the relationship of a learning asymmetry with neuroticism, impulsivity, and anhedonia, to test the hypothesis that a stronger learning asymmetry corresponds to more extreme scores on these traits.

Results

Impulsivity was positively associated with the learning asymmetry (R² = 0.10). This resulted from an inverse relation with the strength of aversive associations, indicating that impulsive individuals are worse at aversive learning. However, appetitive associations did not differ significantly. No correlations with neuroticism or anhedonia were found.

Limitations

Conditioning studies typically use primary reinforcers and a CS-. Lacking these may make these results less comparable to other studies.

Conclusions

We demonstrate that the learning asymmetry can measure individual differences linked to personality traits, and that impulsivity, normally linked with appetitive learning, also influences aversive learning. These results enable additional studies of learning asymmetry in relation to mental disorders, which could include measurements of mental health symptoms to provide further insight into how appetitive and aversive learning interacts with mental disorders.

背景和目的人们认为食欲和厌恶性条件反射与焦虑、情绪、饮食和药物使用障碍等精神障碍的发展和维持有关。然而，很少有研究测量食欲和厌恶关联的相对强度及其与精神障碍风险的相关性。我们测试了健康志愿者获得食欲性联想与厌恶性联想的容易程度。150名参与者将复杂的三维物体与获得或失去联系起来，并做出获得或避免失去点数的决定。我们研究了学习不对称与神经质、冲动性和失乐症的关系，以验证这样一个假设，即学习不对称越强，这些特质的得分就越极端。这是因为冲动性与厌恶性联想的强度成反比，表明冲动型个体的厌恶性学习能力更差。然而，食欲联想却没有显著差异。局限性条件反射研究通常使用主要强化物和 CS-。结论我们证明了学习不对称性可以测量与人格特质相关的个体差异，而且通常与食欲学习相关的冲动性也会影响厌恶学习。这些结果有助于进一步研究学习不对称性与精神障碍的关系，其中可包括对精神健康症状的测量，从而进一步了解食欲学习和厌恶学习与精神障碍的相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Aversive conditioning is impaired in impulsive individuals: A study on learning asymmetries 冲动型人的厌恶性条件反射会受损：关于学习不对称的研究

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101939

Laurens T. Kemp , Tom Smeets , Anita Jansen , Katrijn Houben

Background and objectives

Appetitive and aversive conditioning are thought to be involved in the development and maintenance of mental disorders including anxiety, mood, eating, and substance use disorders. However, few studies measure the relative strength of appetitive and aversive associations, and their relevance to the risk of mental disorders. This study aims to address this gap.

Methods

We tested how readily healthy volunteers acquire appetitive vs. aversive associations. 150 participants associated complex 3D objects with either gain or loss and made decisions to gain or avoid losing points. We investigated the relationship of a learning asymmetry with neuroticism, impulsivity, and anhedonia, to test the hypothesis that a stronger learning asymmetry corresponds to more extreme scores on these traits.

Results

Impulsivity was positively associated with the learning asymmetry (R² = .10). This resulted from an inverse relation with the strength of aversive associations, indicating that impulsive individuals are worse at aversive learning. However, appetitive associations did not differ significantly. No correlations with neuroticism or anhedonia were found.

Limitations

Conditioning studies typically use primary reinforcers and a CS-. Lacking these may make these results less comparable to other studies.

Conclusions

We demonstrate that the learning asymmetry can measure individual differences linked to personality traits, and that impulsivity, normally linked with appetitive learning, also influences aversive learning. These results enable additional studies of learning asymmetry in relation to mental disorders, which could include measurements of mental health symptoms to provide further insight into how appetitive and aversive learning interacts with mental disorders.

背景和目的人们认为食欲和厌恶性条件反射与焦虑、情绪、饮食和药物使用障碍等精神障碍的发展和维持有关。然而，很少有研究测量食欲和厌恶关联的相对强度及其与精神障碍风险的相关性。我们测试了健康志愿者获得食欲性联想与厌恶性联想的容易程度。150名参与者将复杂的三维物体与获得或失去联系起来，并做出获得或避免失去点数的决定。我们研究了学习不对称与神经质、冲动性和失乐症的关系，以验证这样一个假设，即学习不对称越强，这些特质的得分就越极端。结果冲动性与学习不对称呈正相关（R2 = .10）。这是因为冲动性与厌恶性联想的强度成反比，表明冲动型个体的厌恶性学习能力更差。然而，食欲联想却没有显著差异。局限性条件反射研究通常使用主要强化物和 CS-。结论我们证明了学习不对称性可以测量与人格特质相关的个体差异，而且通常与食欲学习相关的冲动性也会影响厌恶学习。这些结果有助于进一步研究学习不对称性与精神障碍的关系，其中可包括对精神健康症状的测量，从而进一步了解食欲学习和厌恶学习与精神障碍的相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Interpretation biases in childhood spider fear: Content-specificity, priming, and avoidance 童年蜘蛛恐惧的解释偏差：内容特异性、引申和回避

