Journal of Safety Research最新文献

{"title":"A qualitative study on young drivers’ experiences with, and perceptions of others’ engagement in, and approval of, next day drink driving","authors":"Michelle Nicolls,&nbsp;Lisa Buckley","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> A less understood component of drink driving is next day drink driving (ND-DD), which refers to driving the following morning after drinking while potentially above the legal limit. Evidence suggests young drivers are engaging in ND-DD more frequently than drink driving. However, young drivers’ experiences of ND-DD remain unclear. As proposed by Social Norm Theory, believing others engage in, or approve of, a behavior can result in an individuals’ own engagement in the same behavior. Accordingly, this qualitative study aimed to explore young drivers’ experiences with, and perceptions of others’ engagement in, and approval of, ND-DD. <em>Method:</em> Thirty-one young drivers (18–24 years) residing in Queensland, Australia, participated in a one-on-one interview. Template analysis was employed to data. Four themes were recognized: (1) Drink driving (and ND-DD) experiences; (2) “People always drink drive:” Descriptive norms; (3) <strong>“</strong>More approved of than drink driving:” Contradictions of ND-DD and drink driving; and (4) Location matters. <em>Results:</em> Young drivers described more experiences of ND-DD than drink driving (T1). Drink driving and ND-DD were described as occurring frequently by others (T2). In addition, drink driving was perceived to be disapproved by others, but ND-DD was perceived as more approved by others (T3). Many described that drink driving and ND-DD may occur more frequently in non-metropolitan locations compared to metropolitan locations (T4). <em>Conclusions:</em> Young drivers described experiences of ND-DD and believed others often engage in, and approve of, the behavior. These findings suggest ND-DD may be a concern for road safety, highlighting further understanding is warranted into this risky and potentially illegal driving behavior. <em>Practical Applications:</em> Drink driving research should consider expanding to ND-DD, which will contribute to understanding this behavior. In addition, the role of social norms on ND-DD warrants further investigation, which may guide the development of norm-based messages to reduce the behavior.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 112-119"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145796666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing a situational judgement test (SJT) for safety-minded leadership in high-hazard industries","authors":"Ryan Cook,&nbsp;Gregory G. Anderson,&nbsp;Mark Fleming","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Safety-specific transformational leadership (SSTFL) is a critical factor in fostering a proactive safety culture by encouraging both compliance and initiative among employees. However, traditional leadership assessments often fail to capture the unique competencies required for effective safety leadership in high-hazard industries. While general self-report personality tests have been used to predict future leadership behaviors, tools for specifically assessing SSTFL are limited. To address this gap, the current study developed and evaluated a Situational Judgement Test (SJT) designed to predict safety-minded leadership behaviors. <em>Method:</em> Using a two-wave study with a sample of participants with management experience in high-hazard industries, the study employed a 2 (honest vs. incentivized faking) × 2 (basic vs. disarming instructions) between-subjects design to refine the assessment tool and mitigate social desirability bias. Following item reduction, the final 15-item SJT demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, reasonable test–retest reliability, and positive correlation with another safety leadership measure. <em>Results:</em> Results indicated that instruction type and response condition did significantly influence scores in the preliminary list of SJT items, but not the revised version, supporting the robustness of the final 15-item measure. SJT Scores from Wave 1 were also predictive of self-reported safety behaviors at Wave 2 above and beyond other variables. By integrating realistic workplace scenarios, behaviorally anchored response options, and minimizing socially desirable responding, this SJT provides a promising tool for assessing safety behavior and what managers would choose to do, rather than their knowledge of what should be done. Future research and applications for organizational settings are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 99-111"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Considering human factors during firefighter fatality investigations: Insights from public feedback","authors":"Emily J. Haas ,&nbsp;Tashina Robinson ,&nbsp;Wesley R. Attwood ,&nbsp;Stephen J. Ringer ,&nbsp;Emilee T. Austin","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program investigates firefighter line-of-duty-deaths (LODD) and serious injuries to help prevent incidents. In addition to physical hazards, human factors like situational awareness, mental workload, fatigue, culture, and decision making can be considered to identify and mitigate risks. <em>Method:</em> NIOSH sought public input on assessing human factors during investigations through a Federal Register Notice. Posted in May 2024, 33 responses were received from fire departments, academic institutions, and association representatives across 18 U.S. states and several Canadian provinces. Three researchers and two firefighters examined the comments using thematic qualitative analysis methods to identify human factors considerations during investigations. <em>Results:</em> Comments indicated general support for systematically assessing human factors elements and provided insight into what some of those elements may be. Five overarching themes emerged across the comments: <em>Department Culture, Total Worker Health®, Operational Risk Management &amp; Decision Making, Team Dynamics,</em> and <em>Training and Education.