Pub Date : 2025-04-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102038
Shunsuke Nonaka , Tomoya Takeda , Motohiro Sakai
Hikikomori is a condition of prolonged social withdrawal (at least six months) characterized by not working or attending school, not socializing outside one's home, and staying at home on most days except for solitary outings. Currently, there are no adequate tools for the assessment of individual differences in hikikomori functions. This study involved the development of the Hikikomori Functional Assessment Scale (HFAS), which quantitatively assesses the perceived functions of hikikomori. Three data samples were collected at different time periods and included 490 participants with hikikomori and 251 without hikikomori. An item pool was analyzed resulting in 17 items and three factors: intrapersonal-positive (pursuing activities and self-stimulatory behaviors), intrapersonal-negative (alleviating discomfort), and social-negative (avoiding social interactions) reinforcement. The HFAS showed good internal consistency reliability, moderate-to-good test-retest reliability, acceptable construct validity, and good criterion-related validity. Furthermore, social-negative reinforcement correlated positively with measures of depressive symptoms and subjective social functioning impairment and negatively with adaptive behavior and quality of life. Intrapersonal-negative reinforcement was weakly correlated with most of the related scales, and intrapersonal-positive reinforcement showed no significant correlations. Future studies are needed to confirm the consistency of functional assessment results with those of the HFAS, using behavioral observations by researchers and clinicians, and follow the changes in hikikomori functioning longitudinally.
{"title":"Functional assessment of hikikomori behaviors: Functional types and psycho-behavioral factors","authors":"Shunsuke Nonaka , Tomoya Takeda , Motohiro Sakai","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hikikomori is a condition of prolonged social withdrawal (at least six months) characterized by not working or attending school, not socializing outside one's home, and staying at home on most days except for solitary outings. Currently, there are no adequate tools for the assessment of individual differences in hikikomori functions. This study involved the development of the Hikikomori Functional Assessment Scale (HFAS), which quantitatively assesses the perceived functions of hikikomori. Three data samples were collected at different time periods and included 490 participants with hikikomori and 251 without hikikomori. An item pool was analyzed resulting in 17 items and three factors: intrapersonal-positive (pursuing activities and self-stimulatory behaviors), intrapersonal-negative (alleviating discomfort), and social-negative (avoiding social interactions) reinforcement. The HFAS showed good internal consistency reliability, moderate-to-good test-retest reliability, acceptable construct validity, and good criterion-related validity. Furthermore, social-negative reinforcement correlated positively with measures of depressive symptoms and subjective social functioning impairment and negatively with adaptive behavior and quality of life. Intrapersonal-negative reinforcement was weakly correlated with most of the related scales, and intrapersonal-positive reinforcement showed no significant correlations. Future studies are needed to confirm the consistency of functional assessment results with those of the HFAS, using behavioral observations by researchers and clinicians, and follow the changes in hikikomori functioning longitudinally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102038"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Attentional bias (AB) is characterized by preferential cognitive and emotional processing of mood-congruent stimuli and considered a central mechanism in mood disorders. Considerable research has focused on improving AB measures to enhance mechanistic understanding and clinical utility. The present study examines psychometric properties of a range of AB measures with a multimodal setup.
Methods
A nonclinical sample of 62 women aged 20–30 years completed the facial dot-probe task while behavioral responses (reaction time), eye-gaze patterns (eye tracking), and electrical brain potentials (electroencephalography) were recorded. AB metrics from four types of AB measures – traditional, response-based, dwell time, and the N2pc component– were examined with internal consistency and short-term test-retest calculations. AB metrics with an internal consistency score over .4 were considered reliable, and their validity were explored by examining relations to depression and anxiety symptoms. In addition, the consistency between reliable metrics across trials were examined.
