Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry最新文献_第6页

Implicit beliefs and automatic associations in smoking 吸烟的内隐信念和自动联想

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101925

Helen Tibboel , Bram Van Bockstaele , Adriaan Spruyt , Ingmar Franken

Background and objectives

Dual process models of addiction suggest that controlled, goal-directed processes prevent drug-use, whereas impulsive, stimulus-driven processes promote drug-use. The most frequently used measure of automatic smoking-related processes, the implicit association test (IAT), has yielded mixed results. We examine the validity of two alternative implicit measures: 1) the affect misattribution procedure (AMP), a measure of automatic evaluations, and 2) the relational responding task (RRT), a measure of implicit beliefs.

Methods

Smokers and non-smokers performed smoking-related versions of the AMP and the RRT and filled in questionnaires for smoking dependence. Smokers participated in two sessions: once after they just smoked, and once after being deprived for 10 h. Smokers also kept a smoking diary for a week after the second session.

Results

We found significant differences between smokers and non-smokers on the RRT, t (86) = 2.86, p = .007, d = 0.61, and on the AMP, F (1, 85) = 6.22, p = .015, _pƞ² = 0.07. Neither the AMP nor the RRT were affected by the deprivation manipulation. Smoking dependence predicted smoking behavior in the following week; the AMP and RRT did not explain additional variance.

Limitations

Possibly, our manipulation was not strong enough to affect the motivational state of participants in a way that it changed their implicit cognitions. Future research should examine the sensitivity of implicit measures to (motivational) context.

Conclusions

We found limited evidence for the validity of the smoking-AMP and the smoking-RRT, highlighting the need for a critical view on implicit measures.

成瘾的双重过程模型表明，受控的、目标导向的过程可以防止吸毒，而冲动的、刺激驱动的过程则可以促进吸毒。最常用的自动吸烟相关过程的测量，内隐联想测试(IAT)，产生了不同的结果。我们研究了两种可选的内隐测量的效度:1)影响错误归因程序(AMP)，一种自动评估的测量，以及2)关系反应任务(RRT)，一种内隐信念的测量。吸烟者和非吸烟者进行了与吸烟相关的AMP和RRT测试，并填写了吸烟依赖问卷。吸烟者参加了两个阶段:一次是在他们刚吸完烟之后，另一次是在被剥夺了10个小时之后。吸烟者在第二阶段之后还记录了一周的吸烟日记。我们发现吸烟者和非吸烟者在RRT上有显著差异，t (86) = 2.86, p = 0.007, d = 0.61，在AMP上，F (1,85) = 6.22, p = 0.015, pƞ2 = 0.07。AMP和RRT均未受到剥夺操作的影响。吸烟依赖预测下一周吸烟行为;AMP和RRT不能解释额外的方差。可能，我们的操纵还不足以影响参与者的动机状态，从而改变他们的内隐认知。未来的研究应该考察内隐测量对(动机)语境的敏感性。我们发现吸烟- amp和吸烟- rrt有效性的证据有限，突出了对隐性测量的批判性观点的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

A preliminary investigation of the causal role of social media use in eating disorder symptoms 社交媒体使用在饮食失调症状中的因果作用的初步调查。

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101923

Laura Dondzilo , Tamsin Mahalingham , Patrick J.F. Clarke

Background and objectives

Research has consistently shown that greater social media use is associated with elevated eating disorder (ED) symptoms. Importantly, however, the investigation of this relationship has largely relied upon the use of self-report measures of social media use in the context of correlational designs. Given that correlational studies do not permit inferences regarding causation, and recent findings questioning the validity of self-report social media use, it is critical to corroborate past findings using experimental designs and objective measures. The current study sought to experimentally determine the potential causal impact of social media use in ED symptoms.

Methods

Participants completed an initial testing session to assess objective smartphone social media use and ED symptoms, following which they were randomly assigned to either suspend social media use for one week or use social media as usual. One week later, participants completed a second testing session to again assess social media use and ED symptoms.

Results

Results revealed that the manipulation exerted an impact on ED symptoms, such that participants who successfully reduced social media use exhibited a significant reduction in ED symptoms, and these symptoms were significantly attenuated as compared to participants in the control condition.