</em> Within these themes, commenters highlighted the importance of considering individual human factors elements such as fatigue, situational awareness, and mental health as well as organizational human factors elements such as leadership commitment and communication, operational risk assessment, and training needs. <em>Conclusions and Practical Applications:</em> Future research may consider ways to empirically and routinely assess human factors during incident investigations and possible tools, frameworks, and training that may be necessary to support these efforts in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 88-98"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the effectiveness of traffic control devices in deterring wrong-way driving by alcohol-impaired drivers: a driving simulator study","authors":"Yukun Song ,&nbsp;Qing Chang ,&nbsp;Huaguo Zhou ,&nbsp;Christopher Correia ,&nbsp;Taylor B. Stanley ,&nbsp;Kayla Neeley","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: This research paper analyzes the cognitive abilities of severely intoxicated drivers and evaluates the effectiveness of engineering countermeasures aimed at preventing wrong-way entry onto freeways through interchange exit ramps. <em>Method:</em> The study involved testing 30 male participants in a driving simulator featuring scenarios with various combinations of traditional and innovative wrong-way-related traffic control devices, such as signs and pavement markings. Each participant participated in three separate simulator sessions: an initial training session, a sober session, and an intoxicated session targeting a blood alcohol level of 0.12 g/dL, the highest level observed in previous studies due to safety concerns. The researchers recorded the number of wrong-way driving (WWD) incidents and tracked participants’ gaze using eye-tracking devices. <em>Results:</em> Through descriptive and statistical analyses—such as t-tests and ANOVA—the study identifies which wrong-way warning methods are more effective, based on observed virtual driving behaviors, including the number of WWD incidents and fixation durations. The results indicated that the California Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (CA MUTCD) combination effectively reduces WWD incidents for both intoxicated and sober drivers. Additionally, given the slower information processing speed and altered gaze distribution of intoxicated drivers, it is crucial to implement traffic control devices (TCDs) that attract attention more effectively and are easier for intoxicated drivers to process, such as wrong-way signs with flashing borders and raised reflective pavement markers (RRPMs). <em>Practical applications:</em> These findings offer valuable insights for designing effective countermeasures to improve freeway safety and reduce the risk of wrong-way entry incidents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 74-87"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating driver preferences between punitive and non-punitive speeding penalties: Results from a stated choice experiment","authors":"Athanasios Theofilatos ,&nbsp;Apostolos Ziakopoulos ,&nbsp;Evangelia Stratigi ,&nbsp;Pantelis Kopelias ,&nbsp;Dimitris Potoglou","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> Speeding remains a major contributory factor to traffic crashes, making the design of effective penalty schemes a critical policy concern. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate driver preferences regarding penalties for speeding violations in Greece: (Option A) immediate fines with off-road short detention (administrative process); (Option B) attendance of compulsory road safety seminars; and (Option C) judicial processes with possible dispute of fines in court. <em>Method:</em> Data were collected via a Stated Choice (SC) survey conducted during June and July 2023 in Greece, involving 161 participants resulting in 805 choice situations, and were analyzed by utilizing a random parameter multinomial logit model to capture unobserved heterogeneity among drivers. <em>Results:</em> Results showed that only 4.6% of respondents preferred the judicial process, indicating a strong deterrent effect of potential trial and associated costs. For Option A, statistically significant results included the monetary fine and penalty points, as well as the compulsory detention time off-road. For Option B, time and cost of road safety awareness seminars were significant. For the administrative process (monetary fine), the value that respondents were willing to pay to save 1 h of waiting off-road, was significantly higher (from 81.46 to 82.69 euros per hour) when compared to the driving education and awareness seminars (from 0.356 to 1.18 euros per hour), suggesting that drivers show a preference for higher monetary fines rather than being subjected to an off-road delay imposed by the police officer. <em>Conclusion:</em> The findings point towards more effective enforcement strategies while balancing penalty costs and duration of compulsory off-road detention and promoting educational-related non-punitive measures. <em>Practical applications:</em> The study could inform policymakers in designing and integrating a more diverse range of speeding penalties that align with driver preferences, potentially improving compliance, acceptability and better road safety outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 64-73"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145693881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advanced risk management strategies for safety enhancement in temporary building construction works","authors":"Jui-Sheng Chou ,&nbsp;Ting-Yu Lin ,&nbsp;Asmare Molla ,&nbsp;Chu-Chieh Jay Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: In the construction industry, a primary focus is often placed on the main structural components of buildings. Concurrently, temporary works such as scaffolding, formwork support, and tower cranes are frequently overlooked during planning and design. However, these temporary works are crucial in influencing decisions related to risk assessment, cost management, project scheduling, and construction methods. There is a pressing need for more comprehensive written regulations and statutory guidelines to effectively manage temporary engineering works. <em>Method:</em> This research draws on international standards, including the Code of Practice for Temporary Works Procedures and the