Results
Findings show that traditional AB metrics exhibited no degree of reliability, whereas response-based and dwell time metrics overall demonstrated better internal consistencies. Response-based metrics also had higher test-retest reliability in all but one metric. The previously reported reliability of the N2pc component was not observed. As for validity, no linear associations were found between the reliable measures, depression, and anxiety. There were no relations between metrics across trials.
Conclusions
This study provides insights for future AB research, emphasizing the potential of novel metrics over traditional ones and the use of multimodal setups to develop reliable and potentially hybrid measurements for clinical assessment.
{"title":"Measuring attentional bias using the dot-probe task in young women: Psychometric properties and feasibility of response-based computations, dwell time, and the N2pc component","authors":"Sandra Klonteig , Elise S. Roalsø , Brage Kraft , Torgeir Moberget , Eva Hilland , Peyman Mirtaheri , Rune Jonassen","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102036","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102036","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Attentional bias (AB) is characterized by preferential cognitive and emotional processing of mood-congruent stimuli and considered a central mechanism in mood disorders. Considerable research has focused on improving AB measures to enhance mechanistic understanding and clinical utility. The present study examines psychometric properties of a range of AB measures with a multimodal setup.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A nonclinical sample of 62 women aged 20–30 years completed the facial dot-probe task while behavioral responses (reaction time), eye-gaze patterns (eye tracking), and electrical brain potentials (electroencephalography) were recorded. AB metrics from four types of AB measures – traditional, response-based, dwell time, and the N2pc component– were examined with internal consistency and short-term test-retest calculations. AB metrics with an internal consistency score over .4 were considered reliable, and their validity were explored by examining relations to depression and anxiety symptoms. In addition, the consistency between reliable metrics across trials were examined.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Findings show that traditional AB metrics exhibited no degree of reliability, whereas response-based and dwell time metrics overall demonstrated better internal consistencies. Response-based metrics also had higher test-retest reliability in all but one metric. The previously reported reliability of the N2pc component was not observed. As for validity, no linear associations were found between the reliable measures, depression, and anxiety. There were no relations between metrics across trials.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study provides insights for future AB research, emphasizing the potential of novel metrics over traditional ones and the use of multimodal setups to develop reliable and potentially hybrid measurements for clinical assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102036"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143834169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102035
Anna Francová , Markéta Kolman Jablonská , Lenka Lhotská , Jan Husák , Iveta Fajnerová
Background and objectives
Individuals with acrophobia (fear of heights) can experience severe anxiety or panic attacks when they are located at height. This randomized controlled study aimed to verify the effects of a novel scalable virtual reality-based exposure (VR exposure) tool in individuals with acrophobia, by exposing them to a predefined set of situations they usually tend to avoid.
Methods
Forty-three adults were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: the experimental group or the waitlist group. Both groups attended initial short online education. The experimental group consecutively attended three VR-based exposure therapy (VRET) intervention sessions over 3–5 weeks during which the therapist encouraged participants to enter the predefined feared situations, while the control group on the waitlist had no additional intervention.
Results
The findings show that a 3-session VR exposure intervention with a standardized set of tasks effectively reduces the level of experienced height intolerance and particularly avoidance behavior compared to the control waitlist group limited to psychoeducation only. Results were maintained at the 2 months follow-up. The higher the sense of presence after the VR exposure was, the lower the avoidance level rated in the follow-up.
Limitations
Our study has some limitations, such as potential sample selection bias and tracking of only medium-term effects in the 2-month follow-up.
Conclusions
The findings show that three sessions of VR exposure intervention with a standardized set of VR-based scenarios are effective in reducing the level of height intolerance and associated avoidance behavior and led to improvement of the outcome measures two months after the procedure. The role of presence was implicated in the prolonged outcome of the VR exposure intervention.
