Journal of Safety Research最新文献_第4页

Examination of General Motors Super Cruise system field effects using state police report crash data

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.11.013

Andrew J. Leslie , Raymond J. Kiefer , Susan H. Owen , Carol A. Flannagan

Introduction: While SAE Level 2 systems combining Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and lane centering functionality can conveniently reduce the need for the driver to frequently brake, accelerate, and steer the vehicle, the potential safety benefit of such systems merit further exploration. Method: This study attempted to isolate the field effect of the General Motors (GM) Super Cruise Level 2 system on lane departure and rear-end striking crashes. This system allows hands-free driving on GPS-mapped system-compatible roads and employs a camera-based driver monitoring system and a series of escalating alerts to prompt the driver to pay close attention to the road ahead and take steering control when takeover requests are issued. Police-report data were used to identify system-relevant and corresponding control crashes, and historic telematics-based data were used to understand system use surrounding crashes. A total of 131,757 Model Year 2017–2021 vehicles were matched to police-reported crashes from 12 states, which identified 415 analysis-relevant crashes on Super Cruise-compatible roads (certain limited-access freeways and trunk roads). Multiple statistical approaches were used to address challenges inherent to evaluating Level 2 systems, including small crash samples and system availability/use. Results: Results indicated there was no evidence for a difference in system-relevant crash risk for Super Cruise-equipped vehicles compared to matched highly-ADAS equipped vehicles without Super Cruise. The trend toward Super Cruise, as well as other L2 systems, being offered on an increasing number of vehicles with fewer Operational Design Domain (ODD) constraints should in the coming years notably increase the statistical power of the testing approach employed here. These results should not be interpreted as generalizing to other emerging L2 systems, including those that fundamentally differ with respect to Operational Design Domain limitations (e.g., lower speed operation only), requiring hands-on operation for system use, or the exclusive use of a steering-wheel based Driver Monitoring System (DMS).

{"title":"Examination of General Motors Super Cruise system field effects using state police report crash data","authors":"Andrew J. Leslie , Raymond J. Kiefer , Susan H. Owen , Carol A. Flannagan","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.11.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.11.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><strong>Introduction:</strong> While SAE Level 2 systems combining Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and lane centering functionality can conveniently reduce the need for the driver to frequently brake, accelerate, and steer the vehicle, the potential safety benefit of such systems merit further exploration. <strong>Method:</strong> This study attempted to isolate the field effect of the General Motors (GM) Super Cruise Level 2 system on lane departure and rear-end striking crashes. This system allows hands-free driving on GPS-mapped system-compatible roads and employs a camera-based driver monitoring system and a series of escalating alerts to prompt the driver to pay close attention to the road ahead and take steering control when takeover requests are issued. Police-report data were used to identify system-relevant and corresponding control crashes, and historic telematics-based data were used to understand system use surrounding crashes. A total of 131,757 Model Year 2017–2021 vehicles were matched to police-reported crashes from 12 states, which identified 415 analysis-relevant crashes on Super Cruise-compatible roads (certain limited-access freeways and trunk roads). Multiple statistical approaches were used to address challenges inherent to evaluating Level 2 systems, including small crash samples and system availability/use. <strong>Results:</strong> Results indicated there was no evidence for a difference in system-relevant crash risk for Super Cruise-equipped vehicles compared to matched highly-ADAS equipped vehicles without Super Cruise. The trend toward Super Cruise, as well as other L2 systems, being offered on an increasing number of vehicles with fewer Operational Design Domain (ODD) constraints should in the coming years notably increase the statistical power of the testing approach employed here. These results should not be interpreted as generalizing to other emerging L2 systems, including those that fundamentally differ with respect to Operational Design Domain limitations (e.g., lower speed operation only), requiring hands-on operation for system use, or the exclusive use of a steering-wheel based Driver Monitoring System (DMS).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 207-216"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Developing heat stress training assessments: A training-driven methodology approach to enhance safety in the construction industry