UK’s Construction Design and Management Regulations, as well as resources from the Temporary Works Forum of the International Temporary Works Association. By systematically analyzing key policies and reviewing the practices of international construction companies, the study seeks to identify the most critical risk factors using a robust risk analysis framework. The research focuses on temporary works during the planning, construction, and dismantling phases, addressing twenty-three major risk factors. To achieve this, the study employs a Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS), utilizes Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) questionnaires, and conducts a Risk Impact and Frequency Analysis (RIFA) based on Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA). Collaborating with technical departments from international engineering firms, the research evaluates the effectiveness of risk management in Taiwan’s construction sector. Field surveys were conducted across 25 construction projects, involving 152 experienced on-site project managers who provided valuable insights. <em>Results:</em> The findings help pinpoint and prioritize key risk factors within the temporary works cycle. In-depth interviews with senior executives provide a detailed analysis of the current allocation of risk management resources and propose effective risk mitigation strategies. <em>Practical Applications:</em> This research establishes management standards for temporary works, recommending enhanced safety practices, continuous workforce training, and improved risk communication to deliver substantial benefits across the construction industry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"95 ","pages":"Pages 545-568"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145670307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A science mapping-based review of safety and health research on migrant and ethnic minority construction workers","authors":"Sainan Lyu ,&nbsp;Qing Zhu ,&nbsp;Xin Hu ,&nbsp;Carol K.H. Hon ,&nbsp;Rita Peihua Zhang ,&nbsp;Martin Skitmore","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.10.023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.10.023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> The construction industry worldwide increasingly depends on migrant and ethnic minority construction workers (MECWs), a population disproportionately affected by workplace accidents and health risks. This disparity highlights an urgent need to address safety and health issues specific to this vulnerable group. While there is a growing body of research on the topic, a systematic review to consolidate findings and identify key knowledge gaps is necessary. This review examines safety- and health-related research concerning MECWs, including non-migrant minorities, given the frequent overlap in terminology and the shared vulnerabilities commonly reported in the literature. <em>Method:</em> This study conducts a science mapping-based review of the safety and health of MECWs to gain a full understanding of this research over the past two decades (2003 to 2024) and explore the current research landscape, identify gaps, and suggest future directions. <em>Results:</em> A total of 81 bibliographic records retrieved from Scopus, Web of Science, and Engineering Village databases were scrutinized. Through qualitative content analysis, an in-depth qualitative discussion was conducted. <em>Conclusions:</em> The geographical distribution, the most productive institutions and journals, keyword co-occurrences, and citations of articles were quantitatively identified. Through qualitative content analysis, eight main research topics were identified: safety challenges, strategies for safety enhancement, advancements in safety training, safety communication, safety climate, safety behaviors, physical health, mental health, and comparisons with local counterparts. The main findings within each topic were integrated and compared, and research gaps were discussed. A research framework that connects current research topics with future directions was developed. <em>Practical Applications:</em> This review provides insights to guide future research efforts and develop more effective policies and interventions for the MECW population, ultimately enhancing their safety and health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"95 ","pages":"Pages 569-585"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145670316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of media-reported road traffic crashes involving professional delivery e-bike riders versus other e-bike riders in China","authors":"Na Zhang ,&nbsp;Peixia Cheng ,&nbsp;David C. Schwebel ,&nbsp;Wangxin Xiao ,&nbsp;Li Li ,&nbsp;Lei Yang ,&nbsp;Min Zhao ,&nbsp;Shuying Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhenzhen Rao ,&nbsp;Peishan Ning ,&nbsp;Guoqing Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction:</em> With the rapid expansion of food delivery services, crashes involving professional delivery e-bike riders have emerged as a critical traffic safety issue in China. However, limited research has systematically examined the epidemiological characteristics of such crashes. <em>Methods:</em> We analyzed media-reported crashes from 2009-2023 collected in the Automated Road Traffic Crash Data Platform (ARTCDP), which uses natural language processing (NLP) and BERT algorithms to extract data from publicly-available media reports. Differences in crash characteristics, geographic distribution, and contributing factors were compared between professional delivery and other e-bike riders. <em>Results:</em> A total of 4,417 professional delivery e-bike rider crashes and 17,025 other e-bike rider crashes were included. Pedestrians were the most common collision object (37%). Delivery riders were less likely to collide with motor vehicles (29% vs. 42%) and more likely to hit non-motorized vehicles (22% vs. 12%) and infrastructure (12% vs. 9%) than non-delivery riders. Intersections were the top crash site, but crashes involving delivery riders occurred more often at pedestrian crossings (21%) and bus stops (11%). The crashes demonstrated inconsistent geographic distributions. About 40% of all crashes had two or more contributing factors. Compared