{"title":"Efficacy of exposure scenario in virtual reality for the treatment of acrophobia: A randomized controlled trial","authors":"Anna Francová , Markéta Kolman Jablonská , Lenka Lhotská , Jan Husák , Iveta Fajnerová","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102035","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102035","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Individuals with acrophobia (fear of heights) can experience severe anxiety or panic attacks when they are located at height. This randomized controlled study aimed to verify the effects of a novel scalable virtual reality-based exposure (VR exposure) tool in individuals with acrophobia, by exposing them to a predefined set of situations they usually tend to avoid.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Forty-three adults were randomly assigned to one of the two groups: the experimental group or the waitlist group. Both groups attended initial short online education. The experimental group consecutively attended three VR-based exposure therapy (VRET) intervention sessions over 3–5 weeks during which the therapist encouraged participants to enter the predefined feared situations, while the control group on the waitlist had no additional intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings show that a 3-session VR exposure intervention with a standardized set of tasks effectively reduces the level of experienced height intolerance and particularly avoidance behavior compared to the control waitlist group limited to psychoeducation only. Results were maintained at the 2 months follow-up. The higher the sense of presence after the VR exposure was, the lower the avoidance level rated in the follow-up.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>Our study has some limitations, such as potential sample selection bias and tracking of only medium-term effects in the 2-month follow-up.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The findings show that three sessions of VR exposure intervention with a standardized set of VR-based scenarios are effective in reducing the level of height intolerance and associated avoidance behavior and led to improvement of the outcome measures two months after the procedure. The role of presence was implicated in the prolonged outcome of the VR exposure intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102035"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143767912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anxiety is prevalent among pregnant women with suspected fetal malformation. Hence, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of IECBT in alleviating pregnancy-specific stress and anxiety in anxious women with suspected fetal malformation.
Methods
A randomized four-arm parallel-group controlled trial was conducted involving 140 pregnant women displaying anxiety symptoms before 20 weeks of gestation and suspected fetal malformation. Participants were randomly allocated into four groups, each consisting of 35 women: IECBT alone, IECBT with booster sessions, IECBT with spouse participation, and IECBT combined with spouse participation and booster sessions. The IECBT intervention comprised six 50-min therapist-led sessions for women, with an additional 20-min session for men in the IECBT with spouse participation group. Those in the IECBT with booster sessions groups received six monthly 50-min sessions post-intervention until delivery. Five questionnaires—Spielberger's State Anxiety, Pregnancy-Specific Stress, Uncertainty Intolerance, and Emotion Regulation—were administered before the trial, upon completion of the 6-week intervention, and at 3-month and 6-month post-trial follow-ups.
Results
The IECBT interventions led to significant improvements in anxiety symptoms, pregnancy-specific stress, uncertainty intolerance, and emotional regulation after therapy, with these improvements sustained at the 3-month and 6-month post-treatment assessments. However, no superiority was observed among the four IECBT models across the three measurement intervals—post-trial, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups regarding outcome improvement. Additionally, participants expressed high satisfaction levels with all IECBT approaches, with no significant differences noted among the four groups.
Limitation
IECBT with spouse participation and IECBT with booster sessions were not therapist-guided, results might stem from the masculism culture of the population and their low responsibility and assistance in solving pregnant women's problems, especially during pregnancy, the lack of long-term follow-up of treatment effectiveness and postnatal psychological outcomes with or without fetal malformation.
Conclusions
The findings suggest that the four models of IECBT improved anxiety, stress, uncertainty, and dysregulated emotions in women with suspected fetal malformation, and such improvements remained stable up to six months after the intervention.
