Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry最新文献_第5页

Aversive conditioning is impaired in impulsive individuals: A study on learning asymmetries 冲动型人的厌恶性条件反射会受损：关于学习不对称的研究

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101939

Laurens T. Kemp, Tom Smeets, Anita Jansen, Katrijn Houben

Background and objectives

Appetitive and aversive conditioning are thought to be involved in the development and maintenance of mental disorders including anxiety, mood, eating, and substance use disorders. However, few studies measure the relative strength of appetitive and aversive associations, and their relevance to the risk of mental disorders. This study aims to address this gap.

Methods

We tested how readily healthy volunteers acquire appetitive vs. aversive associations. 150 participants associated complex 3D objects with either gain or loss and made decisions to gain or avoid losing points. We investigated the relationship of a learning asymmetry with neuroticism, impulsivity, and anhedonia, to test the hypothesis that a stronger learning asymmetry corresponds to more extreme scores on these traits.

Results

Impulsivity was positively associated with the learning asymmetry (R² = 0.10). This resulted from an inverse relation with the strength of aversive associations, indicating that impulsive individuals are worse at aversive learning. However, appetitive associations did not differ significantly. No correlations with neuroticism or anhedonia were found.

Limitations

Conditioning studies typically use primary reinforcers and a CS-. Lacking these may make these results less comparable to other studies.

Conclusions

We demonstrate that the learning asymmetry can measure individual differences linked to personality traits, and that impulsivity, normally linked with appetitive learning, also influences aversive learning. These results enable additional studies of learning asymmetry in relation to mental disorders, which could include measurements of mental health symptoms to provide further insight into how appetitive and aversive learning interacts with mental disorders.

背景和目的人们认为食欲和厌恶性条件反射与焦虑、情绪、饮食和药物使用障碍等精神障碍的发展和维持有关。然而，很少有研究测量食欲和厌恶关联的相对强度及其与精神障碍风险的相关性。我们测试了健康志愿者获得食欲性联想与厌恶性联想的容易程度。150名参与者将复杂的三维物体与获得或失去联系起来，并做出获得或避免失去点数的决定。我们研究了学习不对称与神经质、冲动性和失乐症的关系，以验证这样一个假设，即学习不对称越强，这些特质的得分就越极端。这是因为冲动性与厌恶性联想的强度成反比，表明冲动型个体的厌恶性学习能力更差。然而，食欲联想却没有显著差异。局限性条件反射研究通常使用主要强化物和 CS-。结论我们证明了学习不对称性可以测量与人格特质相关的个体差异，而且通常与食欲学习相关的冲动性也会影响厌恶学习。这些结果有助于进一步研究学习不对称性与精神障碍的关系，其中可包括对精神健康症状的测量，从而进一步了解食欲学习和厌恶学习与精神障碍的相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Aversive conditioning is impaired in impulsive individuals: A study on learning asymmetries 冲动型人的厌恶性条件反射会受损：关于学习不对称的研究

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101939

Laurens T. Kemp , Tom Smeets , Anita Jansen , Katrijn Houben

Background and objectives

Appetitive and aversive conditioning are thought to be involved in the development and maintenance of mental disorders including anxiety, mood, eating, and substance use disorders. However, few studies measure the relative strength of appetitive and aversive associations, and their relevance to the risk of mental disorders. This study aims to address this gap.

Methods

We tested how readily healthy volunteers acquire appetitive vs. aversive associations. 150 participants associated complex 3D objects with either gain or loss and made decisions to gain or avoid losing points. We investigated the relationship of a learning asymmetry with neuroticism, impulsivity, and anhedonia, to test the hypothesis that a stronger learning asymmetry corresponds to more extreme scores on these traits.

Results

Impulsivity was positively associated with the learning asymmetry (R² = .10). This resulted from an inverse relation with the strength of aversive associations, indicating that impulsive individuals are worse at aversive learning. However, appetitive associations did not differ significantly. No correlations with neuroticism or anhedonia were found.

Limitations

Conditioning studies typically use primary reinforcers and a CS-. Lacking these may make these results less comparable to other studies.

Conclusions

We demonstrate that the learning asymmetry can measure individual differences linked to personality traits, and that impulsivity, normally linked with appetitive learning, also influences aversive learning. These results enable additional studies of learning asymmetry in relation to mental disorders, which could include measurements of mental health symptoms to provide further insight into how appetitive and aversive learning interacts with mental disorders.