Limitations

The current study did not employ an active control condition and almost a quarter of participants were excluded due to dropout or non-compliance.

Conclusion

Findings are consistent with the causal impact of social media use in ED symptoms and suggest that a brief social media ‘holiday’ may reduce ED symptoms in undergraduate students.

背景和目的：研究一致表明，更多地使用社交媒体与进食障碍（ED）症状升高有关。然而，重要的是，对这种关系的调查在很大程度上依赖于在相关设计的背景下使用社交媒体使用的自我报告措施。鉴于相关研究不允许对因果关系进行推断，而且最近的研究结果质疑了自我报告社交媒体使用的有效性，因此使用实验设计和客观测量来证实过去的研究结果至关重要。目前的研究试图通过实验确定社交媒体使用对ED症状的潜在因果影响。方法：参与者完成了一次初步测试，以评估智能手机社交媒体的客观使用和ED症状，之后他们被随机分配为暂停社交媒体使用一周或照常使用社交媒体。一周后，参与者完成了第二次测试，再次评估社交媒体的使用和ED症状。结果：结果显示，操作对ED症状产生了影响，因此成功减少社交媒体使用的参与者表现出ED症状的显著减少，并且与对照条件下的参与者相比，这些症状显著减轻。局限性：目前的研究没有采用主动控制条件，近四分之一的参与者因辍学或不遵守规定而被排除在外。结论：研究结果与社交媒体使用对ED症状的因果影响一致，并表明短暂的社交媒体“假期”可以减少本科生的ED症状。

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引用次数: 0

Using experience sampling methodology (ESM) to improve our understanding of day-to-day intrusion frequency and related distress in survivors of trauma 使用经验抽样方法（ESM）来提高我们对创伤幸存者日常入侵频率和相关痛苦的理解。

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101921

Alexandra R. Canty , Tim D. Windsor , Reginald D.V. Nixon

Background and objectives

Cognitive models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) suggest that appraisals of traumatic sequelae and subsequent distress drive the development and maintenance of PTSD. Posttraumatic research has relied heavily on macro-longitudinal designs, with weeks or months between assessments of trauma-related cognitions and symptoms. The present study uses experience sampling methodology (ESM) better understand the day-to-day experiences of trauma exposed individuals.

Methods

One-hundred trauma exposed adults reported their posttraumatic symptoms, interpretations, and behaviours four times a day over a 10-day ESM period.

Results

As anticipated, within-person fluctuations in negative appraisals of intrusions and maladaptive coping strategies (e.g., thought suppression) were significantly positively associated with intrusion frequency and related distress. In all cases, the associations for negative appraisals and maladaptive coping were stronger with intrusion related distress than intrusion frequency.

Limitations

The observed contemporaneous associations only demonstrate that variables reliably fluctuated together and cannot indicate causality.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrate that day-to-day fluctuations in trauma related perceptions and sequelae are significant and should be explored alongside broader individual differences to advance our understanding of the development, maintenance, and treatment of PTSD.

背景和目的：创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的认知模型表明，对创伤后遗症和随后的痛苦的评估推动了PTSD的发展和维持。创伤后研究在很大程度上依赖于宏观纵向设计，对创伤相关认知和症状的评估间隔数周或数月。本研究使用经验抽样方法（ESM）更好地了解创伤暴露个体的日常经历。方法：在为期10天的ESM期间，100名暴露于创伤的成年人每天四次报告他们的创伤后症状、解释和行为。结果：正如预期的那样，对入侵的负面评价和不适应的应对策略（如思维抑制）的人内波动与入侵频率和相关痛苦显著正相关。在所有情况下，消极评价和不适应应对与入侵相关的痛苦的关联比入侵频率更强。局限性：观察到的同期关联只表明变量可靠地一起波动，不能表明因果关系。结论：研究结果表明，创伤相关认知和后遗症的日常波动是显著的，应该与更广泛的个体差异一起探讨，以促进我们对创伤后应激障碍的发展、维持和治疗的理解。

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引用次数: 0

Beliefs about losing control and other OCD-related cognitions: An experimental investigation 关于失去控制的信念和其他强迫症相关认知：一项实验调查。

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101919

Andrea Sandstrom, Adam S. Radomsky

Background and objectives

Cognitive theories of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) suggest that dysfunctional beliefs influence symptoms. However, well-established belief domains do not fully explain OCD symptomatology, suggesting other cognitive mechanisms may be involved. An additional belief domain which may play a role in OCD is beliefs about losing control. Indeed, these beliefs have been found to be associated with OCD symptoms. However, the relationships between beliefs about losing control and other OCD phenomena, including other relevant dysfunctional beliefs, is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between beliefs about losing control and appraisals hypothesized to be relevant to OCD.

