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Neurophysiological effects of cognitive behavioral therapy in social anxiety: An ERP study using a dot-probe task 认知行为疗法对社交焦虑的神经生理学影响：使用点探测任务进行的ERP研究
IF 1.7 4区 医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101988
Ting Jiang , Sutao Song , Shimeng Zhao , Xiaodong Tian , Mingxian Zhang , Jing Feng , Ruiyang Ge

Background

Social anxious individuals show attention bias towards emotional stimuli, this phenomenon is considered to be an important cause of anxiety generation and maintenance. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a standard psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder. CBT decreases attention biases by correcting the maladaptive beliefs of socially anxious individuals, but it is not clear whether CBT alters neurophysiological features of socially anxious individuals at early automatic and/or late cognitive strategy stage of attentional processing.

Method

To address this knowledge gap, we collected pre-treatment event-related potential data of 22 socially anxious individuals while they performed a dot-probe task. These participants then received eight weeks of CBT, and post-treatment ERP data were collected after completion of CBT treatment. We also included 29 healthy controls and compared them with individuals with social anxiety to determine the neural mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of CBT.

Results

Participants’ social anxiety level was significantly alleviated with CBT. ERP results revealed that (1) compared to pre-treatment phase, P1 amplitudes induced by probes significantly decreased at post-treatment phase, whereas P3 amplitudes increased at post-treatment phase; the P1 amplitudes induced by probes following happy-neutral face pairs in socially anxious individuals after treatment was significantly different with that in healthy controls; (2) amplitude of components elicited by face pairs did not change significantly between pre-treatment and post-treatment phases; (3) changes of Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale were positively correlated with changes of P1 amplitude, and negatively correlated with changes of N1 amplitude.

Limitations

Our sample was university students and lacked randomization, which limits the generalizability of the results.

Conclusion

The present results demonstrated that CBT may adjust cognitive strategies in the later stage of attentional processing, indicating by changed ERPs appeared in probe-presenting stage for social anxiety.

背景社交焦虑症患者对情绪刺激表现出注意偏差，这种现象被认为是焦虑产生和维持的重要原因。认知行为疗法（CBT）是治疗社交焦虑症的标准心理疗法。CBT 通过纠正社交焦虑症患者的不良适应性信念来减少注意力偏差，但目前尚不清楚 CBT 是否会改变社交焦虑症患者在注意力处理的早期自动和/或晚期认知策略阶段的神经生理特征。然后，这些参与者接受了为期八周的 CBT 治疗，并在完成 CBT 治疗后收集了治疗后的 ERP 数据。我们还纳入了 29 名健康对照者，并将他们与社交焦虑症患者进行比较，以确定 CBT 治疗效果的神经机制。ERP结果显示：（1）与治疗前相比，治疗后阶段探针诱导的P1振幅明显下降，而治疗后阶段P3振幅上升；治疗后社交焦虑者在快乐-中性面孔配对后探针诱导的P1振幅与健康对照组有明显差异；（2）治疗后社交焦虑者在快乐-中性面孔配对后探针诱导的P3振幅与健康对照组有明显差异；（3）治疗后社交焦虑者在快乐-中性面孔配对后探针诱导的P1振幅与健康对照组有明显差异；(2) 在治疗前和治疗后阶段，面孔对诱发的成分振幅没有明显变化；(3) Liebowitz 社交焦虑量表的变化与 P1 振幅的变化呈正相关，而与 N1 振幅的变化呈负相关。结论本研究结果表明，CBT 可以调整注意加工后期的认知策略，这从社交焦虑探针呈现阶段出现的 ERP 变化可以看出。
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引用次数: 0
A multilevel examination of an inhibitory retrieval approach to exposure: Differentiating the unique and combined effects of multiple-context and multiple-stimulus cues 对抑制性检索暴露方法的多层次研究：区分多重情境和多重刺激线索的独特效应和综合效应。
IF 1.7 4区 医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101986
Sarah C. Jessup , Thomas Armstrong , Chloe M. Hord , Edwin S. Dalmaijer , Bunmi O. Olatunji

