Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry最新文献_第2页

College students with depression symptom are more sensitive to task difficulty in reinforcement learning 有抑郁症状的大学生在强化学习中对任务难度更敏感

IF 1.7 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101980

Yaru Zhang , Meng Wei , Rong Huang , Shiwei Jia , Li Li

Background

Depression is usually characterized by impairments in reward function, and shows altered motivation to reward in reinforcement learning. This study further explored whether task difficulty affects reinforcement learning in college students with and without depression symptom.

Methods

The depression symptom group (20) and the no depression symptom group (26) completed a probabilistic reward learning task with low, medium, and high difficulty levels, in which task the response bias to reward and the discriminability of reward were analyzed. Additionally, electrophysiological responses to reward and loss feedback were recorded and analyzed while they performed a simple gambling task.

Results

The depression symptom group showed more response bias to reward than the no depression symptom group when the task was easy and then exhibited more quickly decrease in response bias to reward as task difficulty increased. The no depression symptom group showed a decrease in response bias only in the high-difficulty condition. Further regression analyses showed that, the Feedback-related negativity (FRN) and theta oscillation could predict response bias change in the low-difficulty condition, the FRN and oscillations of theta and delta could predict response bias change in the medium and high-difficulty conditions.

Limitations

The electrophysiological responses to loss and reward were not recorded in the same task as the reinforcement learning behaviors.

Conclusions

College students with depression symptom are more sensitive to task difficulty during reinforcement learning. The FRN, and oscillations of theta and delta could predict reward leaning behavior.

背景抑郁症通常以奖赏功能受损为特征，并表现出强化学习中奖赏动机的改变。本研究进一步探讨了任务难度是否会影响有抑郁症状和无抑郁症状的大学生的强化学习。方法有抑郁症状组（20 人）和无抑郁症状组（26 人）分别完成了难度为低、中、高的概率奖励学习任务，并对任务中奖励的反应偏差和奖励的可辨别性进行了分析。结果抑郁症状组在任务简单时比无抑郁症状组表现出更多的奖励反应偏差，然后随着任务难度的增加，奖励反应偏差下降得更快。无抑郁症状组仅在高难度条件下才出现反应偏差的下降。进一步的回归分析表明，反馈相关负性（FRN）和θ振荡可以预测低难度条件下的反应偏差变化，FRN和θ、δ振荡可以预测中、高难度条件下的反应偏差变化。FRN以及θ和δ的振荡可以预测奖励倾斜行为。

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引用次数: 0

The role of cognitive biases involving selective interrogation of taste-based information in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption 认知偏差在含糖饮料消费中的作用，包括对口味信息的选择性询问

IF 1.7 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101979

Laura Dondzilo , Eva Kemps

Background and objectives

Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is a global public health issue. Consequently, there is strong interest in advancing understanding of the cognitive mechanisms that underpin excessive SSB consumption. This work proposes that selective interrogation of taste-based characteristics (e.g., flavour), rather than health-based characteristics (e.g., sugar content), of beverages is associated with greater SSB choice and consumption.

Methods

To evaluate this novel hypothesis, undergraduate students (n = 210) were recruited to complete self-report measures of SSB consumption, motivation and success in reducing SSB consumption and unhealthy eating more broadly, as well as a novel selective interrogation assessment task. This task provided participants with the opportunity to selectively interrogate taste-based and health-based characteristics of various mystery beverages.

Results

Results supported the hypothesis that greater selective interrogation of taste-based characteristics, rather than health-based characteristics, of beverages is associated with greater SSB choice and consumption. Additionally, results revealed that greater selective interrogation of taste-based characteristics was associated with decreased motivation to reduce SSB consumption and decreased motivation and success to reduce unhealthy consumption more broadly.

Limitations

The current study did not evaluate whether selective interrogation of taste-based characteristics of beverages predicted actual SSB consumption.

Conclusion

These findings provide novel evidence for the potential role of selective interrogation of taste-based characteristics of beverages in SSB choice and consumption. An important implication of these findings is that in order for interventions focusing on front-of-package nutrition labels to be effective in reducing unhealthy consumption, it is necessary that individuals are selectively interrogating this ‘health-based’ information.