{"title":"Efficacy of internet-based emotion-focused cognitive behavior therapy (IECBT) in improving stress and anxiety of women with suspected fetal malformation: A randomized controlled trial","authors":"Sajede Aligoltabar , Fatemeh Nasiri-Amiri , Soraya Khafri , Hajar Adib-Rad , Shahnaz Barat , Zeinab Pahlavan , Seyedsina Taheriotaghsara , Mostafa Rayati , Mahbobeh Faramarzi","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Anxiety is prevalent among pregnant women with suspected fetal malformation. Hence, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of IECBT in alleviating pregnancy-specific stress and anxiety in anxious women with suspected fetal malformation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A randomized four-arm parallel-group controlled trial was conducted involving 140 pregnant women displaying anxiety symptoms before 20 weeks of gestation and suspected fetal malformation. Participants were randomly allocated into four groups, each consisting of 35 women: IECBT alone, IECBT with booster sessions, IECBT with spouse participation, and IECBT combined with spouse participation and booster sessions. The IECBT intervention comprised six 50-min therapist-led sessions for women, with an additional 20-min session for men in the IECBT with spouse participation group. Those in the IECBT with booster sessions groups received six monthly 50-min sessions post-intervention until delivery. Five questionnaires—Spielberger's State Anxiety, Pregnancy-Specific Stress, Uncertainty Intolerance, and Emotion Regulation—were administered before the trial, upon completion of the 6-week intervention, and at 3-month and 6-month post-trial follow-ups.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The IECBT interventions led to significant improvements in anxiety symptoms, pregnancy-specific stress, uncertainty intolerance, and emotional regulation after therapy, with these improvements sustained at the 3-month and 6-month post-treatment assessments. However, no superiority was observed among the four IECBT models across the three measurement intervals—post-trial, 3-month, and 6-month follow-ups regarding outcome improvement. Additionally, participants expressed high satisfaction levels with all IECBT approaches, with no significant differences noted among the four groups.</div></div><div><h3>Limitation</h3><div>IECBT with spouse participation and IECBT with booster sessions were not therapist-guided, results might stem from the masculism culture of the population and their low responsibility and assistance in solving pregnant women's problems, especially during pregnancy, the lack of long-term follow-up of treatment effectiveness and postnatal psychological outcomes with or without fetal malformation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The findings suggest that the four models of IECBT improved anxiety, stress, uncertainty, and dysregulated emotions in women with suspected fetal malformation, and such improvements remained stable up to six months after the intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102033"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143807505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102034
Suzanne H.W. Mares , Marjon Voskamp , Elke Wezenberg , Annemarie A. van Elburg
Background and objectives
Disturbed body image is a potential precursor and maintaining factor when it comes to eating disorders. One of the dominant treatment approaches for eating disorders, enhanced cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT-E), includes the cognitive-affective body image dimension as a core treatment target. Adding a component that focuses on the lived body dimension, could improve body image. In the current study, the feasibility of a psychomotor body image treatment as an add-on to CBT-E was examined.
Methods
In this pilot study, 115 primarily female patients with different eating disorders in outpatient CBT-E treatment participated. They were asked to complete questionnaires examining body image before and after the psychomotor body image treatment.
Results
Results showed good satisfaction with the treatment, and a significant improvement in body attitude and body satisfaction after the psychomotor body image treatment, with large effect sizes and clinical relevance. Results also showed that, overall, pre-treatment levels and changes over the course of treatment in body attitude and body satisfaction did not differ between patients within anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder diagnostic subgroups.
Limitations
Limitations were lack of a control group, and the fact that the body image treatment was complementary to CBT-E. This means that it is unclear whether other factors contributed to the change in body image as shown in the current study.
Conclusions
These results indicate that an experiential psychomotor approach in addition to a more cognitive-behavioral approach is feasible, and warrants future research.