Background and objectives

A proposed strategy for attenuating the return of fear is conducting exposure therapy in multiple contexts (e.g., different locations), which is believed to enhance the generalizability of safety learning. Although conducting exposure in multiple contexts can be differentiated from conducting exposure with multiple stimuli, the two strategies are often conflated. Furthermore, researchers have not yet determined whether one of these strategies, or a combination thereof, is most effective in attenuating fear renewal.

Methods

Accordingly, the present treatment-analogue study examined the unique and combined effects of multiple-context and multiple-stimulus imagery-based exposure manipulations on threat expectancy, behavioral approach/anxiety, and attentional bias for threat over Zoom. Community adults (N = 134) who met diagnostic criteria for snake phobia were randomized to exposure to a single snake in multiple environmental contexts (MC), exposure to multiple snakes in a single environmental context (MS), or exposure to multiple snakes in multiple environmental contexts (MS/MC).

Results

Results revealed significant reductions in threat expectancy and behavioral anxiety, but not attentional bias for threat in all three groups. However, behavioral approach declined over the course of exposure in the MS/MC condition but remained stable in the MC and MS conditions. There were no significant group differences in behavioral approach/anxiety or attentional bias at a one-week follow-up. However, participants in the MC condition reported lower threat expectancy at a one-week follow-up than the other groups and this group difference was partially mediated by lower mean distress during exposure.

Conclusions

Implications of these findings for the inhibitory retrieval theory are discussed.

背景和目的：在多种情境（如不同的地点）中进行暴露疗法是减少恐惧回归的一种建议策略，这种策略被认为可以增强安全学习的普遍性。虽然在多种情境下进行暴露治疗可以与在多种刺激下进行暴露治疗区分开来，但这两种策略经常被混为一谈。此外，研究人员尚未确定是其中一种策略，还是两种策略的组合，能最有效地减少恐惧感的恢复：因此，本治疗-模拟研究考察了基于多情境和多刺激意象的暴露操作对威胁预期、行为接近/焦虑以及对Zoom的威胁注意偏差的独特和综合影响。符合蛇恐惧症诊断标准的社区成人（N = 134）被随机分配到在多种环境情境中暴露于一条蛇（MC）、在单一环境情境中暴露于多条蛇（MS）或在多种环境情境中暴露于多条蛇（MS/MC）：结果表明，在所有三组中，威胁预期和行为焦虑都有明显下降，但对威胁的注意偏差却没有下降。然而，在 MS/MC 条件下，行为接近在暴露过程中有所下降，但在 MC 和 MS 条件下则保持稳定。在一周的随访中，行为接近/焦虑或注意偏差没有明显的组间差异。然而，在一周的随访中，MC 条件下的参与者报告的威胁预期低于其他组别，而这种组别差异部分是由暴露期间较低的平均痛苦所促成的：结论：讨论了这些发现对抑制性检索理论的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Exploration of stress reactivity and fear conditioning on intrusive memory frequency in a conditioned-intrusion paradigm 在条件诱导范式中探讨压力反应性和恐惧条件对侵入性记忆频率的影响。
IF 1.7 4区 医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101984
Gia Nhi Lam , Jack Cooper , Ottmar V. Lipp , Leah M. Mayo , Luke Ney

Background and objectives

The conditioned-intrusion paradigm was designed to provide insight into the relationship between fear conditioning and intrusive memory formation, which is relevant to understanding posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and treatment. However, boundary conditions of this new paradigm have not been explored and it is currently not known whether findings from this work are valid in a clinical context.

Methods

In the current study, we explored the relationship between stress reactivity to trauma film clips, usual exposure to violent media, renewal of fear conditioning using skin conductance as well as subjective ratings, and the effect of shock versus film clip during conditioning on the frequency of intrusive memories. An adapted fear conditioning paradigm using trauma clips as unconditional stimuli was used, and participants subsequently reported intrusive memories of the trauma clips.