背景和目的人们认为食欲和厌恶性条件反射与焦虑、情绪、饮食和药物使用障碍等精神障碍的发展和维持有关。然而，很少有研究测量食欲和厌恶关联的相对强度及其与精神障碍风险的相关性。我们测试了健康志愿者获得食欲性联想与厌恶性联想的容易程度。150名参与者将复杂的三维物体与获得或失去联系起来，并做出获得或避免失去点数的决定。我们研究了学习不对称与神经质、冲动性和失乐症的关系，以验证这样一个假设，即学习不对称越强，这些特质的得分就越极端。结果冲动性与学习不对称呈正相关（R2 = .10）。这是因为冲动性与厌恶性联想的强度成反比，表明冲动型个体的厌恶性学习能力更差。然而，食欲联想却没有显著差异。局限性条件反射研究通常使用主要强化物和 CS-。结论我们证明了学习不对称性可以测量与人格特质相关的个体差异，而且通常与食欲学习相关的冲动性也会影响厌恶学习。这些结果有助于进一步研究学习不对称性与精神障碍的关系，其中可包括对精神健康症状的测量，从而进一步了解食欲学习和厌恶学习与精神障碍的相互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Interpretation biases in childhood spider fear: Content-specificity, priming, and avoidance 童年蜘蛛恐惧的解释偏差：内容特异性、引申和回避

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101941

Anke M. Klein , Rianne E. van Niekerk , Mike Rinck , Esther Allart , Eni S. Becker

Background and objectives

The relation between fear and interpretation bias has been widely studied in children. However, much less is known about its content-specificity and how interpretation biases predict variance in avoidance. The current study examined different interpretation bias tasks, the role of priming and the ability of the interpretation bias tasks to predict spider fear-related avoidance behaviour.

Methods

169 children with varying levels of spider fear performed a behavioural avoidance task, two versions of the Ambiguous Scenarios Task (AST; with and without priming), and a size and distance estimation task.

Results

Both versions of the AST and the size-estimation were significantly related to self-reported spider fear and avoidance. These relations were content-specific: children with higher levels of spider fear had a more negative interpretation bias related to spider-related materials than to other materials, and a more negative bias than children with lower levels of spider fear. Furthermore, self-reported spider fear, the AST with priming, and the size-estimation predicted unique variance in avoidance behaviour.

Limitations

Children varied in their level of spider fear, but clinical diagnoses of spider phobia were not assessed. The participants of this study were not randomly selected, they were children of parents with panic disorder or social anxiety disorder or no anxiety disorder and could therefore partly be seen as children at risk.

Conclusions

The results support cognitive models of childhood anxiety and indicate that both controlled and automatic processes play an important role in fear-related behaviour.

背景和目的在儿童中，恐惧与解释偏差之间的关系已被广泛研究。然而，人们对其内容特异性以及解释偏差如何预测回避差异的了解却少得多。本研究考察了不同的解释偏差任务、引子的作用以及解释偏差任务预测与蜘蛛恐惧相关的回避行为的能力。结果两种版本的模糊情景任务（AST；有引子和无引子）以及大小和距离估计任务都与自我报告的蜘蛛恐惧和回避行为有显著关系。这些关系具有内容特异性：与其他材料相比，蜘蛛恐惧程度较高的儿童在与蜘蛛相关的材料中会产生更多的负面解释偏差，而且比蜘蛛恐惧程度较低的儿童产生更多的负面解释偏差。此外，自我报告的蜘蛛恐惧、有引子的 AST 和大小估计预测了回避行为的独特差异。本研究的参与者并不是随机挑选的，他们都是父母患有恐慌症、社交焦虑症或无焦虑症的儿童，因此可以部分视为高危儿童。

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引用次数: 0

Targeting negative flashforward imagery in speech anxiety with a visuospatial dual-task: Do attenuated flashforwards lead to less anxiety and avoidance? 通过视觉空间双重任务瞄准言语焦虑中的负面闪回意象：减弱闪回是否会减少焦虑和回避？

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101940

Marjolein R. Thunnissen , Peter J. de Jong , Marleen M. Rijkeboer , Marisol J. Voncken , Ronald M. Rapee , Maaike H. Nauta