背景和目标饮用含糖饮料（SSB）是一个全球性的公共卫生问题。因此，人们对促进了解支撑 SSB 过度消费的认知机制有着浓厚的兴趣。这项研究提出，选择性地询问饮料的口味特征（如风味）而非健康特征（如含糖量）与更多的固态饮料选择和消费有关。为了评估这一新颖的假设，研究人员招募了本科生（n = 210），让他们完成固态饮料消费、减少固态饮料消费和更广泛的不健康饮食的动机和成功率的自我报告测量，以及一项新颖的选择性询问评估任务。结果结果支持这样的假设：更多地选择性询问饮料的口味特征而不是健康特征与更多的固态饮料选择和消费有关。此外，结果还显示，对口味特征的选择性询问越多，减少 SSB 消费的动机就越低，减少更广泛的不健康消费的动机和成功率就越低。结论这些研究结果为饮料口味特征的选择性询问在 SSB 选择和消费中的潜在作用提供了新的证据。这些发现的一个重要意义在于，为了使以包装正面营养标签为重点的干预措施能够有效减少不健康消费，个人有必要有选择性地询问这些 "基于健康 "的信息。

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引用次数: 0

Does responsibility for potential harm attenuate the effects of repeated checking on metamemory and automatization? 对潜在伤害的责任感是否会减轻重复检查对元记忆和自动化的影响？

IF 1.7 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101977

Karina Wahl, Martin Kollárik, Roselind Lieb

Background and objectives

Repeated checking results in large reductions in metamemory variables (confidence, details, and vividness). It has been suggested that the underlying mechanism is gradual automatization. At the same time, individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are reluctant to automatize routine processes. The aim was to investigate whether high responsibility for potential harm, typical of OCD, would attenuate the effects of repeated checking on metamemory variables and automatization.

Methods

One hundred seventy-five participants were initially provided with a cover story that put the subsequent virtual checking task in a context of potential harm for not checking properly. Participants were randomly allocated to four experimental groups (varying high and low responsibility, relevant and irrelevant checking) and performed a virtual checking task repeatedly, using either identical stimuli (relevant checking) or different stimuli (irrelevant checking) between the first and final checking trial. Metamemory variables were rated on visual analogue scales, and response latencies were assessed to establish automatization.

Results

Larger reductions in metamemory variables following relevant checking compared to irrelevant checking replicated previous findings. High responsibility did not affect these results. Large reductions in response latencies across the checking trials (automatization) were also independent of the perceived responsibility.

Limitations

We did not include individuals with OCD.

Conclusions

Since responsibility did not influence the effects of repeated checking on metamemory variables, findings are consistent with the idea that automatization remains a plausible explanation of the effects of repeated checking on metamemory variables in individuals with OCD.

背景和目的：重复检查会导致元记忆变量（信心、细节和生动性）的大量减少。有人认为其根本机制是逐渐自动化。与此同时，患有强迫症（OCD）的人却不愿意将常规过程自动化。本研究旨在探讨强迫症患者对潜在伤害的高度责任感是否会减弱重复检查对元记忆变量和自动化的影响：175 名参与者最初会收到一个封面故事，将随后的虚拟检查任务置于不正确检查可能造成伤害的背景下。参与者被随机分配到四个实验组（责任感高低、相关检查和不相关检查各不相同），并在第一次和最后一次检查试验之间使用相同的刺激（相关检查）或不同的刺激（不相关检查）重复执行虚拟检查任务。元记忆变量采用视觉模拟量表进行评分，并对反应潜伏期进行评估，以确定自动化程度：结果：与无关检查相比，相关检查后元记忆变量的减少幅度更大，这与之前的研究结果一致。高度的责任感并没有影响这些结果。检查试验中反应潜伏期的大幅缩短（自动化）也与感知到的责任无关：局限性：我们没有将强迫症患者包括在内：由于责任感并不影响重复检查对元记忆变量的影响，因此研究结果与以下观点一致，即自动化仍然是强迫症患者重复检查对元记忆变量影响的一个合理解释。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of exposure to plus-size fashion models on weight-related attitudes in bulimia nervosa: Findings from an exploratory study 接触大尺码时装模特对神经性贪食症患者体重相关态度的影响：一项探索性研究的结果

IF 1.7 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-06-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101976

Eva Naumann, Jennifer Svaldi

Background and Objectives

Eating disorders are often linked to the internalization of the thin-ideal and weight stigma. The present exploratory study investigates the effects of plus-sized fashion media on weight-related attitudes in bulimia nervosa (BN).