Methods

A total of 163 participants completed the experimental protocol, wherein they received false (positive or negative) feedback regarding the likelihood they may lose control and completed a vignette task asking them to read hypothetical scenarios relevant to OCD concerns (checking, and aggressive thoughts). Vignettes were followed by questions and prompts used to measure OCD-relevant appraisals.

Results

Based on MANOVAs, beliefs about losing control had a significant impact on appraisals in the checking, F (151) = 5.55, p = .001, and aggressive thoughts, F (151) = 2.898, p = .037, vignettes. However, planned comparison indicated that in the aggressive thoughts vignettes, this effect was in the opposite direction than was hypothesized.

Limitations

The losing control induction may have inadvertently influenced participants’ beliefs about the utility of thought control.

Conclusions

Findings provide preliminary evidence for an association between beliefs about losing control and OCD-relevant appraisals.

背景和目的：强迫症的认知理论表明，功能失调的信念会影响症状。然而，公认的信念域并不能完全解释强迫症症状，这表明可能涉及其他认知机制。另一个可能在强迫症中发挥作用的信念领域是关于失去控制的信念。事实上，这些信念已经被发现与强迫症症状有关。然而，关于失去控制的信念与其他强迫症现象，包括其他相关的功能失调信念之间的关系尚不清楚。本研究的目的是检验关于失控的信念与被假设与强迫症相关的评估之间的关系。方法：共有163名参与者完成了实验方案，其中他们接收到关于他们可能失去控制的可能性的错误（积极或消极）反馈并且完成了要求他们阅读与强迫症担忧相关的假设场景（检查和攻击性思维）的小插曲任务。Vignets之后是用于衡量强迫症相关评估的问题和提示。结果：基于MANOVA，关于失去控制的信念对检查中的评估有显著影响，F（151）=5.55，p=.001，以及攻击性思维，F（151=2.898，p=.037，小插曲。然而，有计划的比较表明，在攻击性思维的小插曲中，这种影响与假设的方向相反。局限性：失控诱导可能无意中影响了参与者对思维控制效用的信念。结论：研究结果为失去控制的信念与强迫症相关评估之间的联系提供了初步证据。

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引用次数: 0

The effectiveness of two novel approaches to prevent intrusions: A pilot study comparing Tetris_dualtask and imagery rescripting to control 两种防止入侵的新方法的有效性:一项比较Tetris_dualtask和图像重写控制的试点研究

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101920

Joost Asselbergs , Heleen Riper , Iris M. Engelhard , Fancy Mannes , Marit Sijbrandij

Background and objectives

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a global health problem. Although effective treatments for it exist, early interventions that prevent PTSD from developing are lacking. The aim of this pilot analogue trauma study was to compare the effects of two potential early intervention strategies, namely Tetris_dualtask and imagery rescripting (IR) to a no-intervention control group on intrusion frequency and the vividness and emotionality of aversive film memory.

Methods

Sixty healthy students were subjected to the trauma film paradigm and randomly allocated to either: Tetris_dualtask, IR or no-intervention. Main outcomes were the number of film-related intrusions at one week and vividness and emotionality ratings of the most aversive film memory. Secondary outcomes were PTSD-like symptoms, intrusion intensity, and explicit film memory.

Results

The Tetris_dualtask group reported significant fewer intrusions compared to the no-intervention group; whereas the IR group did not. No effect was found on vividness and emotionality ratings, PTSD-like symptoms, intrusion intensity, and explicit memory.

Limitations

The sample size was small, and analogue trauma in healthy individuals was examined, thus generalizability may be limited. Also, to increase comparability between interventions, the duration of Tetris_dualtask and IR was standardized. As a result, the IR intervention was shorter compared to other studies, which might have decreased its efficacy.