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.11.027

Raissa Marchiori , Siyuan Song , Jewoong Moon

Introduction: The construction industry, characterized by its hazardous working conditions, particularly in extreme environments such as high temperatures, presents significant challenges for construction workers in mitigating heat-related illnesses (HRIs). Method: This study advances the application of evidence-centered design (ECD) in developing an effective heat stress training program for construction and general workers. The methodology encompasses comprehensive steps, including: (1) defining training objectives, (2) determining relevant knowledge domains, (3) designing assessments, (4) providing evidence of training effectiveness, and (5) developing practical tasks using real-world case studies. The training’s effectiveness was evaluated through an experimental training session in which 311 construction and general workers participated. The efficiency of the training was measured by calculating short-term, middle-term, and long-term knowledge gains about heat-related illnesses. Results: Statistical analysis revealed significant improvements in workers’ understanding of heat stress concepts, risk factor identification, prevention strategies, symptom and sign recognition, and first aid application from the short-term to the middle-term and into the long-term. Trainees’ feedback also affirmed the training’s effectiveness in enhancing awareness and preparing them to implement preventive measures against heat stress. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that a heat stress training program utilizing ECD significantly enhances the efficiency of heat stress awareness. These assessments effectively evaluate construction workers’ ability to recognize and respond to heat-related hazards. Practical applications: This finding contributes to the theoretical knowledge of construction worker safety and provides a practical framework for guiding the design of training assessments. The study addresses a gap in literature regarding the assessment of training effectiveness, offering insights for iterative improvement of safety training in construction industry.

{"title":"Developing heat stress training assessments: A training-driven methodology approach to enhance safety in the construction industry","authors":"Raissa Marchiori , Siyuan Song , Jewoong Moon","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.11.027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.11.027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: The construction industry, characterized by its hazardous working conditions, particularly in extreme environments such as high temperatures, presents significant challenges for construction workers in mitigating heat-related illnesses (HRIs). <em>Method:</em> This study advances the application of evidence-centered design (ECD) in developing an effective heat stress training program for construction and general workers. The methodology encompasses comprehensive steps, including: (1) defining training objectives, (2) determining relevant knowledge domains, (3) designing assessments, (4) providing evidence of training effectiveness, and (5) developing practical tasks using real-world case studies. The training’s effectiveness was evaluated through an experimental training session in which 311 construction and general workers participated. The efficiency of the training was measured by calculating short-term, middle-term, and long-term knowledge gains about heat-related illnesses. <em>Results:</em> Statistical analysis revealed significant improvements in workers’ understanding of heat stress concepts, risk factor identification, prevention strategies, symptom and sign recognition, and first aid application from the short-term to the middle-term and into the long-term. Trainees’ feedback also affirmed the training’s effectiveness in enhancing awareness and preparing them to implement preventive measures against heat stress. <em>Conclusions</em>: The study demonstrates that a heat stress training program utilizing ECD significantly enhances the efficiency of heat stress awareness. These assessments effectively evaluate construction workers’ ability to recognize and respond to heat-related hazards. <em>Practical applications:</em> This finding contributes to the theoretical knowledge of construction worker safety and provides a practical framework for guiding the design of training assessments. The study addresses a gap in literature regarding the assessment of training effectiveness, offering insights for iterative improvement of safety training in construction industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 262-271"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The acute effects of vaporized cannabis on drivers’ hazard perception and risk-taking behaviors in medicinal patients: A within-subjects experiment

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.12.004

Carla Schiemer , Mark S. Horswill , Andrew Hill , Mathew J. Summers , Kayla B. Stefanidis

Introduction: As the medically prescribed use of cannabis flower continues to increase, there is a need to understand how vaporized cannabis can acutely affect driving-related skills and risk-taking behaviors in medicinal populations. Method: Given this, the present study examined the acute effects of vaporized cannabis flower on measures of hazard perception, driving-related risk-taking behaviors, and subjective perceptions of driving skills in a sample of adult medicinal cannabis patients. Participants (N = 38, M age = 43) attended both a baseline (no cannabis) and intervention appointment (with cannabis consumption), where they completed video-based tasks and self-report measures of driving ability. Results: After vaporizing one dose of their prescribed cannabis flower, participants exhibited no significant changes in performance on any of the video-based tasks (hazard perception skill, gap acceptance, following distance or speed) compared to baseline. However, cannabis consumption resulted in significant reductions in perceived hazard perception task performance and on-road traffic conflict prediction ability. Furthermore, there was a lack of association between objective and subjective hazard perception performance at both time points. Practical applications: These results suggest that while acute prescribed cannabis consumption may reduce appraisals of selected skills, overall hazard perception ability and driving-related risk-taking behavior may remain unchanged.