Background and objectives

It has been proposed that negative mental imagery plays an important role in the persistence of social fears. Experiencing vivid and distressing ‘flashforward’ images of a potential social catastrophe appears to be of relevance in speech anxiety. To clarify the role of these images, the current experimental study tested if reducing the vividness and distressing properties of recurring negative flashforward images subsequently reduces anxiety and avoidance tendencies regarding a speech. Methods: Participants were female undergraduates high in speech anxiety (N = 134) who joined our study online. In the experimental condition, we used a visuospatial dual-task to reduce the vividness and distress of flashforward imagery. Primary outcomes were participants' self-reported anxiety and avoidance ratings in anticipation of and during an actual speech. As a secondary outcome, we used observer ratings of participants' anxiety during the speech. Results: Participants reported moderate to high frequency and interference of their vivid and distressing flashforward images in daily life. The dual-task resulted in reductions in image vividness and distress. However, we found no differences between conditions in anxiety and avoidance ratings before and during the speech. Limitations: The imagery manipulation effect was moderate to small. Moreover, we included a subclinical sample. Conclusions: Reducing negative flashforward imagery vividness and distress with a visuospatial dual-task did not directly lead to less anxiety and avoidance tendencies related to a later speech. Thus, findings provided no support for the hypothesis that experiencing highly vivid and distressing flashforward images causally contributes to social fears.

背景和目的有人认为，消极的心理想象在社交恐惧的持续存在中起着重要作用。经历潜在社交灾难的生动而令人痛苦的 "闪回 "图像似乎与言语焦虑有关。为了弄清这些意象的作用，本实验研究测试了减少反复出现的负面闪回意象的生动性和令人痛苦的特性是否会降低对演讲的焦虑和回避倾向。实验方法研究对象为有较高演讲焦虑的女大学生（134 人），她们都参加了我们的在线研究。在实验条件下，我们使用视觉空间双重任务来减少前闪意象的生动性和痛苦。主要结果是参与者在预期和实际演讲时自我报告的焦虑和回避评级。作为次要结果，我们使用了观察者在演讲过程中对参与者焦虑程度的评分。结果：参与者报告说，他们在日常生活中出现生动而痛苦的闪回图像的频率和干扰程度为中度到高度。双重任务降低了图像的生动性和痛苦程度。然而，我们发现在演讲前和演讲过程中，不同条件下的焦虑和回避评分没有差异。局限性：意象操纵的效果为中等至较小。此外，我们还纳入了一个亚临床样本。结论通过视觉空间双重任务降低负面闪回意象的生动性和痛苦程度，并不会直接导致后来演讲时焦虑和回避倾向的减少。因此，研究结果并不支持 "经历高度生动和痛苦的闪回意象会导致社交恐惧 "这一假设。

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引用次数: 0

The legacy of social anxiety-linked negative expectancy: A pathway from pre-event negative expectancies to post-event negative thinking 与社交焦虑相关的消极预期的遗产：从事件发生前的消极预期到事件发生后的消极思维的路径

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101937

Julian Basanovic , Lily Kowal , Sophie Millward , Colin MacLeod

Background and objectives

Following engagement in a social event people with heightened vulnerability to social anxiety report elevated levels of negative thinking about the event, and this post-event negative thinking is implicated in the maintenance of social anxiety vulnerability. It has also been established that heightened social anxiety vulnerability is associated with disproportionately negative expectations of upcoming social events. However, contribution of social anxiety-linked pre-event negative expectancy to post-event negative thinking has not been directly investigated. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the relationship between social anxiety vulnerability and post-event negative thinking is mediated by pre-event negative expectancies that drive increased state anxiety at the time of encountering the event.

Methods

One-hundred and ten participants who varied in social anxiety vulnerability completed a simulated job interview. Participants reported negativity of expectancies before the event, state anxiety experienced at the time of encountering the event, and post-event negative thinking across the seven days following the event.

Results

Analyses revealed elevated social anxiety predicted increased negative post-event thinking. The association between social anxiety and post-event negative thinking was fully mediated by a mediation pathway involving pre-event negative expectancies and state anxiety at the time of encountering the interview event.

Limitations

The study used a laboratory-based social experience, and conclusions could usefully be tested in the context of natural social events.