Results

Skin conductance responses to conditioned stimuli paired with shocks and film clips were significantly higher than conditioned stimuli paired with film clips alone. Subjective stress reactivity, previous exposure to violent media, and film valence rating were associated with the frequency of intrusive memories. No aspects of fear conditioning were associated with intrusive memories, and factor analysis suggested the fear conditioning and stress related to film clip viewing were mostly separate constructs. Similarly, content and triggers of intrusive memories were usually film-clip related rather than conditional stimulus related.

Limitations

We did not observe strong conditioning effects of the unconditional stimuli to conditional stimuli, which were shapes rather than high frequency stimuli such as faces.

Conclusions

These findings provide potential boundary conditions for this paradigm and suggest multiple ways in which the validity of the paradigm can be tested in the future.

背景和目的：设计条件性侵入范式的目的是为了深入了解恐惧条件反射与侵入性记忆形成之间的关系，这与了解创伤后应激障碍的症状和治疗有关。然而，这一新范式的边界条件尚未得到探讨，目前尚不清楚这项工作的研究结果是否适用于临床：在当前的研究中，我们探讨了对创伤电影片段的应激反应性、平时接触暴力媒体的情况、使用皮肤电导和主观评价进行的恐惧条件反射的恢复，以及在条件反射过程中电击与电影片段对侵入性记忆频率的影响之间的关系。该研究采用了一种经过调整的恐惧条件反射范式，使用创伤片段作为无条件刺激，参与者随后报告了对创伤片段的侵入性记忆：结果：皮肤对与电击和电影片段配对的条件刺激的传导反应明显高于仅与电影片段配对的条件刺激。主观应激反应性、以前接触暴力媒体的经历和电影价值等级与侵入性记忆的频率有关。恐惧条件反射的任何方面都与侵入性记忆无关，因素分析表明，与观看电影片段有关的恐惧条件反射和压力大多是独立的结构。同样，侵入性记忆的内容和触发因素通常与电影片段有关，而不是与条件刺激有关：局限性：我们没有观察到无条件刺激对有条件刺激的强烈条件作用，有条件刺激是形状而不是高频刺激，如人脸：这些发现为这一范式提供了潜在的边界条件，并为今后检验该范式的有效性提供了多种方法。
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引用次数: 0
Two universal school-based prevention programs for depression and anxiety: 24-Month follow-up of an RCT 两项针对抑郁和焦虑症的普及性校本预防计划：一项 RCT 的 24 个月跟踪研究
IF 1.7 4区 医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101985
Karlie J. Rice , Junwen Chen , Eva Kemps , Rachel M. Roberts , Suzanne Edwards , Kristy Johnstone

Background and objectives

Transdiagnostic approaches have been promoted as a means of maximising preventative effects across multiple problems with depression and anxiety suitable targets as they appear to have highly interconnected systems in pathology development and maintenance. This study investigated long-term effects of two universal school-based programs, Emotion Regulation (ER) and Behavioral Activation (BA), that sought to prevent depression and anxiety by targeting worry (a transdiagnostic feature) to promote resilience.

Methods

This follow-up study captured data from 162 of 316 initial students (aged 8–13; 52.2% female), from six Australian schools. The original study design cluster randomised students by school into BA, ER, or a usual class control. Intervention conditions consisted of 8 × 50-min weekly sessions. This study measured the effects of these interventions after 24 months on resilience, worry, depression, and anxiety. Resilience was also examined as a potential mediator.

Results

At 24-month follow-up, there was no significant effect of either intervention on depression, anxiety, worry, or resilience levels. Significantly fewer participants in ER and BA met clinical thresholds for separation anxiety disorder (SAD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in the 24-month follow-up compared with baseline. No mediation effects were found.