{"title":"The acute effects of vaporized cannabis on drivers’ hazard perception and risk-taking behaviors in medicinal patients: A within-subjects experiment","authors":"Carla Schiemer , Mark S. Horswill , Andrew Hill , Mathew J. Summers , Kayla B. Stefanidis","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: As the medically prescribed use of cannabis flower continues to increase, there is a need to understand how vaporized cannabis can acutely affect driving-related skills and risk-taking behaviors in medicinal populations. <em>Method:</em> Given this, the present study examined the acute effects of vaporized cannabis flower on measures of hazard perception, driving-related risk-taking behaviors, and subjective perceptions of driving skills in a sample of adult medicinal cannabis patients. Participants (<em>N</em> = 38, <em>M</em> age = 43) attended both a baseline (no cannabis) and intervention appointment (with cannabis consumption), where they completed video-based tasks and self-report measures of driving ability. <em>Results:</em> After vaporizing one dose of their prescribed cannabis flower, participants exhibited no significant changes in performance on any of the video-based tasks (hazard perception skill, gap acceptance, following distance or speed) compared to baseline. However, cannabis consumption resulted in significant reductions in perceived hazard perception task performance and on-road traffic conflict prediction ability. Furthermore, there was a lack of association between objective and subjective hazard perception performance at both time points. <em>Practical applications:</em> These results suggest that while acute prescribed cannabis consumption may reduce appraisals of selected skills, overall hazard perception ability and driving-related risk-taking behavior may remain unchanged.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 385-392"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effectiveness of 30 km/h speed limit – A literature review

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.11.003

George Yannis, Eva Michelaraki

Introduction: Road crashes are a major social problem, resulting in 1.19 million fatalities and over 50 million injuries annually. Speeding is the primary cause of road crashes worldwide, particularly in cities where pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists are especially vulnerable. This paper aims to review and assess the effectiveness of implementing a 30 km/h speed limit. Method: To achieve this objective, a comprehensive literature review was conducted, evaluating the impact of 30 km/h speed limits on safety, emissions, energy consumption, traffic flow, livability, and health. The systematic literature review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: Current scientific evidence indicated that the introduction of 30 km/h speed limits in cities can save over 40% of lives, alongside significant positive effects on the environment, energy consumption and public health, including reduced fuel consumption and increased walking and cycling. Practical Applications: Public awareness campaigns and promoting the use of public transport and active mobility options, such as walking and cycling, could further support the adoption of 30 km/h speed limits in cities.

{"title":"Effectiveness of 30 km/h speed limit – A literature review","authors":"George Yannis, Eva Michelaraki","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Road crashes are a major social problem, resulting in 1.19 million fatalities and over 50 million injuries annually. Speeding is the primary cause of road crashes worldwide, particularly in cities where pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists are especially vulnerable. This paper aims to review and assess the effectiveness of implementing a 30 km/h speed limit. <em>Method:</em> To achieve this objective, a comprehensive literature review was conducted, evaluating the impact of 30 km/h speed limits on safety, emissions, energy consumption, traffic flow, livability, and health. The systematic literature review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. <em>Results:</em> Current scientific evidence indicated that the introduction of 30 km/h speed limits in cities can save over 40% of lives, alongside significant positive effects on the environment, energy consumption and public health, including reduced fuel consumption and increased walking and cycling. <em>Practical Applications:</em> Public awareness campaigns and promoting the use of public transport and active mobility options, such as walking and cycling, could further support the adoption of 30 km/h speed limits in cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 490-503"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of smartphone distraction and alcohol intoxication on pedestrian risk-taking

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2025.01.002

Yixin Wang , Caitlin Wolford-Clevenger , Sylvie Mrug , Karen L. Cropsey , David C. Schwebel