Conclusions

The findings suggest that social anxiety-linked variation in pre-event negative expectancy may contribute to post-event negative thinking following a social event via its impact on state anxiety.

背景和目的在参与社交活动后，易受社交焦虑影响的人对社交活动的负面思考水平会升高，而这种活动后的负面思考与社交焦虑脆弱性的维持有关。此外，人们还发现，社交焦虑易感性的增强与对即将发生的社交事件的过度消极预期有关。然而，与社交焦虑相关的事件前消极预期对事件后消极想法的影响尚未得到直接研究。本研究旨在验证以下假设：社交焦虑脆弱性与事件发生后的消极思维之间的关系是由事件发生前的消极预期所介导的，这种消极预期会在遇到事件时促使状态焦虑增加。参与者报告了事件发生前的消极预期、事件发生时的焦虑状态以及事件发生后七天内的消极想法。结果分析表明，社交焦虑的升高预示着事件发生后消极想法的增加。结论研究结果表明，与社会焦虑有关的事件前消极预期的变化可能会通过其对状态焦虑的影响而导致社会事件后的消极思维。

{"title":"The legacy of social anxiety-linked negative expectancy: A pathway from pre-event negative expectancies to post-event negative thinking","authors":"Julian Basanovic , Lily Kowal , Sophie Millward , Colin MacLeod","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Following engagement in a social event people with heightened vulnerability to social anxiety report elevated levels of negative thinking about the event, and this post-event negative thinking is implicated in the maintenance of social anxiety vulnerability. It has also been established that heightened social anxiety vulnerability is associated with disproportionately negative expectations of upcoming social events. However, contribution of social anxiety-linked pre-event negative expectancy to post-event negative thinking has not been directly investigated. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the relationship between social anxiety vulnerability and post-event negative thinking is mediated by pre-event negative expectancies that drive increased state anxiety at the time of encountering the event.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>One-hundred and ten participants who varied in social anxiety vulnerability completed a simulated job interview. Participants reported negativity of expectancies before the event, state anxiety experienced at the time of encountering the event, and post-event negative thinking across the seven days following the event.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Analyses revealed elevated social anxiety predicted increased negative post-event thinking. The association between social anxiety and post-event negative thinking was fully mediated by a mediation pathway involving pre-event negative expectancies and state anxiety at the time of encountering the interview event.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>The study used a laboratory-based social experience, and conclusions could usefully be tested in the context of natural social events.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The findings suggest that social anxiety-linked variation in pre-event negative expectancy may contribute to post-event negative thinking following a social event via its impact on state anxiety.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"83 ","pages":"Article 101937"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791623001040/pdfft?md5=30cef25d5a36c3c098eba8ac59e905e8&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791623001040-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138683245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The effectiveness of a masked counterconditioning approach using continuous flash suppression to alleviate body dissatisfaction in women with high body image concerns 利用连续闪光抑制的掩蔽反调节方法来缓解对身体形象高度关注的女性的身体不满的有效性

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101938

Irina Masselman , Klaske A. Glashouwer , Mark M. Span , Peter J. de Jong

Background and objectives

Research that used counterconditioning (CC) to reduce women's negative body image has led to mixed results. One explanation could be that the negative responses elicited by own body pictures hinder the effectiveness of CC procedures in adjusting overly negative attitudes towards the own body. In this study we therefore tried to prevent the impact of negative responses by limiting women's perceptual awareness of the own body pictures during the CC procedure.

Methods

Women with a negative body image were randomly assigned to an experimental (n = 75) or control (n = 71) condition. In the experimental condition, participants’ masked body pictures were systematically followed by visible social approval cues (i.e., smiling faces), whereas neutral body-unrelated control pictures were followed by a blank screen. In the control condition, both own body and control pictures were followed by a blank screen.

Results

Participants in the experimental condition did not report a more positive evaluation of the own body (pictures) after CC than participants in the control condition. Also, the strength of automatic affective body evaluations as indexed by a single-target Implicit Association Test did not differ between conditions.

Limitations

Many participants did not remain fully unaware of their body pictures during conditioning.

Conclusions

The findings provided no support for the idea that CC with masked own body pictures can be used in women with body dissatisfaction to improve their body image.