Methods

Women with BN (n=27) and without an eating disorder (n=28) were exposed to 17 pictures of plus-size fashion models. Participants rated the attractiveness of the models. Before and after the exposure task, participants completed questionnaires on their attitudes towards people with higher weight as well as thin-ideal media.

Results

The BN group rated the bodies of the plus-size fashion models as less attractive than controls, whereas no group differences were found in attractiveness ratings for the models' faces or full images. In both groups, negative attitudes about people with higher weight significantly decreased after viewing plus-size model pictures. Attitudes toward thin-ideal media remained unchanged, with scores higher for BN than controls.

Limitations

This exploratory study has several limitations, such as the lack of a control condition, small sample size, and reliance on only self-report data.

Conclusions

These exploratory results imply that the positive effects of plus-sized model images on reducing negative assumptions about people with high weight may not be limited to healthy individuals but also seem to extend to women with BN. Further controlled studies with larger samples and long-term assessments are needed to confirm these findings.

背景和目的进食障碍通常与瘦削理想的内化和体重耻辱化有关。本探索性研究调查了大尺码时尚媒体对神经性贪食症（BN）患者体重相关态度的影响。方法：让患有神经性贪食症（BN）和未患饮食失调症（BN）的女性（分别为 27 人和 28 人）观看 17 张大尺码时尚模特的图片。参与者对模特的吸引力进行评分。结果与对照组相比，BN 组对大码时装模特身体的吸引力评分较低，而对模特面部或完整图像的吸引力评分则没有发现组间差异。在观看大码模特图片后，两组人对体重较重的人的负面态度都明显降低。结论这些探索性研究结果表明，大尺码模特图片在减少对体重高的人的负面假设方面的积极作用可能不仅限于健康人，似乎也会延伸到患有 BN 的女性身上。要证实这些结果，还需要进行更多样本和长期评估的进一步对照研究。

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引用次数: 0

Associations between PTSD and temporal discounting: The role of future thinking 创伤后应激障碍与时间折扣之间的关联：未来思维的作用

IF 1.7 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101978

Mieke Verfaellie , Virginie Patt , Ginette Lafleche , Jennifer J. Vasterling

Background and objectives

Despite documented alterations in future thinking in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), our understanding of how individuals with PTSD make future-oriented decisions is limited. We tested the hypothesis that increased discounting in association with PTSD reflects failure to spontaneously envision future rewarding situations.

Methods

Thirty-seven trauma exposed war-zone veterans completed a standard temporal discounting task as well as a temporal discounting task accompanied by episodic future thinking cues.

Results

Severity of PTSD symptoms was associated with preference for sooner, smaller rewards in the standard task. Consistent with our hypothesis, when participants engaged in future thinking, greater PTSD symptom severity was no longer associated with steeper discounting. Moreover, difficulty anticipating future events, as measured contemporaneously in a separate task (Verfaellie et al., 2024), mediated the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and degree of discounting in the standard task. Among PTSD symptom clusters, the severity of avoidance and negative alterations in cognition and mood was related to steeper discounting. Measures of depression and alcohol use were not associated with discounting.

Limitations

The sample included mostly male, predominantly White veterans who experienced primarily combat-related trauma.

Conclusions

PTSD-associated alterations in temporal discounting reflect failure to spontaneously imagine future positive events. Two common correlates of PTSD, depression and alcohol use, could not account for the observed associations between PTSD and future-oriented decisions.

背景和目的：尽管有文献记载创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）患者的未来思维会发生改变，但我们对创伤后应激障碍患者如何做出面向未来的决策的了解还很有限。我们测试了这样一个假设：与创伤后应激障碍相关的贴现增加反映了患者无法自发地设想未来有回报的情况：结果：创伤后应激障碍症状的严重程度与创伤后应激障碍患者的未来决策有关：在标准任务中，创伤后应激障碍症状的严重程度与偏好更快、更小的奖励有关。与我们的假设一致的是，当参与者进行未来思考时，创伤后应激障碍症状的严重程度不再与陡峭的折现相关联。此外，在另一项任务中同时测量的未来事件预测困难（Verfaellie 等人，2024 年），在标准任务中对创伤后应激障碍症状严重程度与折扣程度之间的关系起到了中介作用。在创伤后应激障碍症状群中，回避的严重程度以及认知和情绪的负面改变与更陡峭的折扣有关。抑郁和酗酒与折现无关：局限性：样本中的退伍军人大多为男性，以白人为主，主要经历过与战斗有关的创伤：与创伤后应激障碍相关的时间折现改变反映了人们无法自发地想象未来的积极事件。创伤后应激障碍的两个常见相关因素--抑郁和酗酒，无法解释创伤后应激障碍与面向未来的决策之间的关联。