Limitations

Although self-report measures are common in universal, school-based research, this represents a study limitation.

Conclusions

Both interventions may provide limited long-term protective effects on SAD and OCD symptoms, which appear to have a shelf-life shorter than 24 months. To maintain program effects, refresher sessions at shorter intervals may be a consideration for future research.

背景和目标：跨诊断方法一直被提倡作为在多种问题中最大限度地提高预防效果的一种手段，而抑郁和焦虑则是合适的目标，因为它们在病理发展和维持过程中似乎具有高度相互关联的系统。本研究调查了情绪调节（ER）和行为激活（BA）这两个以学校为基础的通用项目的长期效果，这两个项目旨在通过针对担忧（一种跨诊断特征）来预防抑郁和焦虑，从而促进恢复能力。最初的研究设计以学校为单位将学生随机分组，分为BA、ER或普通班对照组。干预条件包括每周 8 × 50 分钟的课程。本研究测量了这些干预措施在 24 个月后对复原力、担忧、抑郁和焦虑的影响。结果在 24 个月的随访中，两种干预措施对抑郁、焦虑、担忧或复原力水平均无显著影响。与基线相比，在24个月的随访中，达到分离焦虑症（SAD）和强迫症（OCD）临床阈值的ER和BA参与者明显减少。结论这两种干预措施对 SAD 和 OCD 症状的长期保护作用可能有限，其保质期似乎短于 24 个月。为了保持项目效果，未来的研究可能会考虑缩短复习课程的间隔时间。
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引用次数: 0
Distress variability during exposure therapy and its relationship with PTSD symptom decline 暴露疗法中的压力变化及其与创伤后应激障碍症状下降的关系
IF 1.7 4区 医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
Pub Date : 2024-08-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101983
Marike J. Kooistra , Chris M. Hoeboer , Danielle A.C. Oprel , Maartje Schoorl , Willem van der Does , Agnes van Minnen , Rianne A. de Kleine

Background and objectives

Inhibitory Learning Theory (ILT) framework implies that in-session distress variability may promote extinction learning and thereby enhance exposure therapy efficacy. Thus far, research has mainly focused on in-session distress reduction. The aim of the current study was to assess whether in-session distress variability predicts next session PTSD symptom decline in PTSD patients receiving prolonged exposure (PE).

Methods

Eighty-six patients with PTSD received 14 to 16 sessions of PE. Using dynamic panel models, we assessed the temporal relation (i.e., within-persons) between in-session distress variability and PTSD symptom decline. Moreover, we assessed the averaged relation (i.e., between-persons) between in-session distress variability and PTSD symptom decline.

Results

Temporal analyses showed that in-session distress variability did not precede PTSD symptom improvement. Averaged analyses showed that distress variability was related to PTSD symptom improvement.

Limitation

The operationalization of distress variability appeared to deviate from its theoretical conceptualization.

Conclusions

In absence of distress reduction, distress variability can vary. However, our findings suggest that in-session distress variability does not drive symptom reduction during PE. In contrast, averaged over participants, distress variability was related to symptom improvement, suggesting that those with a more variable distress pattern across sessions show better treatment response. More empirical work is needed to shed light on the effect of distress variability during exposure sessions on treatment outcome and to offer grounds for clinical recommendations.