Background: An estimated 7,388 pedestrians died in motor-vehicle crashes in the United States in 2021. Two significant risks for pedestrian injuries and deaths are alcohol intoxication and smartphone distraction. The present research used a virtual reality simulator to evaluate the individual and joint impact of pedestrian distraction and intoxication on risk-taking while crossing the street. Methods: Thirty-nine participants completed two laboratory visits, during which they crossed the virtual street either after drinking alcohol to produce a BAC of 0.08 or after drinking a placebo, in randomized order. During each visit, they crossed the street both while distracted by texting and without distraction, also in randomized order. Five pedestrian safety outcomes were considered: unsafe crossings, time to contact with oncoming vehicles, start gap before entering a safe gap in traffic, distance to the closest oncoming vehicle as the crossing started, and missed opportunities to cross safely. Results: Intoxicated participants were more likely to cross unsafely. While distracted, participants missed more safe crossing opportunities, started crossing while closer to oncoming vehicles, and experienced more unsafe crossings. The interactional effect of intoxication and distraction was significant for the number of unsafe crossings and time to contact, with intoxicated pedestrians experiencing more unsafe crossings only when they were not distracted and distraction increasing unsafe crossings only among sober pedestrians. Conclusions: Both alcohol intoxication and smartphone distraction impacted pedestrian safety, individually and jointly. Results should inform the development of multifaceted prevention strategies, including road engineering, law enforcement, and efforts to reduce pedestrian risk through strategies like responsible beverage service practices. Practical applications: Overall, this study explored the isolated and interactional effects of alcohol intoxication and phone distraction on pedestrians, which should inform development of interventions to reduce risky pedestrian behavior and address pedestrian injury and mortality rates globally.

{"title":"Impact of smartphone distraction and alcohol intoxication on pedestrian risk-taking","authors":"Yixin Wang , Caitlin Wolford-Clevenger , Sylvie Mrug , Karen L. Cropsey , David C. Schwebel","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Background</em>: An estimated 7,388 pedestrians died in motor-vehicle crashes in the United States in 2021. Two significant risks for pedestrian injuries and deaths are alcohol intoxication and smartphone distraction. The present research used a virtual reality simulator to evaluate the individual and joint impact of pedestrian distraction and intoxication on risk-taking while crossing the street. <em>Methods:</em> Thirty-nine participants completed two laboratory visits, during which they crossed the virtual street either after drinking alcohol to produce a BAC of 0.08 or after drinking a placebo, in randomized order. During each visit, they crossed the street both while distracted by texting and without distraction, also in randomized order. Five pedestrian safety outcomes were considered: unsafe crossings, time to contact with oncoming vehicles, start gap before entering a safe gap in traffic, distance to the closest oncoming vehicle as the crossing started, and missed opportunities to cross safely. <em>Results:</em> Intoxicated participants were more likely to cross unsafely. While distracted, participants missed more safe crossing opportunities, started crossing while closer to oncoming vehicles, and experienced more unsafe crossings. The interactional effect of intoxication and distraction was significant for the number of unsafe crossings and time to contact, with intoxicated pedestrians experiencing more unsafe crossings only when they were not distracted and distraction increasing unsafe crossings only among sober pedestrians. <em>Conclusions:</em> Both alcohol intoxication and smartphone distraction impacted pedestrian safety, individually and jointly. Results should inform the development of multifaceted prevention strategies, including road engineering, law enforcement, and efforts to reduce pedestrian risk through strategies like responsible beverage service practices. <em>Practical applications:</em> Overall, this study explored the isolated and interactional effects of alcohol intoxication and phone distraction on pedestrians, which should inform development of interventions to reduce risky pedestrian behavior and address pedestrian injury and mortality rates globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 482-489"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143369651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A scoping review on the methods used to assess health-related quality of life and disability burden in evaluations of road safety interventions

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.11.028

Robyn Gerhard , Belinda J Gabbe , Peter Cameron , Stuart Newstead , Christopher N Morrison , Nyssa Clarke , Ben Beck