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101941

Anke M. Klein , Rianne E. van Niekerk , Mike Rinck , Esther Allart , Eni S. Becker

Background and objectives

The relation between fear and interpretation bias has been widely studied in children. However, much less is known about its content-specificity and how interpretation biases predict variance in avoidance. The current study examined different interpretation bias tasks, the role of priming and the ability of the interpretation bias tasks to predict spider fear-related avoidance behaviour.

Methods

169 children with varying levels of spider fear performed a behavioural avoidance task, two versions of the Ambiguous Scenarios Task (AST; with and without priming), and a size and distance estimation task.

Results

Both versions of the AST and the size-estimation were significantly related to self-reported spider fear and avoidance. These relations were content-specific: children with higher levels of spider fear had a more negative interpretation bias related to spider-related materials than to other materials, and a more negative bias than children with lower levels of spider fear. Furthermore, self-reported spider fear, the AST with priming, and the size-estimation predicted unique variance in avoidance behaviour.

Limitations

Children varied in their level of spider fear, but clinical diagnoses of spider phobia were not assessed. The participants of this study were not randomly selected, they were children of parents with panic disorder or social anxiety disorder or no anxiety disorder and could therefore partly be seen as children at risk.

Conclusions

The results support cognitive models of childhood anxiety and indicate that both controlled and automatic processes play an important role in fear-related behaviour.

背景和目的在儿童中，恐惧与解释偏差之间的关系已被广泛研究。然而，人们对其内容特异性以及解释偏差如何预测回避差异的了解却少得多。本研究考察了不同的解释偏差任务、引子的作用以及解释偏差任务预测与蜘蛛恐惧相关的回避行为的能力。结果两种版本的模糊情景任务（AST；有引子和无引子）以及大小和距离估计任务都与自我报告的蜘蛛恐惧和回避行为有显著关系。这些关系具有内容特异性：与其他材料相比，蜘蛛恐惧程度较高的儿童在与蜘蛛相关的材料中会产生更多的负面解释偏差，而且比蜘蛛恐惧程度较低的儿童产生更多的负面解释偏差。此外，自我报告的蜘蛛恐惧、有引子的 AST 和大小估计预测了回避行为的独特差异。本研究的参与者并不是随机挑选的，他们都是父母患有恐慌症、社交焦虑症或无焦虑症的儿童，因此可以部分视为高危儿童。

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引用次数: 0

Targeting negative flashforward imagery in speech anxiety with a visuospatial dual-task: Do attenuated flashforwards lead to less anxiety and avoidance? 通过视觉空间双重任务瞄准言语焦虑中的负面闪回意象：减弱闪回是否会减少焦虑和回避？

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101940

Marjolein R. Thunnissen , Peter J. de Jong , Marleen M. Rijkeboer , Marisol J. Voncken , Ronald M. Rapee , Maaike H. Nauta

Background and objectives

It has been proposed that negative mental imagery plays an important role in the persistence of social fears. Experiencing vivid and distressing ‘flashforward’ images of a potential social catastrophe appears to be of relevance in speech anxiety. To clarify the role of these images, the current experimental study tested if reducing the vividness and distressing properties of recurring negative flashforward images subsequently reduces anxiety and avoidance tendencies regarding a speech. Methods: Participants were female undergraduates high in speech anxiety (N = 134) who joined our study online. In the experimental condition, we used a visuospatial dual-task to reduce the vividness and distress of flashforward imagery. Primary outcomes were participants' self-reported anxiety and avoidance ratings in anticipation of and during an actual speech. As a secondary outcome, we used observer ratings of participants' anxiety during the speech. Results: Participants reported moderate to high frequency and interference of their vivid and distressing flashforward images in daily life. The dual-task resulted in reductions in image vividness and distress. However, we found no differences between conditions in anxiety and avoidance ratings before and during the speech. Limitations: The imagery manipulation effect was moderate to small. Moreover, we included a subclinical sample. Conclusions: Reducing negative flashforward imagery vividness and distress with a visuospatial dual-task did not directly lead to less anxiety and avoidance tendencies related to a later speech. Thus, findings provided no support for the hypothesis that experiencing highly vivid and distressing flashforward images causally contributes to social fears.