背景和目的抑制性学习理论（ILT）框架意味着，治疗过程中的痛苦可变性可促进消退学习，从而提高暴露疗法的疗效。迄今为止，研究主要集中在会话中痛苦的减轻。本研究的目的是评估在接受长期暴露疗法（PE）的创伤后应激障碍患者中，疗程内的痛苦变异性是否能预测下一疗程创伤后应激障碍症状的下降。使用动态面板模型，我们评估了会话中痛苦变异性与创伤后应激障碍症状下降之间的时间关系（即人内关系）。此外，我们还评估了会话中痛苦变异性与创伤后应激障碍症状下降之间的平均关系（即人与人之间的关系）。结果时间分析表明，会话中痛苦变异性并不先于创伤后应激障碍症状的改善。平均分析表明，困扰变异性与创伤后应激障碍症状的改善有关。局限性困扰变异性的操作似乎偏离了其理论概念。然而，我们的研究结果表明，在 PE 过程中，会话中的痛苦可变性并不会导致症状减轻。相反，对所有参与者进行平均，痛苦的可变性与症状的改善有关，这表明那些在不同疗程中痛苦模式更具可变性的人对治疗的反应更好。我们还需要更多的实证研究来揭示暴露过程中的困扰变异性对治疗结果的影响，并为临床建议提供依据。
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引用次数: 0
Inhibition moderates the effect of attentional bias modification for reducing residual depressive symptoms: A randomized sham-controlled clinical trial 抑制调节了注意偏差修正对减轻残余抑郁症状的效果：随机假对照临床试验
IF 1.7 4区 医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101982
Ragnhild Bø , Brage Kraft , August Skilbrei , Rune Jonassen , Catherine J. Harmer , Nils Inge Landrø

Objectives

Residual symptoms represent risk factor for relapse. Attention bias modification (ABM) may reduce clinical and sub-clinical depressive symptoms, indicating that is may be of relevance when preventing relapse. Current evidence suggests that executive functions may moderate the outcome of interventions targeting depressive symptoms.

Methods

We assessed inhibition and shifting as indicators of executive functioning by means of the Color-Word Interference Test (i.e., “Stroop task”). These baseline characteristics were investigated as moderator of the effect of ABM on depression symptoms in a double-blinded randomized sham-controlled trial of ABM including patients with a history of recurrent depression (N = 301). Inclusion and follow-ups took place from January 2015 to October 2016. The trial was retrospectively registered #NCT02658682 January 2016.

Results

The moderation analysis was based on the interaction term ABM x Stroop. Scaled inhibition scores ≤10.8, but not shifting ability, moderated the effect of ABM compared to sham on clinician-rated depression (HDRS). The difference from the 15th to the 85th percentile of the inhibition score was about 1 HDRS-point, indicating a small effect size. No moderation was found when self-reported depression and AB were the outcome. Post-hoc power calculation indicates risk of Type-II error.

Conclusion

When targeting depressive symptoms, ABM seems to be somewhat more effective in patients with weak inhibitory control. This suggests that evaluating the level of inhibition in individual patients could provide some information when making decisions about prescribing ABM to reduce residual symptoms, but the clinical implications of this is uncertain due to an overall small effect size attributable to ABM. Future studies should examine whether inhibitory control still is a relevant moderator when comparing ABM to treatment options other than the sham control condition.

目标：残留症状是导致复发的风险因素。注意力偏差修正（ABM）可减轻临床和亚临床抑郁症状，这表明它可能与预防复发有关。目前的证据表明，执行功能可能会影响针对抑郁症状的干预结果：方法：我们通过颜色-词语干扰测验（即 "Stroop任务"）评估了作为执行功能指标的抑制和转移。在一项ABM双盲随机假对照试验中，我们将这些基线特征作为ABM对抑郁症状影响的调节因素进行了调查，试验对象包括有复发性抑郁症病史的患者（N = 301）。纳入和随访时间为2015年1月至2016年10月。该试验于2016年1月进行了回顾性注册#NCT02658682：调节分析基于交互项ABM x Stroop。抑制评分≤10.8分（而非移位能力）调节了ABM与假药相比对临床医师评分抑郁（HDRS）的影响。从抑制得分的第 15 百分位数到第 85 百分位数之间的差异约为 1 HDRS 分，显示出较小的效应规模。以自我报告的抑郁和 AB 为结果时，未发现调节作用。事后功率计算显示存在II型错误的风险：结论：针对抑郁症状，ABM 似乎对抑制控制能力较弱的患者更有效。这表明，评估个体患者的抑制水平可以为决定是否使用ABM来减轻残余症状提供一些信息，但由于ABM的总体效应大小较小，因此其临床意义尚不确定。未来的研究应该探讨在将 ABM 与假对照条件以外的治疗方案进行比较时，抑制控制是否仍然是一个相关的调节因素。
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引用次数: 0
Convergence of real-time and retrospective assessments: A systematic investigation of naturally occurring and experimentally induced intrusions 实时和回顾性评估的融合：对自然发生和实验诱发的入侵进行系统调查
IF 1.7 4区 医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101981
Jacqueline Peters, Inga Marie Freund, Merel Kindt, Renée M. Visser , Arnold A.P. van Emmerik

