Journal of Safety Research最新文献

Does having a certified occupational health and safety management system lead to a greater injury rate reduction? An evaluation of the Certificate of Recognition program in Ontario, Canada 拥有经过认证的职业健康和安全管理体系是否能更大程度地降低伤害率？对加拿大安大略省认可证书项目的评估

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.017

Robert A Macpherson, Christopher B McLeod

Introduction: Occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) programs are designed to create safer workplaces. However, research on their effectiveness is limited in terms of representation and rigor. This study evaluates whether firms that obtained an OHSMS certification via the Certificate of Recognition (COR) program experienced greater injury rate reductions than similar non-certified firms in Ontario, Canada. Method: Using firm and claim-level data from the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board and COR registration data from the Infrastructure Health and Safety Association, the effect of becoming certified on firm-level injury rates was assessed using a matched difference-in-differences study design with population averaged negative binomial regression models. Results: A total of 346 certified firms were matched with 310 non-certified firms during the years 2009 to 2020. Firms that became certified were associated with a greater reduction in the lost time injury rate (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63–0.84), high-impact injury rate (IRR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.66–0.97) and no reduction in the no lost time injury rate (IRR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.92–1.08) relative to the change in similar non-certified firms. The effectiveness of certification was strongest in firms that were recently certified, larger, and in the construction sector. Conclusions: The findings suggest that COR can be an effective program in reducing injury rates in construction firms, and among larger and more recently certified firms. It is less effective in smaller and earlier certified firms, and not effective in non-construction firms. Furthermore, the effectiveness in construction firms may be subject to unmeasured selection bias. Practical Applications: OHSMS program evaluations can inform decision-makers on when, and under what circumstances programs work and where improvements can be made. In particular, the COR program appears most effective for large construction firms whereas small construction firms may benefit from other tools.

简介：职业健康安全管理体系（OHSMS）计划旨在创造更安全的工作场所。然而，对其有效性的研究在代表性和严谨性方面受到限制。本研究评估了通过认可证书（COR）计划获得OHSMS认证的公司是否比加拿大安大略省类似的非认证公司经历了更大的伤害率降低。方法：使用来自工作场所安全与保险委员会的公司和索赔级数据以及来自基础设施健康与安全协会的COR注册数据，使用匹配的差异中差异研究设计和人口平均负二项回归模型评估获得认证对公司级伤害率的影响。结果：2009年至2020年，共有346家认证公司与310家非认证公司进行了匹配。获得认证的公司与更大程度上降低工伤率(发生率比（IRR）： 0.72；95%置信区间（CI）： 0.63-0.84)，高冲击伤害率（IRR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.66-0.97）和非损失时间伤害率（IRR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.92-1.08）相对于类似非认证公司的变化没有减少。认证的有效性在最近获得认证的公司中最强，规模较大，以及在建筑部门。结论：研究结果表明，COR可以是一个有效的方案，以减少伤害率在建筑公司，并在较大的和最近认证的公司。它在较小和较早获得认证的公司中效果较差，在非建筑公司中效果较差。此外，建筑公司的有效性可能受到未测量的选择偏差的影响。实际应用：OHSMS项目评估可以告知决策者何时、在何种情况下项目可以发挥作用，以及在哪些方面可以进行改进。特别是，COR计划似乎对大型建筑公司最有效，而小型建筑公司可能受益于其他工具。

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引用次数: 0

How racial segregation contributes to disparities in pedestrian safety 种族隔离如何导致行人安全的差异

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.014

Sina Asgharpour, Afshin Allahyari, Masoud ArfaeiYazdiPour, Abolfazl (Kouros) Mohammadian

Introduction

Everyone deserves the right to walk safely in their neighborhoods. However, racial segregation can disproportionately escalate the risk of pedestrian crashes, exposing certain racial communities to higher risk levels. This study investigates racial disparities in the distribution of severe pedestrian crashes (fatal and injury-related) in terms of residential segregation in the City of Chicago, an urban area with pronounced racial segregation.

Method

We constructed a detailed Census Block Group–level dataset by integrating multiple data sources, including socio-demographic variables, built environment characteristics, crime rates, and crash records. Our analysis reveals that although Black-majority block groups represent only 24% of Chicago’s population, they account for 37% of all severe pedestrian crashes, indicating significant racial disparities in pedestrian safety. We employed multiple indices to characterize racial segregation and classify neighborhoods into four areas: Black, Hispanic, White-majority, and Mixed communities. We developed Spatial Lag Negative Binomial (SLNB) model to examine the main drivers contributing to severe pedestrian crashes across these communities.