Introduction: Road traffic crashes globally cause 1.3 million deaths yearly and the rate of nonfatal crashes is increasing. Nonfatal injuries impact long-term quality of life, which is often overlooked in evaluations. The preferred method for using health-related quality of life and disability for evaluating road safety interventions have not been established. Method: A scoping review of peer-reviewed and grey literature was undertaken to understand health-related quality of life and disability measures currently used to evaluate road safety interventions. We included English language studies that used any health-related quality of life or disability measure to evaluate any real-world intervention aimed at reducing the number or severity of road traffic crashes. Results: Nine different health-related quality of life measures were used in the 18 included studies. The most commonly used measure was a quality-adjusted life year, which was used by seven studies, followed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale used by five studies. Two studies used two different health-related quality of life or disability measures. Five studies used primary data (collected directly for the purpose of the study) and 13 studies used existing data sources not explicitly collected for the reported evaluation. Of these 13 studies, 5 used an injury registry as the data source. Six different methods of deriving utility weights for calculating quality-adjusted life years were used. Conclusions: This review found that evaluations of road safety interventions using health-related quality of life or disability measures were rare. There was a lack of consistency in the measures used which prevented comparisons across evaluations. Further, inconsistent methods were used to derive utility weights for quality-adjusted life years. Practical Applications: Future evaluations of roads safety interventions need to consider longer-term outcomes. Consistent methods for measuring health-related quality of life and disability burden are needed, as are empirically derived utility weights for quality-adjusted life years.

{"title":"A scoping review on the methods used to assess health-related quality of life and disability burden in evaluations of road safety interventions","authors":"Robyn Gerhard , Belinda J Gabbe , Peter Cameron , Stuart Newstead , Christopher N Morrison , Nyssa Clarke , Ben Beck","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.11.028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.11.028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Road traffic crashes globally cause 1.3 million deaths yearly and the rate of nonfatal crashes is increasing. Nonfatal injuries impact long-term quality of life, which is often overlooked in evaluations. The preferred method for using health-related quality of life and disability for evaluating road safety interventions have not been established. <em>Method</em>: A scoping review of peer-reviewed and grey literature was undertaken to understand health-related quality of life and disability measures currently used to evaluate road safety interventions. We included English language studies that used any health-related quality of life or disability measure to evaluate any real-world intervention aimed at reducing the number or severity of road traffic crashes. <em>Results</em>: Nine different health-related quality of life measures were used in the 18 included studies. The most commonly used measure was a quality-adjusted life year, which was used by seven studies, followed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale used by five studies. Two studies used two different health-related quality of life or disability measures. Five studies used primary data (collected directly for the purpose of the study) and 13 studies used existing data sources not explicitly collected for the reported evaluation. Of these 13 studies, 5 used an injury registry as the data source. Six different methods of deriving utility weights for calculating quality-adjusted life years were used. <em>Conclusions</em>: This review found that evaluations of road safety interventions using health-related quality of life or disability measures were rare. There was a lack of consistency in the measures used which prevented comparisons across evaluations. Further, inconsistent methods were used to derive utility weights for quality-adjusted life years. <em>Practical Applications</em>: Future evaluations of roads safety interventions need to consider longer-term outcomes. Consistent methods for measuring health-related quality of life and disability burden are needed, as are empirically derived utility weights for quality-adjusted life years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 459-472"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Factors influencing pedestrian injury severity in Chile: A hierarchical probit ordered model approach

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.11.021

Margareth Gutiérrez , Raúl Ramos , Jose J. Soto , Felisa Córdova

Introduction: Traffic crashes remain a leading cause of fatalities worldwide, with higher fatality and injury rates in non-developed countries. Understanding the relationship among variables influencing traffic crashes and its outcome, measured as crash severity, is crucial for developing effective and targeted countermeasures to mitigate this problem. Method: In this study, we analyze traffic crashes involving pedestrians in Chile from 2022 to 2023. This allowed us to consider the entire country rather than a specific urban area, which is the first of its kind for a Latin American country. A Hierarchical Ordered Probit (HOPIT) model was estimated to model both risk propensity and severity of pedestrian and vehicle crashes while maintaining an ordered threshold structure. Findings reveal that pedestrian and driver characteristics significantly influence crash severity. Results: Male drivers have a higher probability of being involved in more severe crashes. Meanwhile, older pedestrians present a higher risk of severe and fatal injuries. Crash severity is significantly influenced by variables related to vehicle type and environmental factors. Pedestrians hit by heavy-duty vehicles have a 60% and 30% higher chance of suffering fatal or severe injuries, respectively. Highways exhibit a 421% higher chance of fatal injuries, followed by crashes at night and crashes in rural areas with 380% and 267%, respectively. Practical Applications: This research indicates the need for targeted safety measures addressing pedestrian and driver demographics and behavior, vehicle types, and environmental factors to effectively reduce pedestrian injury severity.