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引用次数: 0

Influences of sleep, cortisol reactivity, and risk/reward-based decision-making on suicide 睡眠、皮质醇反应性和基于风险/回报的决策对自杀的影响

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101975

Keyne C. Law Ph.D. , Katherine L. O'Connell M.S. , Samantha V. Jacobson M.S. , Margaret M. Baer M.A. , Phillip M. Baker Ph.D. , Matthew T. Tull Ph.D.

Background and objectives

Poor sleep quality is a known contributor to suicidal thoughts and behaviors. This study examines whether sleep quality modulates the effect of an individual's stress response and risk/reward-based decision making on suicide risk.

Methods

Participants were 160 adults at a residential substance use treatment facility with lifetime exposure to trauma who completed a clinician-administered measure of suicide risk, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), and a self-report measure of sleep. Cortisol reactivity (i.e., changes in cortisol before and after a personalized trauma script) was used to measure stress response. We used quantile regression to examine the effects of sleep, cortisol, and risk/reward decision-making on suicide risk.

Results

We found poor sleep quality to be increasingly salient in individuals at greater risk for suicide than those at lower risk for suicide. Furthermore, individuals with moderate to moderate-high levels of suicide risk seem to have greater cortisol reactivity. In the low-moderate quantile, we found suicide risk to be associated with both high stress reactivity and low-risk, high-reward decision-making, as well as low stress reactivity and high-risk/low-reward decision-making.

Limitations

These findings should be interpreted considering several methodological constraints, such as the use of a pre-determined sample and instruments not tailored for our hypotheses, the MINI ‘Suicide’ Module's limited differentiation between suicidal ideation and behavior, and variably timed cortisol sampling.

Conclusions

Despite these limitations, the findings from this study support the use of evidence-based interventions focused on improving sleep quality and managing emotional reactivity to decrease suicide risk.

背景和目的众所周知，睡眠质量差是导致自杀想法和行为的一个因素。本研究探讨了睡眠质量是否会调节个体的应激反应和基于风险/回报的决策对自杀风险的影响。方法参与者是一家药物使用住院治疗机构中的 160 名成年人，他们一生都暴露于创伤之中，并完成了由临床医生管理的自杀风险测量、爱荷华赌博任务（IGT）和睡眠自我报告测量。皮质醇反应性（即个性化创伤脚本前后皮质醇的变化）用于测量压力反应。结果我们发现，与自杀风险较低的人相比，睡眠质量差在自杀风险较高的人身上表现得越来越突出。此外，自杀风险处于中度到中度高水平的人似乎皮质醇反应性更强。我们发现，在低-中度量级中，自杀风险既与高压力反应性和低风险、高回报决策有关，也与低压力反应性和高风险/低回报决策有关。局限性在解释这些研究结果时应考虑到一些方法学上的限制因素，如使用了预先确定的样本和不适合我们假设的工具，MINI "自杀 "模块对自杀意念和行为的区分有限，以及皮质醇采样的时间不同等。结论尽管存在这些局限性，但本研究的结果支持使用以证据为基础的干预措施，重点改善睡眠质量和管理情绪反应性，以降低自杀风险。

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引用次数: 0

Effects of positivity training on character strengths, time perspective, and self-awareness in women with depression 积极性训练对女性抑郁症患者性格优势、时间观念和自我意识的影响

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101974

Simin Barzigar, Rezvan Homaei

Background and objectives

Depression exerts significant negative impacts across various life domains, including social interactions, occupational functioning, and economic well-being. These effects permeate both personal and interpersonal spheres. However, it seems that character strengths, time perspective, and self-awareness play a critical role in promoting mental well-being. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of positivity training on character strengths, time perspective, and self-awareness in depressed women.

Method

Purposive sampling was employed to select 50 participants with depression based on the cut-off point (a score of 20 or greater) in Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI-II). They were then randomly assigned to a control group (n = 25) and an experimental group (n = 25). This quasi-experimental research adopted a pretest-posttest control group design. The experimental group received eight weekly 90-min sessions of positivity training. The control group participants did not receive any specific intervention related to depression management. The character strength scale, time perspective scale, self-awareness scale, and BDI-II were used to collect data. Data analysis methods included descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (ANCOVA). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software.

