Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry最新文献_第9页

The impact of mood-induction on maladaptive thinking in the vulnerability for depression 情绪诱导对易患抑郁症患者适应不良思维的影响

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101888

Marlijn E. Besten , Marie-José van Tol , Jacolien van Rij , Marieke K. van Vugt

Background and objectives

Mind-wandering, and specifically the frequency and content of mind-wandering, plays an important role in the psychological well-being of individuals. Repetitive negative thinking has been associated with a high risk to develop and maintain Major Depressive Disorder. We here combined paradigms and techniques from cognitive sciences and experimental clinical psychology to study the transdiagnostic psychiatric phenomenon of repetitive negative thinking. This allowed us to investigate the adjustability of the content and characteristics of mind-wandering in individuals varying in their susceptibility to negative affect.

Methods

Participants high (n = 42) or low (n = 40) on their vulnerability for negative affect and depression performed a Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) after a single session of positive fantasizing and a single session of stress induction in a cross-over design. Affective states were measured before and after the interventions.

Results

After stress, negative affect increased, while after fantasizing both positive affect increased and negative affect decreased. Thoughts were less off-task, past-related and negative after fantasizing compared to after stress. Individuals more susceptible to negative affect showed more off-task thinking after stress than after fantasizing compared to individuals low on this.

Limitations

In this cross-over design, no baseline measurement was included, limiting comparison to ‘uninduced’ mind-wandering. Inclusion of self-related concerns in the SART could have led to negative priming.

Conclusions

Stress-induced negative thinking underlying vulnerability for depression could be partially countered by fantasizing in a non-clinical sample, which may inform the development of treatments for depression and other disorders characterized by maladaptive thinking.

背景与目的精神游荡，特别是精神游荡的频率和内容，对个体的心理健康起着重要作用。重复的消极思维与发展和维持严重抑郁症的高风险有关。我们在这里结合了认知科学和实验临床心理学的范式和技术来研究重复消极思维的跨诊断精神现象。这使我们能够研究不同易受负面影响的个体的走神内容和特征的可调节性。方法在交叉设计中，高（n=42）或低（n=40）的参与者在单次积极幻想和单次压力诱导后进行持续注意反应任务（SART）。在干预前后测量情感状态。结果应激后消极情绪增加，幻想后积极情绪增加，消极情绪减少。与压力后相比，幻想后的想法较少偏离任务，与过去有关，消极。与消极情绪较低的人相比，更容易受到消极情绪影响的人在压力后比在幻想后表现出更多的非任务思维。限制在这种交叉设计中，不包括基线测量，将比较限制为“未引起的”思维漫游。将自我相关的担忧纳入严重急性呼吸系统综合征可能会导致负面启动。结论在非临床样本中进行幻想可以部分抵消压力诱导的消极思维，这可能为抑郁症和其他以思维不适应为特征的疾病的治疗提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Impacts of repeated retrieval of positive and neutral memories on posttrauma health: An investigative pilot study 积极记忆和中性记忆的重复提取对创伤后健康的影响：一项初步调查研究

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101887

Ateka A. Contractor , Brett Messman , Preston Gould , Danica C. Slavish , Nicole H. Weiss

Background and objectives

Evidence indicates that positive memory processes play a role in the etiology and maintenance of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and related posttrauma health indicators. To extend this research, the current pilot study examined if repeated retrieval of positive vs. neutral memories was associated with (1) less PTSS and depression severity; and (2) improved affect and cognitions (fewer posttrauma cognitions, more positively-valenced affect, less negatively-valenced affect, less negative affect interference, less anhedonia, retrieval of more positive specific memories, retrieval of fewer negative specific memories).

Methods

Twenty-five trauma-exposed participants were randomly assigned to a positive or neutral memory task condition. They participated in four weekly experimental sessions facilitated by an experimenter virtually; each consecutive session was separated by 6–8 days. We conducted mixed between-within subjects ANOVAs to examine study hypotheses.

Results

No interaction effects were significant. There were significant main effects of time on PTSS and depression severity, posttrauma cognitions, positively-valenced and negatively-valenced affect, and negative affect interference.

Limitations

We used self-report measures, small and non-clinical sample with limited demographic diversity, and virtual format; did not record memory narratives; and did not have a trauma memory condition.