背景和目的有人认为，消极的心理想象在社交恐惧的持续存在中起着重要作用。经历潜在社交灾难的生动而令人痛苦的 "闪回 "图像似乎与言语焦虑有关。为了弄清这些意象的作用，本实验研究测试了减少反复出现的负面闪回意象的生动性和令人痛苦的特性是否会降低对演讲的焦虑和回避倾向。实验方法研究对象为有较高演讲焦虑的女大学生（134 人），她们都参加了我们的在线研究。在实验条件下，我们使用视觉空间双重任务来减少前闪意象的生动性和痛苦。主要结果是参与者在预期和实际演讲时自我报告的焦虑和回避评级。作为次要结果，我们使用了观察者在演讲过程中对参与者焦虑程度的评分。结果：参与者报告说，他们在日常生活中出现生动而痛苦的闪回图像的频率和干扰程度为中度到高度。双重任务降低了图像的生动性和痛苦程度。然而，我们发现在演讲前和演讲过程中，不同条件下的焦虑和回避评分没有差异。局限性：意象操纵的效果为中等至较小。此外，我们还纳入了一个亚临床样本。结论通过视觉空间双重任务降低负面闪回意象的生动性和痛苦程度，并不会直接导致后来演讲时焦虑和回避倾向的减少。因此，研究结果并不支持 "经历高度生动和痛苦的闪回意象会导致社交恐惧 "这一假设。

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引用次数: 0

The legacy of social anxiety-linked negative expectancy: A pathway from pre-event negative expectancies to post-event negative thinking 与社交焦虑相关的消极预期的遗产：从事件发生前的消极预期到事件发生后的消极思维的路径

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101937

Julian Basanovic , Lily Kowal , Sophie Millward , Colin MacLeod

Background and objectives

Following engagement in a social event people with heightened vulnerability to social anxiety report elevated levels of negative thinking about the event, and this post-event negative thinking is implicated in the maintenance of social anxiety vulnerability. It has also been established that heightened social anxiety vulnerability is associated with disproportionately negative expectations of upcoming social events. However, contribution of social anxiety-linked pre-event negative expectancy to post-event negative thinking has not been directly investigated. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the relationship between social anxiety vulnerability and post-event negative thinking is mediated by pre-event negative expectancies that drive increased state anxiety at the time of encountering the event.

Methods

One-hundred and ten participants who varied in social anxiety vulnerability completed a simulated job interview. Participants reported negativity of expectancies before the event, state anxiety experienced at the time of encountering the event, and post-event negative thinking across the seven days following the event.

Results

Analyses revealed elevated social anxiety predicted increased negative post-event thinking. The association between social anxiety and post-event negative thinking was fully mediated by a mediation pathway involving pre-event negative expectancies and state anxiety at the time of encountering the interview event.

Limitations

The study used a laboratory-based social experience, and conclusions could usefully be tested in the context of natural social events.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that social anxiety-linked variation in pre-event negative expectancy may contribute to post-event negative thinking following a social event via its impact on state anxiety.

背景和目的在参与社交活动后，易受社交焦虑影响的人对社交活动的负面思考水平会升高，而这种活动后的负面思考与社交焦虑脆弱性的维持有关。此外，人们还发现，社交焦虑易感性的增强与对即将发生的社交事件的过度消极预期有关。然而，与社交焦虑相关的事件前消极预期对事件后消极想法的影响尚未得到直接研究。本研究旨在验证以下假设：社交焦虑脆弱性与事件发生后的消极思维之间的关系是由事件发生前的消极预期所介导的，这种消极预期会在遇到事件时促使状态焦虑增加。参与者报告了事件发生前的消极预期、事件发生时的焦虑状态以及事件发生后七天内的消极想法。结果分析表明，社交焦虑的升高预示着事件发生后消极想法的增加。结论研究结果表明，与社会焦虑有关的事件前消极预期的变化可能会通过其对状态焦虑的影响而导致社会事件后的消极思维。

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引用次数: 0

The effectiveness of a masked counterconditioning approach using continuous flash suppression to alleviate body dissatisfaction in women with high body image concerns 利用连续闪光抑制的掩蔽反调节方法来缓解对身体形象高度关注的女性的身体不满的有效性

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101938

Irina Masselman , Klaske A. Glashouwer , Mark M. Span , Peter J. de Jong

Background and objectives

Research that used counterconditioning (CC) to reduce women's negative body image has led to mixed results. One explanation could be that the negative responses elicited by own body pictures hinder the effectiveness of CC procedures in adjusting overly negative attitudes towards the own body. In this study we therefore tried to prevent the impact of negative responses by limiting women's perceptual awareness of the own body pictures during the CC procedure.