Results

The study included a sample of 50 women diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The participants' mean age was 38.03 years (SD = 7.96). Positivity training enhanced character strengths in women with depression. Moreover, the positivity intervention affected the time perspective factors of those women. It reduced “past negative” and “present fatalistic” and increased “past positive,” “present hedonistic,” and “future.” Finally, positivity training significantly increased self-awareness in women with depression (p < 0.01).

Limitations

The sample size was relatively small, which limits the statistical inferences.

Conclusions

In conclusion, this study provides promising initial evidence for the potential of positivity training as an intervention to improve character strengths, time perspective, and self-awareness in women with MDD. Further research is warranted to confirm and expand upon these findings, ultimately informing the development of more comprehensive treatment approaches for depression.

背景和目标抑郁症对生活的各个领域都产生了重大的负面影响，包括社会交往、职业功能和经济福祉。这些影响渗透到个人和人际领域。然而，性格优势、时间观念和自我意识似乎在促进心理健康方面发挥着至关重要的作用。本研究旨在探讨积极性训练对抑郁女性的性格优势、时间视角和自我意识的影响。方法采用目的性抽样，根据贝克抑郁量表（BDI-II）的临界点（20 分或以上）选择 50 名抑郁参与者。然后将他们随机分配到对照组（25 人）和实验组（25 人）。这项准实验研究采用了前测-后测对照组设计。实验组接受每周八次、每次 90 分钟的积极性训练。对照组参与者没有接受任何与抑郁管理相关的特定干预。实验组采用性格强度量表、时间观点量表、自我意识量表和 BDI-II 来收集数据。数据分析方法包括描述性统计（平均值和标准差）和推断性统计（方差分析）。数据分析使用 SPSS 软件进行。参与者的平均年龄为 38.03 岁（标准差 = 7.96）。积极性训练增强了女性抑郁症患者的性格力量。此外，积极干预还影响了这些女性的时间视角因素。它减少了 "过去消极 "和 "现在宿命"，增加了 "过去积极"、"现在享乐 "和 "未来"。最后，积极性训练明显提高了抑郁症女性患者的自我意识（p < 0.01）。结论总之，本研究为积极性训练作为一种干预措施改善 MDD 女性患者的性格优势、时间观念和自我意识的潜力提供了令人鼓舞的初步证据。我们有必要开展进一步的研究来证实和扩展这些发现，最终为开发更全面的抑郁症治疗方法提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Self-control problems in Intermittent Explosive Disorder: Presentation of an explanatory approach 间歇性爆发障碍中的自控问题：提出一种解释性方法

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-05-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101973

Hassan Soleimani Rad, Abbas Abolghasemi, Iraj Shakerinia, Seyed Valiollah Mousavi

Background and objectives

Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED) is an impulsive aggression disorder with self-control problems. However, the mechanisms underpinning the self-control problems in IED have not been clearly investigated. Therefore, this study examined the nature of self-control problems and their types, including cognitive inhibition, behavioral inhibition, and emotional interference in IED.

Methods

Participants included three groups: IED (n = 54), psychiatric control (n = 59), and healthy control (n = 62). They were first screened with SCL-90-R, and then they were clinically interviewed. They all did computerized neurocognitive tasks, including Color-Word Stroop Task, Emotional Stroop Task, Go-NoGo Task, and Stop-Signal Task.

Results

MANOVA analyses showed that the IED group had poorer performance in cognitive inhibition, response inhibition, and increased emotional interference than the two psychiatric and healthy control groups. They performed much worse than the other two groups, particularly in action cancellation (Stop-Signal Task), and showed increasingly emotional interference.

Limitations

The brain reaction of individuals while doing the tasks was not examined, and some variables were not measured. Also, it is unclear how the emotional eruption interferes with cognitive content and behavioral inhibition.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that self-control problems in IED can be due to deficient cognitive, emotional, and behavioral inhibitions, each appearing sequentially during a step-by-step process and facilitating the onset of IED signs and symptoms. Such a distinguished understanding of the role of neurocognitive mechanisms can lead to the development of accurate explanatory approaches and increase the effectiveness of treatment.