Conclusions

Based on pilot data, our findings suggest that individuals who retrieve positive or neutral memories repeatedly may report less PTSS and depression severity, fewer posttrauma cognitions, and improved affect. Results provide an impetus to examine impacts of and mechanisms underlying memory interventions (beyond a sole focus on negatively-valenced memories) in trauma work.

背景与目的有证据表明，积极记忆过程在创伤后应激症状（PTSS）和相关创伤后健康指标的病因和维持中发挥作用。为了扩展这项研究，目前的试点研究检查了重复提取阳性记忆与中性记忆是否与（1）减少创伤后应激障碍和抑郁严重程度有关；（2）情感和认知的改善（创伤后认知减少，正向情感增加，负向情感减少，负向情绪干扰减少，快感缺乏，恢复更多的正向特定记忆，恢复更少的负向特定记忆）。他们参加了由实验者虚拟协助的每周四次的实验会议；每个连续疗程间隔6-8天。我们进行了受试者之间的混合方差分析，以检验研究假设。结果无明显交互作用。时间对创伤后应激障碍和抑郁严重程度、创伤后认知、正向和负向情感以及负向情感干扰有显著的主要影响。局限性我们使用了自我报告测量、人口统计学多样性有限的小型非临床样本和虚拟形式；没有记录记忆叙述；并且没有创伤记忆状况。结论基于试点数据，我们的研究结果表明，反复获得积极或中性记忆的人可能会报告更少的创伤后应激障碍和抑郁严重程度，更少的创伤认知，并改善情绪。研究结果为研究记忆干预在创伤工作中的影响和机制提供了动力（不仅仅关注负价记忆）。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring intrusions without awareness: A preliminary study of the characteristics and influences of meta-awareness failures 探索无意识入侵：元意识失败的特征和影响的初步研究

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101889

Yu-Tung J. Sun , Melanie K.T. Takarangi , Reginald D.V. Nixon

Background and Objectives

Research shows that people can lack meta-awareness (i.e., being explicitly aware) of their trauma-related thoughts, which impacts our understanding of re-experiencing symptoms, a key symptom type in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), assessed through self-report. This preliminarily study explored differences between (meta-)aware and unaware intrusion characteristics to understand why some intrusions are not immediately apparent to individuals.

Methods

Trauma-exposed participants (N = 78) were recruited from online crowd-sourcing platforms to complete an online meta-awareness task. During a reading task, participants were intermittently probed to index the occurrence of unreported (i.e., unaware) trauma-related intrusions. Once participants indicated trauma-related intrusions were present, they then completed a questionnaire that indexed intrusion characteristics.

Results

Although unaware intrusions did occur in a subset of the sample, there were no fundamental differences between aware and unaware intrusions in terms of modality of experience (imagery vs. non-imagery), meaningfulness, accessibility, or other characteristics (e.g., vividness).

Limitations

There was potential for lower participant engagement and attention due to the online delivery of the meta-awareness task, which may have minimized meta-awareness failure. Future research could consider using a continuous measure to index levels of meta-awareness. In addition, recruiting clinical samples (e.g., individuals with PTSD) who typically experience multiple daily intrusions would allow generalizability of the current findings to be tested.

Conclusions

Our findings from this preliminary study suggest that unaware and aware intrusions show more commonality than not in their characteristics, with further research required to improve our understanding of the mechanisms leading to meta-awareness or lack of in PTSD.

背景和目的研究表明，人们可能对自己的创伤相关想法缺乏元意识（即明确意识），这影响了我们对重新体验症状的理解，这是创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的一种关键症状类型，通过自我报告进行评估。这项初步研究探讨了（元）感知和非感知入侵特征之间的差异，以理解为什么一些入侵对个人来说并不明显。方法从在线众包平台招募创伤暴露参与者（N=78），完成在线元认知任务。在阅读任务中，参与者被间歇性地探测，以索引未报告（即未意识）的创伤相关入侵的发生情况。一旦参与者表示存在与创伤相关的入侵，他们就完成了一份索引入侵特征的问卷。结果尽管在样本的一个子集中确实发生了未意识的入侵，但在体验模式（图像与非图像）、意义、可及性、，限制由于元认知任务的在线交付，参与者的参与度和注意力可能会降低，这可能会将元认知失败降至最低。未来的研究可以考虑使用一种连续的衡量标准来衡量元意识的水平。此外，招募通常每天经历多次入侵的临床样本（如创伤后应激障碍患者），可以测试当前发现的普遍性。结论我们在这项初步研究中的发现表明，无意识和有意识的入侵在其特征上表现出更多的共性，需要进一步的研究来提高我们对导致创伤后应激障碍中元意识或缺乏元意识的机制的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Latent class analysis of emotions experienced during compulsive hair-pulling episodes 强迫性拔毛发作期间情绪的潜在类别分析