Background and objectives

Ecological momentary assessment is a popular method for monitoring symptoms in real-time. Especially for fleeting experiences, such as intrusions, real-time assessments may be more accurate than retrospective estimates. However, there are concerns regarding reactivity effects associated with real-time assessments and, conversely, the reliance on bias-prone retrospective assessments in clinical science and practice. In this study we used a between-groups design to examine whether real-time intrusion assessments influence retrospective reports (aim 1). Then, we investigated whether real-time and retrospective assessments systematically differed within individuals (aim 2).

Methods

Over two weeks, 150 non-clinical individuals provided weekly retrospective intrusion assessments, while the majority (n = 102) additionally reported their intrusions in real-time, via smartphones. We examined both naturally occurring intrusions, which individuals experience in their everyday lives, and intrusions related to a standardized stressor (i.e., Trier Social Stress Test), taking place halfway.

Results

Using Bayesian statistics, we found that assessing intrusions in real-time did not convincingly affect retrospective reports, and there was no strong evidence that real-time and retrospective intrusion assessments differed. However, the evidence of absence was inconclusive for some measures. Real-time and retrospectively reported intrusion frequencies and distress were strongly associated with one another.

Limitations

Future research is advised to replicate these findings with larger samples, for other types of stressors, in clinical populations, and over extended assessment periods.

Conclusions

The general agreement between real-time and retrospective assessments of intrusions is encouraging, tentatively suggesting that researchers and clinicians can flexibly select the assessment method that best suits their objectives.

背景和目的 生态学瞬间评估是一种流行的实时监测症状的方法。特别是对于转瞬即逝的经历，如入侵，实时评估可能比回顾性估计更准确。然而，人们对与实时评估相关的反应性效应表示担忧，反之，在临床科学和实践中对容易产生偏差的回顾性评估的依赖也令人担忧。在本研究中，我们采用了组间设计来考察实时入侵评估是否会影响回顾性报告（目的 1）。方法在两周内，150 名非临床人员每周提供一次入侵回溯评估，而大多数人（n = 102）还通过智能手机实时报告了他们的入侵情况。我们既研究了个人在日常生活中自然发生的入侵，也研究了中途发生的与标准化压力源（即特里尔社会压力测试）相关的入侵。结果通过贝叶斯统计，我们发现实时评估入侵并不会对回顾性报告产生令人信服的影响，而且没有有力的证据表明实时和回顾性入侵评估存在差异。但是，在某些指标上，没有证据表明存在差异。结论对入侵的实时评估和回顾性评估之间的普遍一致令人鼓舞，这初步表明研究人员和临床医生可以灵活选择最适合其目标的评估方法。
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引用次数: 0
College students with depression symptom are more sensitive to task difficulty in reinforcement learning 有抑郁症状的大学生在强化学习中对任务难度更敏感
IF 1.7 4区 医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101980
Yaru Zhang , Meng Wei , Rong Huang , Shiwei Jia , Li Li

Background

Depression is usually characterized by impairments in reward function, and shows altered motivation to reward in reinforcement learning. This study further explored whether task difficulty affects reinforcement learning in college students with and without depression symptom.