Methods

Women with a negative body image were randomly assigned to an experimental (n = 75) or control (n = 71) condition. In the experimental condition, participants’ masked body pictures were systematically followed by visible social approval cues (i.e., smiling faces), whereas neutral body-unrelated control pictures were followed by a blank screen. In the control condition, both own body and control pictures were followed by a blank screen.

Results

Participants in the experimental condition did not report a more positive evaluation of the own body (pictures) after CC than participants in the control condition. Also, the strength of automatic affective body evaluations as indexed by a single-target Implicit Association Test did not differ between conditions.

Limitations

Many participants did not remain fully unaware of their body pictures during conditioning.

Conclusions

The findings provided no support for the idea that CC with masked own body pictures can be used in women with body dissatisfaction to improve their body image.

背景和目的：利用反条件疗法（CC）减少女性负面身体形象的研究结果不一。一种解释是，自身身体图片引起的负面反应阻碍了 CC 程序在调整对自身身体的过度负面态度方面的有效性。因此，在本研究中，我们试图通过限制女性在CC过程中对自身身体图片的感知来防止负面反应的影响。方法将具有负面身体形象的女性随机分配到实验条件（75 人）或对照条件（71 人）中。在实验条件下，参与者被遮蔽的身体图片后面会系统地出现可见的社会认可线索（即笑脸），而与身体无关的中性对照图片后面则是空白屏幕。结果与对照组相比，实验组受试者并没有对 CC 后自己的身体（图片）做出更积极的评价。局限性许多参与者在调节过程中并没有完全意识到自己的身体图片。结论研究结果并不支持这样的观点，即使用遮盖自己身体图片的CC可以改善对身体不满意的女性的身体形象。

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引用次数: 0

Psychopathy and gaze cueing 精神病和凝视暗示

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101936

Carlo Garofalo , Andrew Jones , Lieke Nentjes , Steven M. Gillespie

Background and objectives

Psychopathic traits – and especially callous affective features – have been linked to altered processing of others’ emotional expressions, and to reduced attention to the eyes. Despite the importance of gaze cueing (i.e., the tendency to orient attention toward where someone else is looking) for social functioning, few studies have investigated relationships between psychopathic traits and gaze cueing, and whether facial emotional expression influence these relationships, obtaining mixed results. To address this gap, the present study aimed to evaluate associations between psychopathic traits and gaze cueing for emotional and neutral expressions.

Methods

65 non-clinical male participants (M_age = 27.3 years) completed two self-report measures of psychopathy and performed laboratory tasks to assess gaze-cueing for emotional vs. neutral faces and an arrow-cueing task as a comparison.

Results

Linear mixed models showed no significant associations of emotional (versus neutral) expressions, or psychopathy trait dimensions, with either gaze cueing or arrow cueing.

Limitations

Reliance on a convenience sample of non-clinical men, assessed with self-reports measures of psychopathy, and using static emotional stimuli limit the generalizability of our findings.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that psychopathic traits are not associated with individual differences in following others’ gaze to direct attention, and that there was no advantage for affective relative to neutral expressions.

背景和目的心理病态特征——尤其是冷酷无情的情感特征——与对他人情绪表达的处理方式改变以及对眼睛的注意力减少有关。尽管凝视线索(即将注意力转向他人注视的地方的倾向)对社会功能很重要，但很少有研究调查精神病特征与凝视线索之间的关系，以及面部情绪表达是否影响这些关系，得到的结果好坏参半。为了解决这一差距，本研究旨在评估精神病态特征与情绪和中性表情的凝视线索之间的联系。方法65名非临床男性参与者(Mage = 27.3岁)完成了两项精神病自我报告测量，并执行了实验室任务来评估情绪与中性面孔的凝视线索和箭头线索任务作为比较。结果线性混合模型显示，无论是凝视线索还是箭头线索，情绪(相对于中性)表达或精神病特征维度都没有显著关联。局限性依赖于方便的非临床男性样本，通过自我报告的精神病测量进行评估，并使用静态情绪刺激限制了我们研究结果的普遍性。结论心理变态特征与跟随他人目光转向直接注意的个体差异无关，情感表情相对于中性表情没有优势。

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引用次数: 0