{"title":"Factors influencing pedestrian injury severity in Chile: A hierarchical probit ordered model approach","authors":"Margareth Gutiérrez , Raúl Ramos , Jose J. Soto , Felisa Córdova","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.11.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.11.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Introduction: Traffic crashes remain a leading cause of fatalities worldwide, with higher fatality and injury rates in non-developed countries. Understanding the relationship among variables influencing traffic crashes and its outcome, measured as crash severity, is crucial for developing effective and targeted countermeasures to mitigate this problem. Method: In this study, we analyze traffic crashes involving pedestrians in Chile from 2022 to 2023. This allowed us to consider the entire country rather than a specific urban area, which is the first of its kind for a Latin American country. A Hierarchical Ordered Probit (HOPIT) model was estimated to model both risk propensity and severity of pedestrian and vehicle crashes while maintaining an ordered threshold structure. Findings reveal that pedestrian and driver characteristics significantly influence crash severity. Results: Male drivers have a higher probability of being involved in more severe crashes. Meanwhile, older pedestrians present a higher risk of severe and fatal injuries. Crash severity is significantly influenced by variables related to vehicle type and environmental factors. Pedestrians hit by heavy-duty vehicles have a 60% and 30% higher chance of suffering fatal or severe injuries, respectively. Highways exhibit a 421% higher chance of fatal injuries, followed by crashes at night and crashes in rural areas with 380% and 267%, respectively. Practical Applications: This research indicates the need for targeted safety measures addressing pedestrian and driver demographics and behavior, vehicle types, and environmental factors to effectively reduce pedestrian injury severity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 272-282"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Charge combinations and conviction rates among alcohol-influenced drivers involved in motor vehicle crashes in Iowa

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.12.008

Cara J. Hamann , Stephanie Jansson , Linder Wendt , Michelle Reyes , Jon Davis , Joseph E. Cavanaugh , Corinne Peek-Asa

Introduction

Alcohol impairment is a major contributor to road traffic crashes and has increased across the United States in recent years. In 2022, over 13,000 people were killed in drunk driving crashes. Enforcement of impaired driving laws is an essential strategy to reduce alcohol-impaired driving and subsequent crashes. However, little is known about conviction outcomes related to alcohol-involved crashes. The aim of this study is to examine the association between charge combinations and conviction rates among alcohol-influenced drivers involved in crashes.

Methods

Data for this study included 2016–2019 Iowa Department of Transportation crash data linked to charges and convictions from the Iowa Court Information System. The study sample included drivers with reported BAC ≥ 0.08 g/dl and/or driver condition reported as under influence of alcohol. Charges were divided into three categories: alcohol, moving, and administrative/miscellaneous. Two logistic regression models were built with any conviction and alcohol conviction as the outcomes. The main predictor was charge combination.

Results

The study sample included 8,238 alcohol-impaired drivers, of whom 6,846 (83.1%) were charged with any type of traffic offense and 6,253 (75.8%) were charged with alcohol-related traffic offenses. Among charged drivers, 96.2% were convicted on any traffic charge and 87.7% were convicted on an alcohol charge. Drivers with a combination of alcohol, administrative, and moving violation charges had higher odds of any conviction (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.7–4.3) compared to drivers with only alcohol charges.

Conclusions

Charging impaired drivers with multiple types of charges was associated with increased odds of conviction on any charge but not on alcohol charges, which had high conviction rates overall.

Practical Applications

Results from this study can help guide law enforcement to ensure appropriate charges are made in all relevant categories and optimal combinations of charges are administered to impaired drivers to increase odds of conviction.