Methods

The depression symptom group (20) and the no depression symptom group (26) completed a probabilistic reward learning task with low, medium, and high difficulty levels, in which task the response bias to reward and the discriminability of reward were analyzed. Additionally, electrophysiological responses to reward and loss feedback were recorded and analyzed while they performed a simple gambling task.

Results

The depression symptom group showed more response bias to reward than the no depression symptom group when the task was easy and then exhibited more quickly decrease in response bias to reward as task difficulty increased. The no depression symptom group showed a decrease in response bias only in the high-difficulty condition. Further regression analyses showed that, the Feedback-related negativity (FRN) and theta oscillation could predict response bias change in the low-difficulty condition, the FRN and oscillations of theta and delta could predict response bias change in the medium and high-difficulty conditions.

Limitations

The electrophysiological responses to loss and reward were not recorded in the same task as the reinforcement learning behaviors.

Conclusions

College students with depression symptom are more sensitive to task difficulty during reinforcement learning. The FRN, and oscillations of theta and delta could predict reward leaning behavior.

背景抑郁症通常以奖赏功能受损为特征，并表现出强化学习中奖赏动机的改变。本研究进一步探讨了任务难度是否会影响有抑郁症状和无抑郁症状的大学生的强化学习。方法 有抑郁症状组（20 人）和无抑郁症状组（26 人）分别完成了难度为低、中、高的概率奖励学习任务，并对任务中奖励的反应偏差和奖励的可辨别性进行了分析。结果抑郁症状组在任务简单时比无抑郁症状组表现出更多的奖励反应偏差，然后随着任务难度的增加，奖励反应偏差下降得更快。无抑郁症状组仅在高难度条件下才出现反应偏差的下降。进一步的回归分析表明，反馈相关负性（FRN）和θ振荡可以预测低难度条件下的反应偏差变化，FRN和θ、δ振荡可以预测中、高难度条件下的反应偏差变化。FRN以及θ和δ的振荡可以预测奖励倾斜行为。
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引用次数: 0
The role of cognitive biases involving selective interrogation of taste-based information in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption 认知偏差在含糖饮料消费中的作用，包括对口味信息的选择性询问
IF 1.7 4区 医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
Pub Date : 2024-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101979
Laura Dondzilo , Eva Kemps

Background and objectives

Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is a global public health issue. Consequently, there is strong interest in advancing understanding of the cognitive mechanisms that underpin excessive SSB consumption. This work proposes that selective interrogation of taste-based characteristics (e.g., flavour), rather than health-based characteristics (e.g., sugar content), of beverages is associated with greater SSB choice and consumption.

Methods

To evaluate this novel hypothesis, undergraduate students (n = 210) were recruited to complete self-report measures of SSB consumption, motivation and success in reducing SSB consumption and unhealthy eating more broadly, as well as a novel selective interrogation assessment task. This task provided participants with the opportunity to selectively interrogate taste-based and health-based characteristics of various mystery beverages.

Results

Results supported the hypothesis that greater selective interrogation of taste-based characteristics, rather than health-based characteristics, of beverages is associated with greater SSB choice and consumption. Additionally, results revealed that greater selective interrogation of taste-based characteristics was associated with decreased motivation to reduce SSB consumption and decreased motivation and success to reduce unhealthy consumption more broadly.

Limitations

The current study did not evaluate whether selective interrogation of taste-based characteristics of beverages predicted actual SSB consumption.

Conclusion

These findings provide novel evidence for the potential role of selective interrogation of taste-based characteristics of beverages in SSB choice and consumption. An important implication of these findings is that in order for interventions focusing on front-of-package nutrition labels to be effective in reducing unhealthy consumption, it is necessary that individuals are selectively interrogating this ‘health-based’ information.