{"title":"A feasibility study of an add-on psychomotor body-image protocol during CBT-E in female patients with an eating disorder","authors":"Suzanne H.W. Mares , Marjon Voskamp , Elke Wezenberg , Annemarie A. van Elburg","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Disturbed body image is a potential precursor and maintaining factor when it comes to eating disorders. One of the dominant treatment approaches for eating disorders, enhanced cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT-E), includes the cognitive-affective body image dimension as a core treatment target. Adding a component that focuses on the lived body dimension, could improve body image. In the current study, the feasibility of a psychomotor body image treatment as an add-on to CBT-E was examined.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>In this pilot study, 115 primarily female patients with different eating disorders in outpatient CBT-E treatment participated. They were asked to complete questionnaires examining body image before and after the psychomotor body image treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Results showed good satisfaction with the treatment, and a significant improvement in body attitude and body satisfaction after the psychomotor body image treatment, with large effect sizes and clinical relevance. Results also showed that, overall, pre-treatment levels and changes over the course of treatment in body attitude and body satisfaction did not differ between patients within anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder diagnostic subgroups.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>Limitations were lack of a control group, and the fact that the body image treatment was complementary to CBT-E. This means that it is unclear whether other factors contributed to the change in body image as shown in the current study.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>These results indicate that an experiential psychomotor approach in addition to a more cognitive-behavioral approach is feasible, and warrants future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102034"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-16DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102031
Charlene L.M. Lam , Andy S. Hin , Luciana N.S. Lau , Zhiqi Zhang , Chantel J. Leung
Objectives
Cognitive bias modification for interpretation bias (CBM-I) is an effective low-intensity intervention that targets interpretation biases associated with the development and maintenance of social anxiety. Few studies to-date have examined the extent to which individual mental imagery ability affects the efficacy of CBM-I.
Methods
A total of 666 individuals were screened. Seventy-two participants with high levels of social anxiety and elevated baseline interpretation bias were randomly assigned to either CBM-I (n = 36) or control groups (n = 36). They completed 5-day internet-delivered training in modifying their interpretation bias associated with ambiguous social scenarios (CBM-I) or reading neutral text passages (control).
Results
Intent-to-treat analyses revealed that participants in the CBM-I group had a significant reduction in their interpretation bias compared to the controls. They had a reduction of 11 %–18 % on the social anxiety measures. Participants’ mental imagery ability was significantly associated with the reduction of interpretation bias and social anxiety symptoms in the CBM-I group. Specifically, participants with higher mental imagery ability in emotional feelings benefited the most from the intervention.
Conclusions
CBM-I is an efficacious intervention for modulating social anxiety-related biases and symptoms. Mental imagery ability facilitated the efficacy of CBM-I.
{"title":"Mental imagery abilities in different modalities moderate the efficacy of cognitive bias modification for interpretation bias in social anxiety","authors":"Charlene L.M. Lam , Andy S. Hin , Luciana N.S. Lau , Zhiqi Zhang , Chantel J. Leung","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102031","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102031","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Cognitive bias modification for interpretation bias (CBM-I) is an effective low-intensity intervention that targets interpretation biases associated with the development and maintenance of social anxiety. Few studies to-date have examined the extent to which individual mental imagery ability affects the efficacy of CBM-I.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 666 individuals were screened. Seventy-two participants with high levels of social anxiety and elevated baseline interpretation bias were randomly assigned to either CBM-I (n = 36) or control groups (n = 36). They completed 5-day internet-delivered training in modifying their interpretation bias associated with ambiguous social scenarios (CBM-I) or reading neutral text passages (control).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Intent-to-treat analyses revealed that participants in the CBM-I group had a significant reduction in their interpretation bias compared to the controls. They had a reduction of 11 %–18 % on the social anxiety measures. Participants’ mental imagery ability was significantly associated with the reduction of interpretation bias and social anxiety symptoms in the CBM-I group. Specifically, participants with higher mental imagery ability in emotional feelings benefited the most from the intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>CBM-I is an efficacious intervention for modulating social anxiety-related biases and symptoms. Mental imagery ability facilitated the efficacy of CBM-I.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102031"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102032
Fiona G. Sleight, Charlie W. McDonald, Richard Mattson, Steven Jay Lynn
Laboratory-based inductions of dissociative states promise to facilitate understanding of the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of dissociation and dissociative disorders. In the present scoping review, we identified articles via a systematic search of PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PubMed, and Google Scholar, resulting in 59 articles that met a priori inclusion criteria. Of the 19 techniques described, numerous elicited changes in dissociative symptoms. However, studies were highly heterogeneous regarding their definition and measurement of dissociation. We call attention to relevant validity concerns presented by laboratory-based inductions and offer directions and recommendations for future research.