with crashes among other e-bike riders, those involving professional delivery e-bike riders had a higher proportion of distracted riding (27% vs. 17%), speeding (18% vs. 12%), riding in the opposite lane (15% vs. 6%), and illegal parking (12% vs. 4%). Malfunctioning tires, a lack of a barrier between opposite lanes, and impeded view by obstacles also occurred more frequently in crashes involving professional delivery e-bike riders than those involving other e-bike riders (40% vs. 20%, 35% vs. 22%, and 35% vs. 18%, respectively). <em>Conclusions:</em> Crashes involving professional delivery e-bike riders in China show distinct patterns linked to occupational exposure, underscoring the need for targeted, multifaceted road safety interventions. <em>Practical Applications:</em> Findings support tailored interventions for delivery riders, including vehicle checks, rider training, and infrastructure improvements near pedestrian crossings and bus stops.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 55-63"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Struck-by fatalities in construction: A systematic review of regulatory roles, responsibilities, and research gaps","authors":"David Kudlinski,&nbsp;JuHyeong Ryu","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Construction struck-by fatalities involving heavy equipment and vehicles have remained high over the past decade, despite comprehensive OSHA and ANSI/ASSP authoritative frameworks that define specific safety roles and responsibilities for employers, supervisors, and workers. This systematic literature review examined how current research covers the safety roles and responsibilities outlined in authoritative standards for struck-by prevention. <em>Method:</em> Following PRISMA guidelines, this study reviewed 87 peer-reviewed studies published between 2011 and 2024 from major databases including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and IEEE Xplore. Studies were evaluated using binary coding to determine coverage of seven construction safety roles and six responsibility categories derived from OSHA 29 CFR 1926 and ANSI/ASSP A10.47-2021 standards. <em>Results:</em> The results show that only 26% of potential role instances and 51% of responsibility instances were substantively addressed. A three-tier pattern emerged where high-focus roles (General Laborer 33%, Equipment Operator 25%, Employer/Manager 19%) dominated research attention, while critical frontline positions received minimal coverage (Spotter 4%, Crane Crew 4%, Crane A/D Director 3%, Traffic Control Supervisor 2%). Three methodological approaches, Incident Database Analysis, Proximity Sensors, and Digital Site Mapping, accounted for 77% of all studies. <em>Conclusions:</em> This study contributes to current knowledge by revealing a significant disconnect between research and standards in struck-by prevention, where essential safety roles integral to authoritative frameworks remains understudied in academic literature. <em>Practical Applications:</em> The findings highlight the need for an integrated research agenda that bridges authoritative requirements with operational practice and expands methodological diversity to capture the full complexity of struck-by prevention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 11-18"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145580372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving our understanding of contributing factors in California level 4 autonomous vehicle crashes through latent class analysis and machine learning-SHAP interpretations","authors":"Jiacheng Wang ,&nbsp;Corey D. Harper ,&nbsp;Chris Hendrickson","doi":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsr.2025.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Introduction</em>: Autonomous vehicles (AVs) could lower crash frequency and injury severity by reducing the number of crashes caused by human-error. Using the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Standing General Order database—we revisit California AV crashes to determine: (i) which factors drive injuries; (ii) whether their effects are uniform or scenario-dependent; and (iii) how pairs of factors interact to raise or lower injury risk. <em>Method:</em> We examined 947 level 4 AV crashes. Latent class analysis grouped crashes into homogeneous scenarios. Within each scenario we trained a machine learning classifier, balanced with random oversampling, to predict injury versus no-injury outcomes. Using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) the main effects of different variables and their pairwise interaction effects were analyzed. <em>Results:</em> We identified three latent crash profiles: low-speed daytime, moderate-speed across different times, and low-speed nighttime. Rear-end collisions and turning maneuvers are positively correlated with injury outcome in both low speed profiles and have context-dependent impact in the moderate-speed profile. Non-motorist crashes carry elevated injury risk across all classes, with the highest SHAP values observed in the moderate-speed profile. Adverse weather increases injury likelihood in the low-speed daytime profile on streets, while wet or icy roadway surfaces raise injury likelihood in the moderate-speed crash profile. Time-of-day interaction effects are observed across several scenarios. <em>Conclusions:</em> Our LCA–Machine Learning–SHAP framework reveals key factors and interaction effects on level 4 AV crash injuries in an interpretable way. Further insights into contributing factors can be assessed as larger datasets become available. <em>Practical Applications:</em> Improving predictive driving algorithms so that AVs could better anticipate changes in vehicle speed, acceleration, and braking, limiting speeds in areas with high pedestrian activity, deploying friction-aware controls to improve traction on non-dry roads, and enhancing weather/visibility classification for AVs to automatically adjust speed and headway in adverse weather conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48224,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Safety Research","volume":"96 ","pages":"Pages 19-37"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145580374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}