背景和目标饮用含糖饮料（SSB）是一个全球性的公共卫生问题。因此，人们对促进了解支撑 SSB 过度消费的认知机制有着浓厚的兴趣。这项研究提出，选择性地询问饮料的口味特征（如风味）而非健康特征（如含糖量）与更多的固态饮料选择和消费有关。为了评估这一新颖的假设，研究人员招募了本科生（n = 210），让他们完成固态饮料消费、减少固态饮料消费和更广泛的不健康饮食的动机和成功率的自我报告测量，以及一项新颖的选择性询问评估任务。结果结果支持这样的假设：更多地选择性询问饮料的口味特征而不是健康特征与更多的固态饮料选择和消费有关。此外，结果还显示，对口味特征的选择性询问越多，减少 SSB 消费的动机就越低，减少更广泛的不健康消费的动机和成功率就越低。结论这些研究结果为饮料口味特征的选择性询问在 SSB 选择和消费中的潜在作用提供了新的证据。这些发现的一个重要意义在于，为了使以包装正面营养标签为重点的干预措施能够有效减少不健康消费，个人有必要有选择性地询问这些 "基于健康 "的信息。
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引用次数: 0
Does responsibility for potential harm attenuate the effects of repeated checking on metamemory and automatization? 对潜在伤害的责任感是否会减轻重复检查对元记忆和自动化的影响？
IF 1.7 4区 医学 Q3 PSYCHIATRY
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2024.101977
Karina Wahl, Martin Kollárik, Roselind Lieb

Background and objectives

Repeated checking results in large reductions in metamemory variables (confidence, details, and vividness). It has been suggested that the underlying mechanism is gradual automatization. At the same time, individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are reluctant to automatize routine processes. The aim was to investigate whether high responsibility for potential harm, typical of OCD, would attenuate the effects of repeated checking on metamemory variables and automatization.

Methods

One hundred seventy-five participants were initially provided with a cover story that put the subsequent virtual checking task in a context of potential harm for not checking properly. Participants were randomly allocated to four experimental groups (varying high and low responsibility, relevant and irrelevant checking) and performed a virtual checking task repeatedly, using either identical stimuli (relevant checking) or different stimuli (irrelevant checking) between the first and final checking trial. Metamemory variables were rated on visual analogue scales, and response latencies were assessed to establish automatization.

Results

Larger reductions in metamemory variables following relevant checking compared to irrelevant checking replicated previous findings. High responsibility did not affect these results. Large reductions in response latencies across the checking trials (automatization) were also independent of the perceived responsibility.

Limitations

We did not include individuals with OCD.

Conclusions

Since responsibility did not influence the effects of repeated checking on metamemory variables, findings are consistent with the idea that automatization remains a plausible explanation of the effects of repeated checking on metamemory variables in individuals with OCD.

背景和目的：重复检查会导致元记忆变量（信心、细节和生动性）的大量减少。有人认为其根本机制是逐渐自动化。与此同时，患有强迫症（OCD）的人却不愿意将常规过程自动化。本研究旨在探讨强迫症患者对潜在伤害的高度责任感是否会减弱重复检查对元记忆变量和自动化的影响：175 名参与者最初会收到一个封面故事，将随后的虚拟检查任务置于不正确检查可能造成伤害的背景下。参与者被随机分配到四个实验组（责任感高低、相关检查和不相关检查各不相同），并在第一次和最后一次检查试验之间使用相同的刺激（相关检查）或不同的刺激（不相关检查）重复执行虚拟检查任务。元记忆变量采用视觉模拟量表进行评分，并对反应潜伏期进行评估，以确定自动化程度：结果：与无关检查相比，相关检查后元记忆变量的减少幅度更大，这与之前的研究结果一致。高度的责任感并没有影响这些结果。检查试验中反应潜伏期的大幅缩短（自动化）也与感知到的责任无关：局限性：我们没有将强迫症患者包括在内：由于责任感并不影响重复检查对元记忆变量的影响，因此研究结果与以下观点一致，即自动化仍然是强迫症患者重复检查对元记忆变量影响的一个合理解释。
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