基于实验室的分离状态诱导有望促进对分离和分离障碍的病因、维持和治疗的理解。在本次范围界定综述中，我们通过对 PsycINFO、PsycARTICLES、PubMed 和 Google Scholar 进行系统检索，确定了 59 篇符合先验纳入标准的文章。在所描述的 19 种技术中，许多都能引起分离症状的变化。然而，这些研究在解离的定义和测量方面存在很大差异。我们呼吁大家关注基于实验室的诱导所带来的相关有效性问题，并为未来的研究提供方向和建议。
{"title":"Inducing dissociative states: A (re)view from the laboratory","authors":"Fiona G. Sleight, Charlie W. McDonald, Richard Mattson, Steven Jay Lynn","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laboratory-based inductions of dissociative states promise to facilitate understanding of the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of dissociation and dissociative disorders. In the present scoping review, we identified articles via a systematic search of PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PubMed, and Google Scholar, resulting in 59 articles that met <em>a priori</em> inclusion criteria. Of the 19 techniques described, numerous elicited changes in dissociative symptoms. However, studies were highly heterogeneous regarding their definition and measurement of dissociation. We call attention to relevant validity concerns presented by laboratory-based inductions and offer directions and recommendations for future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102032"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143671487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many studies have investigated differences in attention allocation to threat between socially anxious individuals and healthy controls in adult and child samples. The extent to which differences exist within the group of socially anxious individuals and whether these have a predictive value for the extent of symptom reduction after cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been studied less until to date and yielded inconsistent findings, particularly in child samples.
Methods
The present study investigated whether three different indices of biased attention, measured at pretreatment by eye-tracking, were associated with differences in response to a 12-session exposure-based group CBT in a sample of 41 children with social anxiety disorder (SAD).
Results
In linear regression analyses neither initial vigilance nor initial maintenance nor attentional avoidance predicted symptom reductions after CBT. Children who no longer met diagnostic criteria after treatment did not differ from those who did not fully remit in terms of initial vigilance and attentional avoidance (d < .36). With regard to initial maintenance of attention to threat, the analysis revealed a large but statistically non-significant effect between both groups (d = .81).
Conclusion
Initial maintenance of attention to threat may be beneficial for the treatment of social anxiety. However, the evidence in our study is only weak and further research is needed before clear implications can be drawn.
{"title":"Can attentional biases predict outcome of CBT in children with social anxiety disorder?","authors":"Steffen Schmidtendorf , Julia Asbrand , Brunna Tuschen-Caffier , Nina Heinrichs","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Many studies have investigated differences in attention allocation to threat between socially anxious individuals and healthy controls in adult and child samples. The extent to which differences exist within the group of socially anxious individuals and whether these have a predictive value for the extent of symptom reduction after cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been studied less until to date and yielded inconsistent findings, particularly in child samples.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The present study investigated whether three different indices of biased attention, measured at pretreatment by eye-tracking, were associated with differences in response to a 12-session exposure-based group CBT in a sample of 41 children with social anxiety disorder (SAD).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In linear regression analyses neither initial vigilance nor initial maintenance nor attentional avoidance predicted symptom reductions after CBT. Children who no longer met diagnostic criteria after treatment did not differ from those who did not fully remit in terms of initial vigilance and attentional avoidance (<em>d</em> < .36). With regard to initial maintenance of attention to threat, the analysis revealed a large but statistically non-significant effect between both groups (<em>d</em> = .81).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Initial maintenance of attention to threat may be beneficial for the treatment of social anxiety. However, the evidence in our study is only weak and further research is needed before clear implications can be drawn.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102029"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102028
Schauenburg Gesche, Moritz Steffen, Hottenrott Birgit, Miegel Franziska, Scheunemann Jakob, Jelinek Lena
Background and objectives
Increasing evidence confirms the significant involvement of disgust in contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (C-OCD). More insights into the role of disgust within cognitive biases in OCD may illuminate the psychopathology and corresponding subdimensions or subtypes. The present study introduces a new approach adopted from psycholinguistic research to investigate biases in word association networks in C-OCD versus other OCD symptom dimensions (nC-OCD).