{"title":"Charge combinations and conviction rates among alcohol-influenced drivers involved in motor vehicle crashes in Iowa","authors":"Cara J. Hamann , Stephanie Jansson , Linder Wendt , Michelle Reyes , Jon Davis , Joseph E. Cavanaugh , Corinne Peek-Asa","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.12.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.12.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Alcohol impairment is a major contributor to road traffic crashes and has increased across the United States in recent years. In 2022, over 13,000 people were killed in drunk driving crashes. Enforcement of impaired driving laws is an essential strategy to reduce alcohol-impaired driving and subsequent crashes. However, little is known about conviction outcomes related to alcohol-involved crashes. The aim of this study is to examine the association between charge combinations and conviction rates among alcohol-influenced drivers involved in crashes.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data for this study included 2016–2019 Iowa Department of Transportation crash data linked to charges and convictions from the Iowa Court Information System. The study sample included drivers with reported BAC ≥ 0.08 g/dl and/or driver condition reported as under influence of alcohol. Charges were divided into three categories: alcohol, moving, and administrative/miscellaneous. Two logistic regression models were built with any conviction and alcohol conviction as the outcomes. The main predictor was charge combination.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study sample included 8,238 alcohol-impaired drivers, of whom 6,846 (83.1%) were charged with any type of traffic offense and 6,253 (75.8%) were charged with alcohol-related traffic offenses. Among charged drivers, 96.2% were convicted on any traffic charge and 87.7% were convicted on an alcohol charge. Drivers with a combination of alcohol, administrative, and moving violation charges had higher odds of any conviction (OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.7–4.3) compared to drivers with only alcohol charges.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Charging impaired drivers with multiple types of charges was associated with increased odds of conviction on any charge but not on alcohol charges, which had high conviction rates overall.</div></div><div><h3>Practical Applications</h3><div>Results from this study can help guide law enforcement to ensure appropriate charges are made in all relevant categories and optimal combinations of charges are administered to impaired drivers to increase odds of conviction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 375-384"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Applying individual- and residence-based equity measures to characterize disparities in crash outcomes

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2025.01.006

Kristina B. Metzger , Romario Smith , Sara A Freed , Emma Sartin , Melissa R. Pfeiffer , Lauren O’Malley , Allison E. Curry

Introduction: Transportation safety priorities emphasize the importance of incorporating equity into efforts to reduce deaths and injuries. Using integrated data, we investigated relationships between individual- and residence-based measures of equity and rates of crash involvement in New Jersey, 2016–2019. Methods: We used statewide integrated data that includes linked crash reports, hospital discharge data, and residence-based equity measures. We calculated crash rates among drivers involved in and injured in a crash by residential census tract. Using generalized Poisson regression, we estimated rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (aRR, 95% CI) in separate models for race and ethnicity categories and for six previously developed, multi-dimensional equity measures, controlling for driver sex and age. Results: We identified 1,629,219 drivers involved in crashes of whom 8.3% were injured. Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black drivers had higher rates of crash involvement than non-Hispanic White drivers (aRR, 1.67 [95% CI, 1.65–1.68] and aRR, 1.78 [95% CI, 1.77–1.80], respectively). For community equity measures, drivers who resided in census tracts with poorest equity scores had higher crash rates than those living in census tracts with most favorable equity scores (e.g., Index of Concentration at the Extremes: aRR, 2.10 [95% CI, 2.07–2.12]). We observed similar results for injury crash rates. Model fit improved for both all crashes and injury crashes models after adding each equity measure to baseline. Conclusions: Rates of all crashes and injury crashes were consistently higher among drivers of minoritized race and ethnicity groups and among those who lived in less equitable communities. Associations among crash rates and different equity measures provided similar evidence that disparities in traffic safety outcomes are related to inequity. Practical Applications: The usefulness of individual and residence-based equity measures lies in the opportunity to identify communities with higher crash risks for tailored intervention to improve traffic safety and to reduce disparities.