Conclusions

The results of this pilot study suggest that playing Tetris during retrieval of traumatic images, might hold potential as an early intervention strategy to reduce intrusions in the early aftermath of trauma and adversity. However, future large-scale replication research is needed.

背景与目的创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)是一个全球性的健康问题。虽然有有效的治疗方法，但预防PTSD发展的早期干预措施仍然缺乏。本研究的目的是比较两种潜在的早期干预策略，即俄罗斯方块双任务和图像重写(IR)对入侵频率和厌恶电影记忆的生动性和情绪性的影响。方法对60名健康学生进行创伤影像范式测试，随机分为tetris_双任务组、IR组和无干预组。主要结果为一周内与电影相关的干扰次数和最厌恶的电影记忆的生动度和情绪评分。次要结果为创伤后应激障碍样症状、侵入强度和外显电影记忆。结果与无干预组相比，俄罗斯方块双任务组报告的干扰显著减少;而IR组则没有。对生动性和情绪评分、ptsd样症状、入侵强度和外显记忆没有影响。局限性:样本量小，健康个体的类似创伤也被检查，因此通用性可能有限。此外，为了增加干预措施之间的可比性，Tetris_dualtask和IR的持续时间被标准化。因此，与其他研究相比，IR干预时间较短，这可能降低了其疗效。结论本初步研究的结果表明，在创伤图像检索过程中玩俄罗斯方块可能具有作为早期干预策略的潜力，可以在创伤和逆境的早期后果中减少干扰。然而，未来还需要大规模的复制研究。

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引用次数: 0

An investigation of the potential clinical utility of critical slowing down as an early warning sign for recurrence of depression 关键慢化作为抑郁症复发早期预警信号的潜在临床应用研究

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-10-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101922

Natasha A. Tonge , J. Philip Miller , Evan D. Kharasch , Eric J. Lenze , Thomas L. Rodebaugh

Background and objectives

Much of the burden of depressive illness is due to relapses that occur after treatment into remission. Prediction of an individual's imminent depressive relapse could lead to just-in-time interventions to prevent relapse, reducing depression's substantial burden of disability, costs, and suicide risk. Increasingly strong relationships in the form of autocorrelations between depressive symptoms, a signal of a phenomenon described as critical slowing down (CSD), have been proposed as a means of predicting relapse.

Methods

In the current study, four participants in remission from depression, one of whom relapsed, responded to daily smartphone surveys with depression symptoms. We used p-technique factor analysis to identify depression factors from over 100 survey responses. We then tested for the presence of CSD using time-varying vector autoregression and detrended fluctuation analysis.

Results

We found evidence that CSD provided an early warning sign for depression in the participant who relapsed, but we also detected false positive indications of CSD in participants who did not relapse. Results from time-varying vector autoregression and detrended fluctuation analysis were not in agreement.

Limitations

Limitations include use of secondary data and a small number of participants with daily responding to a subset of depression symptoms.

Conclusions

CSD provides a compelling framework for predicting depressive relapse and future research should focus on improving detection of early warning signs reliably. Improving early detection methods for depression is clinically significant, as it would allow for the development of just-in-time interventions.

背景和目的抑郁症的负担很大程度上是由于治疗进入缓解期后的复发。预测一个人即将复发的抑郁症可以导致及时的干预，以防止复发，减少抑郁症的残疾，成本和自杀风险的沉重负担。抑郁症状之间的自相关关系越来越强，这是一种被称为临界减缓(CSD)现象的信号，已被提出作为预测复发的一种手段。在目前的研究中，四名抑郁症缓解的参与者(其中一人复发)对每天的智能手机调查有抑郁症状。我们使用p-技术因子分析从100多个调查回复中确定抑郁因素。然后，我们使用时变向量自回归和去趋势波动分析来检验CSD的存在。结果我们发现证据表明，CSD为复发的参与者提供了抑郁的早期预警信号，但我们也在未复发的参与者中发现了CSD的假阳性迹象。时变向量自回归分析结果与去趋势波动分析结果不一致。局限性局限性包括使用次要数据和少数参与者每天对抑郁症状的子集有反应。结论scsd为预测抑郁复发提供了一个令人信服的框架，未来的研究应侧重于提高早期预警信号的可靠检测。改善抑郁症的早期检测方法在临床上具有重要意义，因为它将允许及时干预的发展。