背景和目的：利用反条件疗法（CC）减少女性负面身体形象的研究结果不一。一种解释是，自身身体图片引起的负面反应阻碍了 CC 程序在调整对自身身体的过度负面态度方面的有效性。因此，在本研究中，我们试图通过限制女性在CC过程中对自身身体图片的感知来防止负面反应的影响。方法将具有负面身体形象的女性随机分配到实验条件（75 人）或对照条件（71 人）中。在实验条件下，参与者被遮蔽的身体图片后面会系统地出现可见的社会认可线索（即笑脸），而与身体无关的中性对照图片后面则是空白屏幕。结果与对照组相比，实验组受试者并没有对 CC 后自己的身体（图片）做出更积极的评价。局限性许多参与者在调节过程中并没有完全意识到自己的身体图片。结论研究结果并不支持这样的观点，即使用遮盖自己身体图片的CC可以改善对身体不满意的女性的身体形象。

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引用次数: 0

Psychopathy and gaze cueing 精神病和凝视暗示

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101936

Carlo Garofalo , Andrew Jones , Lieke Nentjes , Steven M. Gillespie

Background and objectives

Psychopathic traits – and especially callous affective features – have been linked to altered processing of others’ emotional expressions, and to reduced attention to the eyes. Despite the importance of gaze cueing (i.e., the tendency to orient attention toward where someone else is looking) for social functioning, few studies have investigated relationships between psychopathic traits and gaze cueing, and whether facial emotional expression influence these relationships, obtaining mixed results. To address this gap, the present study aimed to evaluate associations between psychopathic traits and gaze cueing for emotional and neutral expressions.

Methods

65 non-clinical male participants (M_age = 27.3 years) completed two self-report measures of psychopathy and performed laboratory tasks to assess gaze-cueing for emotional vs. neutral faces and an arrow-cueing task as a comparison.

Results

Linear mixed models showed no significant associations of emotional (versus neutral) expressions, or psychopathy trait dimensions, with either gaze cueing or arrow cueing.

Limitations

Reliance on a convenience sample of non-clinical men, assessed with self-reports measures of psychopathy, and using static emotional stimuli limit the generalizability of our findings.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that psychopathic traits are not associated with individual differences in following others’ gaze to direct attention, and that there was no advantage for affective relative to neutral expressions.

背景和目的心理病态特征——尤其是冷酷无情的情感特征——与对他人情绪表达的处理方式改变以及对眼睛的注意力减少有关。尽管凝视线索(即将注意力转向他人注视的地方的倾向)对社会功能很重要，但很少有研究调查精神病特征与凝视线索之间的关系，以及面部情绪表达是否影响这些关系，得到的结果好坏参半。为了解决这一差距，本研究旨在评估精神病态特征与情绪和中性表情的凝视线索之间的联系。方法65名非临床男性参与者(Mage = 27.3岁)完成了两项精神病自我报告测量，并执行了实验室任务来评估情绪与中性面孔的凝视线索和箭头线索任务作为比较。结果线性混合模型显示，无论是凝视线索还是箭头线索，情绪(相对于中性)表达或精神病特征维度都没有显著关联。局限性依赖于方便的非临床男性样本，通过自我报告的精神病测量进行评估，并使用静态情绪刺激限制了我们研究结果的普遍性。结论心理变态特征与跟随他人目光转向直接注意的个体差异无关，情感表情相对于中性表情没有优势。

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引用次数: 0

Development of the scrupulosity inventory: A factor analysis and construct validity study 审慎性量表的开发:因子分析与结构效度研究

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101926

Chris H. Miller , Dawson W. Hedges , Bruce Brown , Joseph Olsen , Elijah C. Baughan

Background and objectives

Scrupulosity, despite its considerable prevalence and morbidity, remains under-investigated. The present study develops and examines the psychometric properties of a comprehensive assessment tool, the Scrupulosity Inventory (SI).

Methods

The SI, along with other measures of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and perfectionism, were administered to a sample (N = 150) of college undergraduates similar in size to other scale development studies of related measures. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the SI, examined its convergent and divergent validity, and assessed its ability to predict categorical diagnoses of scrupulosity using a receiver operator characteristic analysis.