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-06-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101882

Macy M. Hicks , Suzanne Mouton-Odum , Kevin C. Patyk , Ryan J. Zamora , Alessandro S. De Nadai

Background and objectives

Reasons for compulsive hair pulling are heterogeneous and not fully understood. Given that many people who experience compulsive hair pulling do not respond to treatment, identifying subgroups can inform potential mechanisms and treatment design.

Methods

We sought to identify empirical subgroups among participants in an online treatment program for trichotillomania (N = 1728). A latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of emotions associated with compulsive hair-pulling episodes.

Results

Six classes of participants were found which reflected three predominant themes. One theme reflected expected patterns, where emotional changes were seen following pulling. Two other themes were more surprising, where one reflected high overall emotional activation that did not show consistent change in response to pulling, and another showed low emotional activation overall. These results suggest that there are multiple types of hair-pulling and a sizeable group of people may benefit from treatment adjustments.

Limitations

Participants did not receive semi-structured diagnostic assessment. A majority of participants were Caucasian, and future research would benefit from increased participant diversity. Emotions associated with compulsive hair-pulling were measured across an entire treatment program, but the relationship between specific intervention components and change in specific emotions was not systematically collected.

Conclusions

While previous research has addressed overall phenomenology and comorbidity, the present study is the first to identify empirical subgroups of people who experience compulsive hair-pulling at the level of individual pulling episodes. Identified participant classes had distinguishing features that can aid in personalizing treatment to individual symptom presentations.

背景和目的强迫性拔毛的原因多种多样，尚不完全清楚。鉴于许多经历过强迫性拔毛的人对治疗没有反应，确定亚组可以为潜在的机制和治疗设计提供信息。方法我们试图在拔毛癖在线治疗项目（N=1728）的参与者中确定经验亚组。使用潜在类别分析来识别与强迫性拔毛事件相关的情绪模式。结果共发现六类参与者，反映了三个主要主题。其中一个主题反映了预期的模式，即拉动后情绪的变化。另外两个主题更令人惊讶，其中一个主题反映了高的整体情绪激活，但在对拉动的反应中没有表现出一致的变化，另一个主题则显示了低的总体情绪激活。这些结果表明，有多种类型的拔毛，相当一部分人可能会从治疗调整中受益。限制参与者未接受半结构化诊断评估。大多数参与者是高加索人，未来的研究将受益于参与者多样性的增加。在整个治疗项目中测量了与强迫性拔毛相关的情绪，但没有系统地收集特定干预成分与特定情绪变化之间的关系。结论虽然以前的研究涉及整体现象学和共病，但本研究首次在个体拔发事件的水平上确定了经历强迫性拔发的人的经验亚组。已确定的参与者类别具有显著的特征，有助于根据个人症状表现进行个性化治疗。

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引用次数: 1

Reducing the stickiness of negative memory retrieval through positive memory training in adolescents 通过积极记忆训练降低青少年消极记忆检索的粘性

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101881

Eline Belmans , Hendrik-Jan De Vuyst , Keisuke Takano , Filip Raes

Background and objectives

Individuals at risk for depression exhibit a decreased ability to disengage from negative memory retrieval during times of mental distress, partly because they have difficulty retrieving positive memories to repair sad mood. In this study, we tested whether this persistent tendency for negative memory retrieval could be reduced in adolescents through repeated practice to retrieve positive autobiographical memories, namely Positive Memory Specificity Training (PMST). Further, we examined the impact of this intervention on secondary outcomes, including depressive symptoms, emotion regulation strategies, and fear of positive emotions.

Methods

Adolescents (n = 68) between 16 and 18 years old were randomly allocated to either PMST or bogus control training. Persistent negative memory retrieval was assessed following the training using a behavioral decision-making task (Emotional Reversal Learning Task). Additionally, participants completed self-report measurements (e.g., depressive symptoms) before and two weeks after the training.