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引用次数: 0

Reliability (or lack thereof) of smartphone ecological momentary assessment of visual dot probe attention bias toward threat indices 智能手机对视觉点探针对威胁指数的注意力偏差的生态瞬时评估的可靠性（或缺乏可靠性）。

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-10-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101918

Nur Hani Zainal , Nicholas C. Jacobson

Background and objectives

Cognitive bias theories posit that generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD) are entwined with attention bias toward threats, commonly indexed by faster response time (RT) on threat-congruent (vs. threat-incongruent) trials on the visual dot probe. Moreover, although smartphone ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of the visual dot probe has been developed, their psychometric properties are understudied. This study thus aimed to assess the reliability of 8 smartphone-delivered visual dot probe attention bias and related indices in persons with and without GAD and SAD.

Methods

Community-dwelling adults (n = 819; GAD: 64%; SAD: 49%; Mixed GAD and SAD: 37%; Non-GAD/SAD Controls: 24%) completed a five-trial smartphone-delivered visual dot probe for a median of 60 trials (12 sessions x 5 trials/session) and an average of 100 trials (20 sessions x 5 trials/session).

Results

As hypothesized, Global Attention Bias Index, Disengagement Effect, and Facilitation Bias had low-reliability estimates. However, retest-reliability and internal reliability were good for Trial-Level Bias Scores (TLBS) (Bias Toward Treat: intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) = 0.626–0.644; split-half r = 0.640–0.670; Attention Bias Variability: ICCs = 0.507–0.567; split-half r = 0.520–0.580) and (In)congruent RTs. Poor retest-reliability and internal reliability estimates were consistently observed for all traditional attention bias and related indices but not TLBS.

Limitations

Our visual dot probe EMA should have administered ≥320 trials to match best-practice guidelines based on similar laboratory studies.

Conclusions

Future research should strive to examine attention bias paradigms beyond the dot-probe task that evidenced meaningful test-retest reliability properties in laboratory and real-world naturalistic settings.

背景和目的：认知偏见理论认为，广泛性焦虑症（GAD）和社交焦虑症（SAD）与对威胁的注意力偏见交织在一起，通常通过视觉点探针上的威胁一致（与威胁不一致）试验的更快反应时间（RT）来索引。此外，尽管智能手机的视觉点探针生态瞬时评估（EMA）已经开发出来，但其心理测量特性研究不足。因此，本研究旨在评估患有和不患有GAD和SAD的人中8种智能手机提供的视觉点探针注意偏差和相关指数的可靠性。方法：居住在社区的成年人（n=819；GAD:64%；SAD:49%；混合GAD和SAD:37%；非GAD/SAD对照组：24%）完成了一项由智能手机提供的视觉点探针的五次试验，平均60次试验（12次试验x5次试验/次），平均100次试验（20次试验*5次试验）。结果：如假设的那样，全局注意力偏差指数、脱离效应和促进偏差的可靠性估计值较低。然而，试验水平偏倚评分（TLBS）的重新测试可靠性和内部可靠性良好（偏倚治疗：类内相关系数（ICCs）=0.626-0.644；分瓣r=0.640-0.670；注意偏差变异性：ICCs=0.507-0.567；分割一半r＝0.520-0.580）和（In）全等RT。所有传统注意力偏差和相关指数的再测试信度和内部信度估计值均较差，但TLBS除外。局限性：我们的视觉点探针EMA应进行≥320次试验，以符合基于类似实验室研究的最佳实践指南。结论：未来的研究应该努力检查点探针任务之外的注意力偏差范式，这些范式在实验室和现实世界的自然主义环境中证明了有意义的重测可靠性特性。

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引用次数: 0

Virtual reality exposure with vibrotactile stimulation for the treatment of fear of flying: A pilot study 虚拟现实暴露与振动触觉刺激治疗飞行恐惧：一项试点研究。

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101915

J.M. Ribé-Viñes , J. Gutiérrez-Maldonado , Zahra Zabolipour , M. Ferrer-Garcia

Background and objectives

Virtual reality (VR) interventions are becoming more prevalent in treating fear of flying (FoF). Since multisensory stimulation can enhance the sense of presence in a virtual environment, the present study compared virtual reality exposure with and without vibrotactile cues to determine its contribution to the realism of the virtual experience.