{"title":"Applying individual- and residence-based equity measures to characterize disparities in crash outcomes","authors":"Kristina B. Metzger , Romario Smith , Sara A Freed , Emma Sartin , Melissa R. Pfeiffer , Lauren O’Malley , Allison E. Curry","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Transportation safety priorities emphasize the importance of incorporating equity into efforts to reduce deaths and injuries. Using integrated data, we investigated relationships between individual- and residence-based measures of equity and rates of crash involvement in New Jersey, 2016–2019. <em>Methods</em>: We used statewide integrated data that includes linked crash reports, hospital discharge data, and residence-based equity measures. We calculated crash rates among drivers involved in and injured in a crash by residential census tract. Using generalized Poisson regression, we estimated rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (aRR, 95% CI) in separate models for race and ethnicity categories and for six previously developed, multi-dimensional equity measures, controlling for driver sex and age. <em>Results:</em> We identified 1,629,219 drivers involved in crashes of whom 8.3% were injured. Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black drivers had higher rates of crash involvement than non-Hispanic White drivers (aRR, 1.67 [95% CI, 1.65–1.68] and aRR, 1.78 [95% CI, 1.77–1.80], respectively). For community equity measures, drivers who resided in census tracts with poorest equity scores had higher crash rates than those living in census tracts with most favorable equity scores (e.g., Index of Concentration at the Extremes: aRR, 2.10 [95% CI, 2.07–2.12]). We observed similar results for injury crash rates. Model fit improved for both all crashes and injury crashes models after adding each equity measure to baseline. <em>Conclusions:</em> Rates of all crashes and injury crashes were consistently higher among drivers of minoritized race and ethnicity groups and among those who lived in less equitable communities. Associations among crash rates and different equity measures provided similar evidence that disparities in traffic safety outcomes are related to inequity. <em>Practical Applications:</em> The usefulness of individual and residence-based equity measures lies in the opportunity to identify communities with higher crash risks for tailored intervention to improve traffic safety and to reduce disparities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 522-531"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143454702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A pipeline to enhance animal vehicle collision analysis in crash report dataset

IF 3.9 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2024.12.002

Boshra Besharatian, Sattar Dorafshan

Introduction: Animal vehicle collisions (AVCs) are a global safety concern, requiring analysis and predictive models for understanding and mitigation. Police crash report data are one of the main sources of AVC data globally. However, they are prone to reporting policy change and other inconsistencies, particularly in rural areas, hindering the development of predictive models. Through development of a robust approach for data cleaning, quality control, feature selection, and contribution level identification, this study proposes a pipeline to address this shortcoming. Method: North Dakota crash data set is used as a case study due to high rates on AVC in this rural region and its diverse wildlife ecosystem. Theil’s U association index, and chi-square tests were implemented in the pipeline to evaluate the proposed pipeline effectiveness. The pipeline detects and removes skewed proportion samples, while addressing data collection inconsistency, low variance, and duplicated features. Results: Pipeline imposed 3.5% sample size and 88.9% feature size reduction on the original crash data over 20 years. Observation on the modified dataset revealed year, day, and driver features had the lowest while hour, county, and speed limit had the highest statistical contribution to the AVC. Light, hour, and month were lumped in daily solar cycle and represented as a single temporal feature that can be used effectively to develop predictive model. Finally, presented pipeline increased spatiotemporal integrity while reducing the runtime by 92.46% for the association analysis.

{"title":"A pipeline to enhance animal vehicle collision analysis in crash report dataset","authors":"Boshra Besharatian, Sattar Dorafshan","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Animal vehicle collisions (AVCs) are a global safety concern, requiring analysis and predictive models for understanding and mitigation. Police crash report data are one of the main sources of AVC data globally. However, they are prone to reporting policy change and other inconsistencies, particularly in rural areas, hindering the development of predictive models. Through development of a robust approach for data cleaning, quality control, feature selection, and contribution level identification, this study proposes a pipeline to address this shortcoming. <em>Method:</em> North Dakota crash data set is used as a case study due to high rates on AVC in this rural region and its diverse wildlife ecosystem. Theil’s U association index, and chi-square tests were implemented in the pipeline to evaluate the proposed pipeline effectiveness. The pipeline detects and removes skewed proportion samples, while addressing data collection inconsistency, low variance, and duplicated features. <em>Results:</em> Pipeline imposed 3.5% sample size and 88.9% feature size reduction on the original crash data over 20 years. Observation on the modified dataset revealed year, day, and driver features had the lowest while hour, county, and speed limit had the highest statistical contribution to the AVC. Light, hour, and month were lumped in daily solar cycle and represented as a single temporal feature that can be used effectively to develop predictive model. Finally, presented pipeline increased spatiotemporal integrity while reducing the runtime by 92.46% for the association analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"92 ","pages":"Pages 245-261"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143096643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0