Results

We found preliminary supportive evidence for a significant training effect such that adolescents following PMST showed less persistence in negative memory retrieval compared to those in the control group. Only for anhedonia a significant training effect was found, indicating a possible adverse effect of the intervention.

Limitations

The primary outcome was assessed only at post-intervention to prevent a potential learning effect due to repeated measurements. We cannot exclude the possibility that baseline individual differences contaminated our results. To examine possible adverse effects of PMST, larger sample are needed.

Conclusions

PMST may help to reduce persistent negative memory retrieval in adolescents. Recommendations for future studies are addressed.

背景和目的有抑郁风险的个体在精神痛苦时期脱离负面记忆检索的能力下降，部分原因是他们难以检索积极记忆来修复悲伤情绪。在这项研究中，我们测试了青少年是否可以通过反复练习来检索积极的自传体记忆，即积极记忆特异性训练（PMST）来减少这种持续的消极记忆检索倾向。此外，我们研究了这种干预对次要结果的影响，包括抑郁症状、情绪调节策略和对积极情绪的恐惧。方法将16～18岁的青少年（n=68）随机分为PMST组和假对照组。使用行为决策任务（情绪逆转学习任务）在训练后评估持续性负记忆检索。此外，参与者在训练前和训练后两周完成了自我报告测量（如抑郁症状）。结果我们发现了显著训练效果的初步支持性证据，即与对照组相比，PMST后的青少年在负记忆检索方面表现出的持久性较低。只有对于快感缺乏，才发现显著的训练效果，这表明干预可能会产生不良影响。局限性仅在干预后评估主要结果，以防止由于重复测量而产生潜在的学习影响。我们不能排除基线个体差异影响我们结果的可能性。为了检查PMST可能产生的不良影响，需要更大的样本。结论sPMST有助于减少青少年持续性负记忆检索。提出了未来研究的建议。

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引用次数: 1

Relation among, trait anxiety, intolerance to uncertainty and early maltreatment experiences on fear discrimination learning and avoidance generalization online task 恐惧辨别学习和回避泛化网络任务中特质焦虑、对不确定性的不容忍和早期虐待经历的关系

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101886

Consuelo San Martín , Mario A. Laborda , Gonzalo Miguez , Andrea Sánchez , Bram Vervliet , Vanetza Quezada-Scholz

Background and objectives

Early aversive experiences, which have been associated with elevated anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty (IUS), may contribute negatively to fear conditioning learning. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relation among individual differences in childhood maltreatment experiences, trait anxiety, and IUS in adulthood; and to determine how these variables could affect fear learning discrimination and avoidance generalization.

Methods

We adapted an avoidance procedure in an online fear learning task. Two pictures of different lamp colors (CS+) were first associated with two aversive images (US), while a third color was not (CS-). Next, clicking a button during one CS + could effectively avoid the US (CS + av), but not during the other (CS + unav). Finally, avoidance generalization was tested to lamp colors that were between CS- and CS + av (safety dimension) and CS + av and CS + unav (avoidability dimension). With a sample of 67 participants, we measured ratings of relief, expectancy, and anxiety, as well as button presses and individual differences (STAI, IUS and MAES).

Results

Aversive early experiences were positively related to trait anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty. The results of the task further suggested that maltreatment experience contributes to be more attentive to aversive signals, which could be implicated in leading to difficulties in discrimination learning.

Limitations

Online experiments implies some loss of control over subjects and environment that can threaten internal validity. Likewise, the commitment of participants may be low.

Conclusions

Results suggest that early aversive experience and anxiety could contribute to the development of IUS, which likely contributes to the development of avoidance behavior.