Methods

A repeated measures design was used. Thirty-one participants were exposed to two experimental conditions with a minimum of a one-week interval between them: one in which participants were exposed to the virtual environment with vibrotactile cues (smart chair, SC), and another in which participants were exposed to the virtual environment without vibrotactile cues (ordinary chair, OC). The administration order of both conditions was counterbalanced to avoid possible order effects.

Results

Participants felt higher levels of sense of presence when using the SC than the OC. However, the addition of vibrotactile stimulation partially influenced experienced anxiety. Some personality traits were also associated with participants’ sense of presence and anxiety responses during the exposure.

Limitations

The sample size was smaller than required. Moreover, only self-reported measures were used. Finally, a roller coaster instead of an airplane scenario was used for the exposure, which might not have been suitable enough for provoking anxiety in participants with FoF.

Conclusions

Vibrotactile cues enhanced the sense of presence. However, the addition of vibrotactile stimulation did not have a consistent effect on anxiety experienced during exposure. Therefore, the benefits of incorporating vibrotactile cues in virtual reality environments for exposure therapy are not clear.

背景和目标：虚拟现实（VR）干预在治疗飞行恐惧症（FoF）方面越来越普遍。由于多感官刺激可以增强虚拟环境中的存在感，本研究比较了有振动触觉提示和没有振动触觉提示的虚拟现实暴露，以确定其对虚拟体验真实性的贡献。方法：采用重复测量设计。31名参与者暴露在两种实验条件下，间隔至少一周：一种是参与者暴露在有振动触觉提示的虚拟环境中（智能椅子，SC），另一种是与会者暴露在没有振动触觉提示（普通椅子，OC）的虚拟环境下。两种情况下的行政命令都得到了平衡，以避免可能的命令效应。结果：与OC相比，参与者在使用SC时感觉到更高水平的存在感。然而，振动触觉刺激的加入在一定程度上影响了体验焦虑。一些性格特征也与参与者在暴露期间的存在感和焦虑反应有关。限制：样本量小于要求。此外，只使用了自我报告的措施。最后，使用过山车而不是飞机场景进行暴露，这可能不足以引发FoF参与者的焦虑。结论：可控振动提示增强了在场感。然而，振动触觉刺激的加入并没有对暴露期间的焦虑产生一致的影响。因此，在虚拟现实环境中结合振动触觉提示进行暴露治疗的好处尚不清楚。

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引用次数: 0

The effectiveness of cognitive bias modification in reducing substance use in detained juveniles: An RCT 认知偏差矫正在减少被拘留青少年药物使用方面的有效性：随机对照试验。

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101916

Hans S. van der Baan , dr Annematt L. Collot D'Escury-Koenigs , dr Reinout W. Wiers

Background and objective

Young offenders show high levels of substance use. Treatment programs within detention settings are less effective. Cognitive bias modification (CBM) is a promising supplement to substance use treatment. This study tests the effectiveness of CBM in young offenders to reduce cannabis and alcohol use, and delinquent recidivism.

Method

A randomized controlled trial added CBM to treatment as usual (TAU), among 181 youth in juvenile detention centers. In a factorial design, participants were randomly assigned to either active- or sham-training for two varieties of CBM, targeting attentional-bias (AtB) and approach-bias (ApB) for their most used substance. Substance use was measured with the Alcohol and Cannabis Use Disorder Identification Tests. Delinquent recidivism was measured with the International Self-Report Delinquency (ISRD) survey.

Results

At pretest, participants showed AtB but no ApB for both substances. For alcohol, a decrease was found in AtB in the active-training group. For cannabis, a decrease was found in AtB for both active- and sham-training groups. Regardless of condition, no effects were found on substance use or ISRD scores at follow-up.

Limitations

The sample is judicial, not clinical, as is the setting. TAU and participant goals are not necessarily substance related.