背景和目的间歇性爆发障碍（IED）是一种具有自我控制问题的冲动性攻击障碍。然而，IED 中自我控制问题的基本机制尚未得到明确研究。因此，本研究探讨了 IED 中自我控制问题的性质及其类型，包括认知抑制、行为抑制和情绪干扰：参与者包括三组：IED（54 人）、精神对照组（59 人）和健康对照组（62 人）。首先用 SCL-90-R 对他们进行筛查，然后对他们进行临床访谈。结果MANOVA分析表明，IED组在认知抑制、反应抑制和情绪干扰增加等方面的表现均差于精神病对照组和健康对照组。他们的表现比其他两组差很多，尤其是在动作取消（停止信号任务）方面，并且表现出越来越多的情绪干扰。结论这些研究结果表明，IED患者的自我控制问题可能是由于认知、情绪和行为抑制不足造成的，每种抑制在一个循序渐进的过程中依次出现，并促进了IED症状和体征的出现。对神经认知机制的作用有了这样一个清晰的认识，就可以开发出准确的解释方法，提高治疗效果。

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引用次数: 0

Those who (enjoy to) hurt: The influence of dark personality traits on animal- and human directed sadistic pleasure 那些（喜欢）伤害的人阴暗人格特质对动物和人类施虐快感的影响

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-05-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101963

Jill Lobbestael , Franziska Wolf , Mario Gollwitzer , Roy F. Baumeister

Background and objectives

Sadistic pleasure – gratuitous enjoyment from inflicting pain on others – has devastating interpersonal and societal consequences. The current knowledge on non-sexual, everyday sadism – a trait that resides within the general population – is scarce. The present study therefore focussed on personality correlates of sadistic pleasure. It investigated the relationship between the Dark Triad traits, and both dispositional and state-level sadistic pleasure.

Methods

N = 120 participants filled out questionnaires to assess their level of Dark Triad traits, psychopathy subfactors, and dispositional sadism. Then, participants engaged in an animal-directed task in which they were led to believe that they were killing bugs; and in a human-directed task where they could ostensibly noise blasts another participant. The two behavioral tasks were administered within-subjects, in randomized order. Sadistic pleasure was captured by increases in reported pleasure from pre-to post-task.

Results

All Dark Triad traits related to increased dispositional sadism, with psychopathy showing the strongest link. The coldheartedness psychopathy subscale showed a unique combination with both self-reported sadism and increased pleasure following bug grinding.

Limitations

Predominantly female and student sample, limiting generalizability of findings.

Conclusions

Out of all Dark Triad components, psychopathy showed the strongest link with gaining pleasure from hurting others. The results underscore the differential predictive value of psychopathy’s subcomponents for sadistic pleasure. Coldheartedness can be considered especially disturbing because of its unique relationship to deriving joy from irreversible harm-infliction (i.e. killing bugs). Our findings further establish psychopathy – and especially its coldheartedness component – as the most adverse Dark Triad trait.

背景和目的虐待狂的快感--无偿地享受给他人带来的痛苦--具有破坏性的人际和社会后果。目前，有关非性的日常虐待狂--一种存在于普通人群中的特质--的知识非常匮乏。因此，本研究重点关注施虐快感的人格相关因素。方法N = 120 名参与者填写了调查问卷，以评估他们的黑暗三联征、心理变态子因素和倾向性虐待狂的水平。然后，参与者参与了一项以动物为主导的任务，在这项任务中，他们会被引导相信自己正在杀死虫子；他们还参与了一项以人为主导的任务，在这项任务中，他们可以表面上向另一名参与者发出噪音。这两项行为任务均在被试中进行，顺序随机。所有 "黑暗三联征 "特质都与倾向性虐待狂的增加有关，其中心理变态与虐待狂的关系最为密切。在所有 "黑暗三联征 "特征中，心理变态与从伤害他人中获得快感的联系最为密切。研究结果表明，心理变态的子成分对施虐快感具有不同的预测价值。冷酷无情尤其令人不安，因为它与从不可逆转的伤害-伤害（即杀虫）中获得快乐有着独特的关系。我们的研究结果进一步确定了心理变态--尤其是其冷酷无情的成分--是最不利的黑暗三联特性。