背景和目的早期的厌恶经历与焦虑和不确定性不容忍（IUS）的增加有关，可能对恐惧条件学习产生负面影响。本研究的目的是分析儿童期虐待经历、特质焦虑和成年期IUS的个体差异之间的关系；并确定这些变量如何影响恐惧学习辨别和回避泛化。方法我们在网上恐惧学习任务中采用回避程序。两张不同灯颜色的图片（CS+）首先与两张厌恶的图片（US）相关联，而第三种颜色则没有（CS-）。接下来，在一次CS+中点击按钮可以有效地避开US（CS+av），但在另一次（CS+unav）中则不然。最后，对介于CS-和CS+av（安全维度）以及CS+av和CS+unav（可回避维度）之间的灯颜色进行了回避泛化测试。在67名参与者的样本中，我们测量了缓解、预期和焦虑的评分，以及按钮按下和个体差异（STAI、IUS和MAES）。结果厌恶的早期经历与特质焦虑和对不确定性的不容忍呈正相关。研究结果进一步表明，虐待经历有助于更加注意厌恶信号，这可能导致歧视学习困难。限制在线实验意味着对受试者和环境的一些失控，这可能威胁到内部有效性。同样，参与者的承诺可能很低。结论早期厌恶经历和焦虑可能有助于IUS的发展，而IUS可能有助于回避行为的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Development and validation of the ambiguous scenario task for perfectionistic concerns for university students 大学生完美主义关注模糊情景任务的开发与验证

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101811

Barbara Cludius , Julia Hummel , Karina Limburg , Marcella L. Woud , Keisuke Takano

Background and objectives

Interpretation biases (IBs) are found in a range of psychological disorders, and the transdiagnostic role of IBs has gained increasing attention. Among the variants, IBs of perfectionism (e.g., interpreting a trivial error as equivalent to complete failure) are understood to be a central transdiagnostic phenotype. Perfectionism is a multidimensional construct and the dimension of perfectionistic concerns has been found to be most closely related to psychopathology. Therefore, capturing IBs that are specifically related to perfectionistic concerns (not perfectionism in general) is of particular importance in studying pathological IBs. Thus, we developed and validated the Ambiguous Scenario Task for Perfectionistic Concerns (AST-PC) to be used in university students.

Methods

We created two versions of the AST-PC and administered each version to one of two independent student samples (i.e., Version A to n = 108 and Version B to n = 110). We then examined the factor structure and associations with established questionnaires of perfectionism, depression, and anxiety.

Results

The AST-PC showed good factorial validity, confirming the hypothesized three-factor structure: perfectionistic concerns, adaptive, and maladaptive (but not perfectionistic) interpretations. The interpretations related to perfectionistic concerns showed good correlations with questionnaires of perfectionistic concerns, depressive symptoms, and trait anxiety.

Limitations

Additional validation studies are required to establish the temporal stability of the task scores and their sensitivity to experimental induction and clinical intervention. Additionally, IBs of perfectionism should be investigated within a broader transdiagnostic context.

Conclusions

The AST-PC demonstrated good psychometric properties. Future applications of the task are discussed.

背景和目的在一系列心理障碍中发现了解释偏差，其跨诊断作用越来越受到关注。在这些变体中，完美主义的IBs（例如，将一个微不足道的错误解释为等同于完全失败）被认为是一种中心的跨诊断表型。完美主义是一个多维结构，完美主义关注的维度与精神病理学关系最为密切。因此，捕捉与完美主义问题（而不是一般的完美主义）特别相关的IBs在研究病理性IBs中尤为重要。因此，我们开发并验证了用于大学生的完美主义关注的模糊情景任务（AST-PC）。方法我们创建了两个版本的AST-PC，并对两个独立学生样本中的一个（即版本A至n=108和版本B至n=110）进行每个版本的管理。然后，我们用完美主义、抑郁和焦虑的既定问卷调查了因素结构和关联。结果AST-PC显示出良好的因子有效性，证实了假设的三因素结构：完美主义担忧、适应性和不适应（但不是完美主义）解释。与完美主义担忧相关的解释与完美主义担忧、抑郁症状和特质焦虑的问卷调查显示出良好的相关性。限制需要进行额外的验证研究，以确定任务得分的时间稳定性及其对实验诱导和临床干预的敏感性。此外，完美主义的IBs应该在更广泛的跨诊断背景下进行研究。结论AST-PC具有良好的心理测量特性。讨论了该任务的未来应用。

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引用次数: 0

Does fear reduction predict treatment response to exposure for social anxiety disorder? 恐惧减少是否能预测社交焦虑症的治疗反应？

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101833

Anastasia L. McGlade , Michael Treanor , Richard Kim , Michelle G. Craske

Background and objectives

Fear activation and reduction have traditionally been considered important mechanisms of exposure therapy. Evidence to date is mixed and impeded by inadequate methodology. This study examined the extent to which fear activation and reduction within and across exposures predicted treatment outcomes for social anxiety disorder within a paradigm suitable for their measurement.