Method
Individuals with OCD (N = 70; N = 42 with C-OCD, N = 28 with nC- OCD) and healthy controls (HC; N = 36) were asked to produce up to five verbal associations with cue words. Written forms of the recorded associations were analyzed with word lexica providing rating norms for valence, arousal, potency, fear, and disgust. We examined bivariate correlations between OCI-R subscale “Washing” and affective variables across all participants. We investigated group differences in semantic biases in the association responses to these five variables given to standardized (three-group comparison: C-OCD vs. nC-OCD vs. HC) and individual (two-group comparison: C-OCD vs. nC-OCD) cue words.
Results
“Washing” and disgust showed the strongest correlation. The three-group comparison revealed more negative valence and disgust-related associations for C-OCD as compared to HC and nC-OCD. Associations generated by the C-OCD group were more pronounced in all emotion variables as compared to the nC-OCD group. Limitations: Rating norms did not cover all word associations, resulting in missing data. The OCD groups were unbalanced due to post-hoc allocation.
Conclusions
Results support the assumption of differentially biased semantic networks across the OCD spectrum, with greater negativity and disgust in C-OCD.
背景与目的越来越多的证据证实了厌恶在污染相关强迫症（C-OCD）中的重要作用。对厌恶在强迫症认知偏差中的作用的进一步了解，可能有助于阐明强迫症的精神病理学及其相应的子维度或亚型。本研究引入了一种新的心理语言学研究方法来研究C-OCD与其他强迫症症状维度（nC-OCD）的词关联网络偏差。方法强迫症患者70例；C-OCD组N = 42， nC- OCD组N = 28)和健康对照(HC；N = 36)被要求与提示词产生最多五个口头联想。对记录的联想的书面形式进行了分析，词汇词典提供了效价、唤起、效力、恐惧和厌恶的评级标准。我们检查了所有参与者的OCI-R子量表“洗涤”和情感变量之间的双变量相关性。我们研究了标准化（三组比较：C-OCD vs. nC-OCD vs. HC）和个体（两组比较：C-OCD vs. nC-OCD）提示词对这五个变量的关联反应中语义偏差的组间差异。结果“洗涤”与厌恶的相关性最强。三组比较发现C-OCD的负效价和厌恶相关的关联比HC和nC-OCD更多。与nC-OCD组相比，C-OCD组在所有情绪变量中产生的关联更为明显。局限性：评分规范没有涵盖所有的词关联，导致数据缺失。强迫症组由于事后分配而不平衡。结论研究结果支持了强迫症谱系中存在差异偏倚语义网络的假设，C-OCD中存在更多的消极和厌恶情绪。
{"title":"A psycholinguistic investigation of biased semantic networks in contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder","authors":"Schauenburg Gesche, Moritz Steffen, Hottenrott Birgit, Miegel Franziska, Scheunemann Jakob, Jelinek Lena","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Increasing evidence confirms the significant involvement of disgust in contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (C-OCD). More insights into the role of disgust within cognitive biases in OCD may illuminate the psychopathology and corresponding subdimensions or subtypes. The present study introduces a new approach adopted from psycholinguistic research to investigate biases in word association networks in C-OCD versus other OCD symptom dimensions (nC-OCD).</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Individuals with OCD (<em>N</em> = 70; <em>N</em> = 42 with C-OCD, <em>N</em> = 28 with nC- OCD) and healthy controls (HC; <em>N</em> = 36) were asked to produce up to five verbal associations with cue words. Written forms of the recorded associations were analyzed with word lexica providing rating norms for valence, arousal, potency, fear, and disgust. We examined bivariate correlations between OCI-R subscale “Washing” and affective variables across all participants. We investigated group differences in semantic biases in the association responses to these five variables given to standardized (three-group comparison: C-OCD vs. nC-OCD vs. HC) and individual (two-group comparison: C-OCD vs. nC-OCD) cue words.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>“Washing” and disgust showed the strongest correlation. The three-group comparison revealed more negative valence and disgust-related associations for C-OCD as compared to HC and nC-OCD. Associations generated by the C-OCD group were more pronounced in all emotion variables as compared to the nC-OCD group. <em>Limitations</em>: Rating norms did not cover all word associations, resulting in missing data. The OCD groups were unbalanced due to post-hoc allocation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Results support the assumption of differentially biased semantic networks across the OCD spectrum, with greater negativity and disgust in C-OCD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102028"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143548431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102030