Results

We found a well-fitting confirmatory bifactor model (RMSEA = 0.049) with a strong general Scrupulosity factor ( $ω_{H_{S}} = 0.907$ ) and specific factors for Personal Violations ( $ω_{H_{S}} = 0.212$ ), Ritualized Behavior ( $ω_{H_{S}} = 0.505$ ), Interference with Life ( $ω_{H_{S}} = 0.254$ ), and Problem Pervasiveness ( $ω_{H_{S}} = 0.430$ ). As predicted, we also found the strongest convergence (r = 0.63) between the SI and the Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS), intermediate convergence (r = 0.54) between the SI and Perfectionism Inventory (PI), and weaker convergence (r = 0.47) between the SI and YBOCS. Finally, we found that a categorical diagnosis of scrupulosity was highly predicted by the SI (AUC = 0.84), less well-predicted by the PIOS (AUC = 0.75) and less well predicted by the YBOCS (AUC = 0.69).

Limitations

This study was conducted among a sample of undergraduates at a religiously affiliated university.

Conclusions

These results suggest utility in using the SI to measure the severity of scrupulosity symptoms and that scrupulosity and OCD may present significantly different clinical features.

背景与目的尽管糖尿病的患病率和发病率很高，但仍未得到充分的研究。本研究开发并检验了一种综合评估工具的心理测量特性，即严谨量表(SI)。方法将SI与强迫症和完美主义的其他测量方法一起应用于一个样本(N = 150)的大学生，该样本的规模与其他相关测量方法的量表开发研究相似。我们对SI进行了探索性和验证性因素分析，检验了其收敛性和发散性有效性，并使用接收算子特征分析评估了其预测谨慎性分类诊断的能力。结果验证性双因子模型(RMSEA = 0.049)具有较强的一般严谨性因子(ωHS=0.907)和个人违规(ωHS=0.212)、仪式化行为(ωHS=0.505)、干扰生活(ωHS=0.254)和问题普遍性(ωHS=0.430)的特定因子。正如预测的那样，我们还发现SI与Penn诚信量表(PIOS)之间的收敛性最强(r = 0.63)，SI与完美主义量表(PI)之间的收敛性中等(r = 0.54)，SI与YBOCS之间的收敛性较弱(r = 0.47)。最后，我们发现谨慎性的分类诊断被SI高度预测(AUC = 0.84)，被PIOS预测较差(AUC = 0.75)和被YBOCS预测较差(AUC = 0.69)。本研究是在一所宗教附属大学的本科生中进行的。结论这些结果提示使用SI来衡量严谨症状的严重程度是有用的，并且严谨和强迫症可能表现出明显不同的临床特征。

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引用次数: 0

Examining the influence of self-referential thinking on aberrant salience and jumping to conclusions bias in individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders 研究自我参照思维对精神分裂症谱系障碍患者异常显著性和跳脱结论偏差的影响

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101935

Shreya Jagtap , Michael W. Best

Background and objectives

Cognitive processes such as aberrant salience and the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias are implicated in the development of delusions. Self-referential thinking is implicated in this process; however, it is unknown how it may interact with aberrant salience and JTC bias in individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSDs). This study examined associations of self-referential thinking with aberrant salience, JTC bias, and delusion severity, and whether self-referential stimuli led to an increase in aberrant salience and JTC bias in SSDs (n = 20) relative to psychiatrically healthy controls (n = 20).

Methods

To assess aberrant salience and JTC bias, participants were asked to complete both self-referential and neutral versions of the Salience Attribution Test (SAT) and the Beads Task, as well as self-report measures of aberrant salience and JTC bias.

Results

Self-referential task condition interacted with clinical group to predict JTC beads task scores, such that participants with SSDs exhibited greater levels of JTC bias than psychiatrically healthy controls during the neutral task condition, when controlling for levels of motivation, cognitive insight, and functioning. Self-referential thinking was significantly associated with aberrant salience, JTC bias, and delusion severity.

Limitations

This experiment examined trait-level relationships between variables, so does not provide information about state-level interrelationships and would benefit from replication using more dynamic methods such as ecological momentary assessment.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the interrelationships between self-referential thinking, JTC bias, aberrant salience, and delusion severity, in individuals with SSDs, and support the interactive role of self-referential thinking in predicting JTC bias.