Methods

Sixty-eight adults with social anxiety disorder and fear of public speaking completed seven exposure sessions, each consisting of seven speeches conducted in virtual reality. Exposures were identical in duration, task requirements, and virtual public speaking situation. Fear was measured with skin conductance and subjective distress ratings. At baseline and post-treatment, participants completed a public speaking behavioral approach test with a panel of confederate judges; subjective fear was measured. A standardized questionnaire of anxiety symptoms was administered at baseline, post-treatment, and one-month follow-up.

Results

No indices of within- or between-session fear reduction, measured by subjective distress and skin conductance response, predicted treatment outcome. One measure of fear activation was associated with outcomes such that less activation predicted greater symptom reduction; remaining indices did not predict outcomes.

Limitations

Data were collected in the context of a randomized controlled trial of scopolamine; drug group was included in analytic models to account for drug influence. VR exposures elicited mild levels of distress that may underestimate levels of distress in clinical settings.

Conclusions

Findings failed to support fear activation or reduction within or across exposure sessions as significant predictors of treatment outcome for social anxiety. Treatment implications are discussed.

背景和目的传统上，耳朵的激活和减少被认为是暴露治疗的重要机制。迄今为止，证据混杂，而且由于方法不充分而受到阻碍。这项研究在适合他们测量的范式下，检验了暴露内和暴露间恐惧激活和减少对社交焦虑症治疗结果的预测程度。方法68名患有社交焦虑症和害怕公开演讲的成年人完成了7次暴露，每次暴露包括7次在虚拟现实中进行的演讲。暴露在持续时间、任务要求和虚拟公开演讲情况上是相同的。恐惧是通过皮肤电导和主观痛苦评级来衡量的。在基线和治疗后，参与者与联盟法官小组一起完成了公开演讲行为方法测试；主观恐惧被衡量。在基线、治疗后和一个月的随访中，对焦虑症状进行标准化问卷调查。结果通过主观痛苦和皮肤电导反应测量，没有会话内或会话间恐惧减轻的指标可以预测治疗结果。恐惧激活的一个衡量标准与结果相关，因此较少的激活预示着症状的减轻；其余的指标并不能预测结果。限制数据是在东莨菪碱的随机对照试验中收集的；药物组被纳入分析模型，以说明药物的影响。VR暴露会引发轻度的痛苦，这可能低估了临床环境中的痛苦水平。结论sFindings不能支持在暴露期间或暴露期间激活或减少恐惧，作为社交焦虑治疗结果的重要预测因素。讨论了治疗的影响。

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引用次数: 2

The effects of bilateral stimulation using eye movements on sexual fantasies with follow-up 双侧眼动刺激对性幻想的影响及随访

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101826

Andrew Allen , Nadine McKillop , Mary Katsikitis , Prudence Millear

Background and objectives

Sexual fantasies represent a common aspect of human sexuality that can support sexual well-being but also contribute to psychopathology. The latter warrants intervention and bilateral stimulation with eye movements (EMs) may be a suitable intervention for impairing mental imagery of sexual fantasies. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of multiple rounds of EMs on sexual fantasies, gauge the effect over time with a one-week follow-up, and assess how impaired sexual imagery may influence behaviour and behavioural intention.

Methods

Twenty-eight participants (14 male, Mage = 44.10, SDage = 9.77) selected a favoured sexual fantasy and engaged in five repeated rounds of an EM task, either face-to-face or via telehealth. Baseline phenomenological characteristics of sexual fantasies were compared against repeated measures after each round of EMs and at one-week follow-up, as well as hypothetical behavioural intention and frequency of fantasy masturbation.

Results

All sexual fantasy characteristics (e.g., vividness, sensations, arousal, believability) diminished progressively between each round of EMs. These characteristics increased from round five to follow-up. However, they remained significantly reduced compared to baseline. Participants’ hypothetical behavioural intention and frequency of masturbation associated with their sexual fantasies also reduced post-EM task.

Limitations

Use of self-report measures; participants’ mental imagery could not be measured directly; and no comparison groups were included.