M.D. Nuijs , H. Larsen , B. Grafton , C. MacLeod , S.M. Bögels , R.W. Wiers , E. Salemink
Background and objectives
Elevating state anxiety during Attentional Bias Modification (ABM) may improve its effectiveness by matching the emotional state experienced during the training with the emotional state under which it is intended that the learned pattern of attentional bias will subsequently operate. This study examined whether inducing elevated levels of state anxiety during ABM enhanced the effectiveness in modifying an attentional bias to socially threatening information.
Methods
Participants (n = 160) were randomized to a single session of attend-negative or attend-positive dot-probe training which was interspersed with either a state anxiety induction or control condition. Attentional bias was assessed post-training by means of a dot-probe task and a visual search task.
Results
ABM was effective in modifying attentional bias in the direction of the allocated training condition as assessed with a dot-probe task, but did not generalize to a visual search task. Importantly, state anxiety did not moderate ABM's training effects.
Limitations
Although the state anxiety manipulation successfully induced state anxiety, state anxiety levels were modest which potentially limited the chance to detect a moderating effect of state anxiety.
Conclusions
Although these findings suggest that inducing state anxiety during ABM does not improve its effectiveness, more studies are needed to confirm this preliminary conclusion. Future studies should examine whether larger state anxiety elevations and state anxiety manipulations that are more integrated into the ABM procedure do enhance training effects.
{"title":"Attend to the positive while feeling anxious: The effect of state anxiety on the effectiveness of Attentional Bias Modification","authors":"M.D. Nuijs , H. Larsen , B. Grafton , C. MacLeod , S.M. Bögels , R.W. Wiers , E. Salemink","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><div>Elevating state anxiety during Attentional Bias Modification (ABM) may improve its effectiveness by matching the emotional state experienced during the training with the emotional state under which it is intended that the learned pattern of attentional bias will subsequently operate. This study examined whether inducing elevated levels of state anxiety during ABM enhanced the effectiveness in modifying an attentional bias to socially threatening information.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants (<em>n</em> = 160) were randomized to a single session of attend-negative or attend-positive dot-probe training which was interspersed with either a state anxiety induction or control condition. Attentional bias was assessed post-training by means of a dot-probe task and a visual search task.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>ABM was effective in modifying attentional bias in the direction of the allocated training condition as assessed with a dot-probe task, but did not generalize to a visual search task. Importantly, state anxiety did not moderate ABM's training effects.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>Although the state anxiety manipulation successfully induced state anxiety, state anxiety levels were modest which potentially limited the chance to detect a moderating effect of state anxiety.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Although these findings suggest that inducing state anxiety during ABM does not improve its effectiveness, more studies are needed to confirm this preliminary conclusion. Future studies should examine whether larger state anxiety elevations and state anxiety manipulations that are more integrated into the ABM procedure do enhance training effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"88 ","pages":"Article 102030"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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