Conclusions

Young offenders show a significant attentional-bias towards substance cues. CBM changed attentional-biases but not substance use. Combining CBM with a motivational intervention is advised. Follow-up research should better integrate CBM with running treatment programs. New developments regarding CBM task design could be used that link training better to treatment.

背景和目的：青少年罪犯表现出高水平的药物使用。拘留场所内的治疗方案效果较差。认知偏差修正（CBM）是对物质使用治疗的一种很有前途的补充。本研究测试了CBM在青少年罪犯中减少大麻和酒精使用以及犯罪累犯的有效性。方法：一项随机对照试验在181名青少年拘留中心的青少年中加入CBM进行常规治疗（TAU）。在析因设计中，参与者被随机分配到两种CBM的主动或假训练中，即针对他们最常用物质的注意力偏差（AtB）和接近偏差（ApB）。物质使用是通过酒精和大麻使用障碍鉴定测试来衡量的。犯罪累犯是通过国际犯罪自我报告（ISRD）调查来衡量的。结果：在预测试中，参与者对这两种物质都表现出AtB，但没有ApB。在酒精方面，主动训练组的AtB有所下降。对于大麻，主动训练组和假训练组的AtB都有所下降。无论情况如何，在随访中都没有发现对药物使用或ISRD评分的影响。限制：样本是司法的，而不是临床的，就像环境一样。TAU和参与者目标不一定与实质内容相关。结论：青少年罪犯对物质线索表现出显著的注意偏向。CBM改变了注意力偏差，但没有改变物质使用。建议将CBM与动机干预相结合。后续研究应更好地将煤层气与正在运行的治疗计划结合起来。CBM任务设计方面的新进展可以用于更好地将训练与治疗联系起来。

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引用次数: 0

Mental threat rehearsal increases fear generalization 心理威胁演练增加恐惧泛化

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101917

Eva A.M. van Dis, Muriel A. Hagenaars, Iris M. Engelhard

Background and objectives

Fear generalization to harmless stimuli characterizes anxiety-related disorders, but much remains unknown about its determinants. Based on studies showing that mental imagery of threat can increase conditioned fear responding, we tested whether it also facilitates fear generalization, and whether threat inflation moderates this effect.

Methods

In a fear conditioning study, 120 participants first completed an acquisition phase, in which one of two pictures was followed by an aversive sound (human scream). Then, the sound was presented 11 times at an increasing (threat inflation) or constant volume (no threat inflation). Finally, a generalization stimulus was presented, and some participants were asked to imagine the last sound (threat rehearsal) and others were not (no threat rehearsal).

Results

Bayesian informative hypotheses tests indicated that imagery-based threat rehearsal increased generalization of threat expectancy, and, combined with threat inflation, it also resulted in stronger generalized distress.

Limitations

due to the absence of a test phase, it is unclear whether our effects would transfer to other GSs and whether they would persist beyond the manipulation phase.

Conclusions

Mental imagery of threat may put individuals at risk for fear generalization. Future studies should examine whether modulating imagery may prevent clinical anxiety.

背景与目的对无害刺激的恐惧泛化是焦虑相关障碍的特征，但其决定因素尚不清楚。基于研究表明威胁的心理意象可以增加条件性恐惧反应，我们测试了它是否也有助于恐惧泛化，以及威胁膨胀是否会缓和这种影响。方法在一项恐惧条件反射研究中，120名参与者首先完成了一个习得阶段，在这个阶段中，两张图片中的一张后面跟着令人厌恶的声音(人的尖叫)。然后，声音以增加(威胁膨胀)或恒定音量(没有威胁膨胀)播放11次。最后，给出一个泛化刺激，一些参与者被要求想象最后一个声音(威胁排练)，而另一些则没有(没有威胁排练)。结果贝叶斯信息假设检验表明，基于图像的威胁预演提高了威胁预期的泛化，并与威胁膨胀相结合，导致更强的泛化焦虑。由于缺乏测试阶段，目前尚不清楚我们的效果是否会转移到其他GSs，以及它们是否会在操作阶段之后持续存在。结论威胁的心理意象可能增加个体恐惧泛化的风险。未来的研究应该检查调节意象是否可以预防临床焦虑。

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引用次数: 0