{"title":"Those who (enjoy to) hurt: The influence of dark personality traits on animal- and human directed sadistic pleasure","authors":"Jill Lobbestael , Franziska Wolf , Mario Gollwitzer , Roy F. Baumeister","doi":"10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101963","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and objectives</h3><p>Sadistic pleasure – gratuitous enjoyment from inflicting pain on others – has devastating interpersonal and societal consequences. The current knowledge on non-sexual, everyday sadism – a trait that resides within the general population – is scarce. The present study therefore focussed on personality correlates of sadistic pleasure. It investigated the relationship between the Dark Triad traits, and both dispositional and state-level sadistic pleasure.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><em>N</em> = 120 participants filled out questionnaires to assess their level of Dark Triad traits, psychopathy subfactors, and dispositional sadism. Then, participants engaged in an animal-directed task in which they were led to believe that they were killing bugs; and in a human-directed task where they could ostensibly noise blasts another participant. The two behavioral tasks were administered within-subjects, in randomized order. Sadistic pleasure was captured by increases in reported pleasure from pre-to post-task.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>All Dark Triad traits related to increased dispositional sadism, with psychopathy showing the strongest link. The coldheartedness psychopathy subscale showed a unique combination with both self-reported sadism and increased pleasure following bug grinding.</p></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><p>Predominantly female and student sample, limiting generalizability of findings.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Out of all Dark Triad components, psychopathy showed the strongest link with gaining pleasure from hurting others. The results underscore the differential predictive value of psychopathy’s subcomponents for sadistic pleasure. Coldheartedness can be considered especially disturbing because of its unique relationship to deriving joy from irreversible harm-infliction (i.e. killing bugs). Our findings further establish psychopathy – and especially its coldheartedness component – as the most adverse Dark Triad trait.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48198,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 101963"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005791624000223/pdfft?md5=890b18eb8a702610c2b01b5c203623fe&pid=1-s2.0-S0005791624000223-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140914359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Is repeated mistake-making an effective treatment strategy for perfectionism? Findings from a randomized controlled trial 重复犯错是治疗完美主义的有效策略吗？随机对照试验的结果

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101964

Sarah A. Clark, Tapan A. Patel, Jesse R. Cougle

Background and objectives

Perfectionism has been linked to self-criticism, procrastination, and psychological disorders. In a previous study, an exposure-based treatment for perfectionism (ETP), which included exposures targeted at concern over mistakes, showed positive outcomes when compared to waitlist. The aim of this study was to further investigate ETP by comparing it to a stress-management condition and assessing durability of treatment effects by conducting a one-month follow-up assessment.

Methods

Eighty-five individuals with elevated perfectionism were randomly assigned to receive ETP (n = 43) or a stress management treatment (n = 42). ETP involved repeatedly practicing mistake-making by completing computerized tasks engineered to cause individuals to make mistakes. The stress management condition included listening to videos and answering questions about healthy habits, such as diet, exercise, and sleep, as well as viewing calming videos. Participants completed eight treatment sessions as well as baseline, post-test, and one month follow-up self-report questionnaires.

Results

Contrary to predictions, compared to ETP, stress management led to significantly lower overall perfectionism, depression, generalized anxiety, and social anxiety at post and significantly lower depression, generalized anxiety, and social anxiety at follow-up. Further, individuals who completed ETP did not habituate to the exposure tasks, but distress increased from the first to the last treatment session.

Limitations

The duration of treatment was relatively brief.

Conclusions

This study highlights the importance of using active psychological control conditions in treatment outcome studies and the need to test various components of treatments for perfectionism to observe what may be effective or even potentially iatrogenic.

背景和目的完美主义与自我批评、拖延症和心理障碍有关。在之前的一项研究中，一种以暴露为基础的完美主义治疗方法（ETP）显示，与等待名单相比，以暴露为基础的完美主义治疗方法（ETP）的疗效更佳。本研究的目的是通过将ETP与压力管理条件进行比较，并通过进行为期一个月的随访评估来评估治疗效果的持久性，从而进一步研究ETP。ETP包括通过完成电脑设计的任务来反复练习犯错，从而导致个人犯错。压力管理条件包括听视频、回答有关饮食、运动和睡眠等健康习惯的问题以及观看镇静视频。结果与预测相反，与 ETP 相比，压力管理在治疗后显著降低了总体完美主义、抑郁、广泛性焦虑和社交焦虑，在随访中显著降低了抑郁、广泛性焦虑和社交焦虑。结论本研究强调了在治疗结果研究中使用积极心理控制条件的重要性，以及测试完美主义治疗方法中各种成分的必要性，以观察哪些成分可能有效，甚至可能是先天性的。

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引用次数: 0