背景与目的认知过程如异常显著性和跳脱性结论(JTC)偏差与妄想的发展有关。这一过程涉及自我参照思维;然而，尚不清楚它如何与精神分裂症谱系障碍(ssd)患者的异常显著性和JTC偏倚相互作用。本研究考察了自我参照思维与异常显著性、JTC偏差和妄想严重程度的关联，以及自我参照刺激是否导致ssd患者(n = 20)相对于精神健康对照组(n = 20)的异常显著性和JTC偏差增加。方法为了评估异常显著性和JTC偏差，参与者被要求完成自我参照和中立版本的显著性归因测试(SAT)和珠子任务，以及自我报告的异常显著性和JTC偏差测量。结果自我参照任务条件与临床组相互作用预测JTC珠子任务得分，因此，在控制动机、认知洞察力和功能水平时，在中性任务条件下，ssd参与者比精神健康对照组表现出更高的JTC偏差水平。自我参照思维与异常显著性、JTC偏差和妄想严重程度显著相关。该实验考察了变量之间的特征级关系，因此不能提供有关状态级相互关系的信息，并且将受益于使用更动态的方法(如生态瞬时评估)进行复制。结论ssd患者自我参照思维、JTC偏倚、异常显著性和妄想严重程度之间存在相互关系，支持自我参照思维在预测JTC偏倚中的交互作用。

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引用次数: 0

Implicit aggressive self-concept in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Results from an approach-avoidance task 强迫症患者的内隐攻击性自我概念:来自接近-回避任务的结果

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101927

Josefine Gehlenborg, Franziska Miegel, Steffen Moritz, Jakob Scheunemann, Amir-Hosseyn Yassari, Lena Jelinek

Background and objectives

Patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have reported higher anger and aggression than healthy individuals in previous studies using explicit measures. However, studies using implicit measures have demonstrated mixed results. The aim of the present study was to investigate implicit aggressiveness in OCD using an approach-avoidance task (AAT).

Methods

Seventy-eight patients with OCD and 37 healthy controls underwent structured clinical interviews and measures of anger, OCD, and depressive symptoms as well as a computerized AAT that included aggressive, peaceful, negative, and positive stimuli.

Results

In line with previous studies, patients with OCD reported higher scores on explicit anger. With respect to the implicit measure, repeated measures ANOVAs did not show any differences in mean reaction times for pushing compared to pulling aggressive versus peaceful and negative versus positive words. However, analyses of specific OCD symptom dimensions demonstrated significantly faster reaction times for pulling compared to pushing aggressive words for patients with high scores in the OCD symptom dimensions obsessing and hoarding.

Limitations

Eighty percent of patients with OCD showed psychiatric comorbidities and all were seeking treatment.

Conclusion

The present study supports previous studies reporting the absence of higher aggressiveness in patients with OCD compared to healthy controls using implicit measures. However, in contrast to previous studies, we found an implicit approach bias towards aggressive self-statements for OCD patients scoring high in the symptom dimensions obsessing and hoarding compared to healthy controls. Future studies should further elucidate putative functional relationships between different OCD symptom dimensions and implicit aggressiveness.

背景与目的在以往的研究中，强迫症(OCD)患者的愤怒和攻击性高于健康人。然而，使用隐式测量的研究显示了不同的结果。本研究的目的是利用趋近-回避任务(AAT)来研究强迫症的内隐攻击性。方法78名强迫症患者和37名健康对照者进行了结构化的临床访谈，测量了愤怒、强迫症和抑郁症状，并进行了计算机化的AAT，包括攻击性、平和性、消极和积极刺激。结果与之前的研究一致，强迫症患者在显性愤怒上的得分更高。对于内隐测量，重复测量方差分析没有显示推与拉的平均反应时间有任何差异，攻击性与和平，消极与积极词汇。然而，对特定强迫症症状维度的分析表明，在强迫症症状维度上得分较高的患者，在拉动攻击性词语时的反应时间明显快于推动攻击性词语时的反应时间。局限性:80%的强迫症患者表现出精神上的合并症，并且都在寻求治疗。结论本研究支持先前的研究报告，使用内隐测量方法，强迫症患者与健康对照组相比没有更高的攻击性。然而，与之前的研究相比，我们发现强迫症患者的内隐方法倾向于攻击性自我陈述，与健康对照组相比，强迫症患者在症状维度上得分较高。未来的研究应进一步阐明强迫症不同症状维度与内隐攻击性之间的功能关系。

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引用次数: 0