Conclusions

As an imagery impairing task, bilateral stimulation with EMs is effective for diminishing the phenomenological properties of sexual fantasies, extending upon extant literature. Collectively, the progressive research regarding EMs and sexual fantasies encourages replication in specific populations (e.g., individuals with problematic or harmful sexual fantasies).

背景和目的性幻想是人类性行为的一个常见方面，它可以支持性健康，但也有助于精神病理学。后者需要干预，用眼动刺激双侧可能是损害性幻想心理意象的合适干预措施。这项研究旨在评估多轮EM对性幻想的影响，通过一周的随访来衡量其影响，并评估受损的性意象如何影响行为和行为意图。方法28名参与者（14名男性，Mage=44.10，SDage=9.77）选择一个喜欢的性幻想，并通过面对面或远程健康的方式重复进行五轮EM任务。在每轮EM后和一周的随访中，将性幻想的基线现象学特征与重复测量进行比较，以及假设的行为意图和幻想手淫的频率。结果所有的性幻想特征（如生动性、感觉、唤醒、可信度）在每轮EM之间逐渐减少。从第五轮到后续行动，这些特征有所增加。然而，与基线相比，它们仍然显著减少。参与者假设的行为意图和与其性幻想相关的手淫频率也减少了EM后的任务。限制自我报告措施的使用；参与者的心理意象无法直接测量；不包括对照组。结论作为一项损害意象的任务，EM的双边刺激可以有效地削弱性幻想的现象学性质，并扩展到现有文献中。总之，关于EM和性幻想的进步研究鼓励在特定人群中复制（例如，有问题或有害性幻想的个人）。

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引用次数: 2

The effect of brief mindfulness training on the micro-structure of human free-operant responding: Mindfulness affects stimulus-driven responding 短暂正念训练对人类自由操作反应微观结构的影响：正念影响刺激驱动的反应

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101821

Xiaosheng Chen, Phil Reed

Background and objectives

The current study examines the extent to which mindfulness impacts on operant conditioning processes, and explores the suggestion that mindfulness training serves to make humans more sensitive to the current reinforcement contingencies with which they are presented. In particular, the effect of mindfulness on the micro-structure of human schedule performance was explored. It was expected that mindfulness might impact bout-initiation responding to a greater degree than within-bout responding, premised on the assumption that bout-initiation responses are habitual and not under conscious control, but within-bout responses are goal-directed and conscious.

Methods

Nonclinical participants experienced one of three brief (15min) interventions: focused attention breathing exercise (mindfulness), an unfocused attention breathing exercises, or no intervention. They then responded on a multiple random ratio (RR) random interval (RI) schedule.

Results

In the no intervention and unfocused attention groups, overall and within-bout response rates were higher on the RR than the RI schedule, but bout-initiation rates were the same on the two schedules. However, for the mindfulness groups all forms of responding were higher for the RR than the RI schedule. Previous work has noted that habitual, and/or unconscious or fringe-conscious events, are impacted by mindfulness training.

Limitations

A nonclinical sample may limit generality.

Conclusions

The current pattern of results suggests that this is also true in schedule-controlled performance, and offers an insight into the manner in which mindfulness alongside conditioning-based interventions, to bring all responses under conscious control.

背景和目的当前的研究考察了正念对操作性条件反射过程的影响程度，并探讨了正念训练有助于使人类对当前呈现的强化偶然性更加敏感的建议。特别是，探讨了正念对人类时间表表现微观结构的影响。人们预计，正念可能比回合内反应更大程度地影响回合启动反应，前提是回合启动反应是习惯性的，不受意识控制，但回合内反应是目标导向的和有意识的。方法非临床参与者经历三种短暂（15分钟）干预之一：集中注意力呼吸练习（正念）、非集中注意力呼吸训练或不干预。然后，他们按照多随机比率（RR）随机间隔（RI）时间表进行响应。结果在无干预和注意力不集中的组中，RR的总体反应率和回合内反应率高于RI计划，但两个计划的回合启动率相同。然而，对于正念组来说，RR的所有形式的反应都高于RI时间表。先前的研究表明，习惯性和/或无意识或边缘意识事件会受到正念训练的影响。限制非临床样本可能会限制通用性。结论目前的结果模式表明，在时间表控制的表现中也是如此，并深入了解了正念与基于条件反射的干预措施一起，将所有反应置于有意识控制之下的方式。

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引用次数: 0