Results

Five major categories of variables were identified as significant predictors: exposure factors, socio-demographic characteristics, indicators of social exclusion, spatial and temporal conditions, and transit accessibility. The results indicate that while crash risk in White-majority areas is more associated with socio-demographic characteristics, Black and Hispanic-majority areas are disproportionately affected by infrastructure deficits, such as poor transit accessibility and inadequate nighttime lighting. Distinct patterns associated with segregated communities were highlighted, shedding light on unique challenges faced by these groups.

Conclusions and practical applications

The findings from this study provide valuable insights for city authorities focused on two critical goals: enhancing pedestrian safety and dismantling barriers to equitable access to safe walking environments for all communities.

每个人都有权利在自己的社区里安全行走。然而，种族隔离会不成比例地增加行人撞车的风险，使某些种族社区面临更高的风险。本研究调查了芝加哥市（一个种族隔离明显的城市地区）在居住隔离方面的严重行人碰撞（致命和伤害相关）分布的种族差异。方法通过整合多个数据源，包括社会人口统计变量、建筑环境特征、犯罪率和撞车记录，构建了详细的人口普查街区组级数据集。我们的分析显示，虽然黑人占多数的街区群体只占芝加哥人口的24%，但他们占所有严重行人撞车事故的37%，这表明行人安全方面存在显著的种族差异。我们采用多种指标来描述种族隔离的特征，并将社区分为四个区域：黑人、西班牙裔、白人占多数和混合社区。我们开发了空间滞后负二项（SLNB）模型来研究导致这些社区严重行人碰撞的主要驱动因素。结果确定了暴露因素、社会人口统计学特征、社会排斥指标、时空条件和交通可达性等五大变量类型。结果表明，虽然白人占多数的地区的撞车风险与社会人口特征更多地相关，但黑人和西班牙裔占多数的地区不成比例地受到基础设施不足的影响，例如交通便利性差和夜间照明不足。强调了与隔离社区有关的独特模式，揭示了这些群体面临的独特挑战。结论和实际应用本研究的结果为城市当局关注两个关键目标提供了宝贵的见解：加强行人安全，消除所有社区公平获得安全步行环境的障碍。

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引用次数: 0

A machine learning-supported path analysis to uncover the behavioral pathways in pedestrian-involved traffic crashes 机器学习支持的路径分析，揭示行人交通事故中的行为路径

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.015

Jiayi Kong , Ningzhe Xu , Jun Liu , Steven Jones

Introduction: Pedestrians are vulnerable road users, and many studies have examined the characteristics of crashes involving pedestrians, aiming to address the factors contributing to pedestrian injuries and fatalities in traffic crashes. Unlike existing studies that directly link factors to pedestrian injuries, this study aims to uncover the behavioral pathways in traffic crashes involving pedestrians. It is based on the assumption that a pedestrian’s pre-crash behavior is the outcome of multiple contributing factors, including pedestrian demographics, traffic conditions, and environmental characteristics; and also, a pedestrian’s risky behaviors, such as failing to yield or dash/dart-out, can lead to severe injuries in traffic crashes. Therefore, a behavioral pathway can be formed between the contributing factors, pedestrian pre-crash behaviors, and pedestrian injury outcomes in traffic crashes. Method: Using data on pedestrian-involved crashes from 2018 to 2022 in North Carolina, this study employs a path analysis framework integrated with interpretable machine learning models to examine the behavioral pathways in pedestrian-involved crashes. The path analysis allows the identification of various factors that directly contribute to injury severity and those that indirectly contribute to pedestrian injuries through their pre-crash behaviors. Results: The results indicate that several factors are directly associated with pedestrian injury severities, including pedestrian demographics, pre-crash behaviors, vehicle features, driver’s intoxication, and road environment. Further, some factors serve as predictors of pedestrians’ pre-crash behaviors, indirectly contributing to their injury severity. Practical applications: This study provides insights into the behavioral pathways leading to pedestrian injuries, informing educational campaigns, infrastructure improvements, and enforcement strategies to reduce pedestrian injuries and fatalities.

导言：行人是脆弱的道路使用者，许多研究调查了涉及行人的碰撞的特征，旨在解决交通碰撞中导致行人受伤和死亡的因素。与现有研究直接将因素与行人伤害联系起来不同，本研究旨在揭示涉及行人的交通事故的行为途径。它基于这样的假设：行人的碰撞前行为是多种因素的结果，包括行人人口统计、交通状况和环境特征；此外，行人的危险行为，比如不让位或冲出去，可能会在交通事故中导致严重的伤害。因此，可以在交通事故的影响因素、行人碰撞前行为与行人伤害结果之间形成行为路径。方法：本研究利用2018年至2022年北卡罗来纳州行人撞车事故的数据，采用路径分析框架与可解释的机器学习模型相结合，研究行人撞车事故的行为路径。路径分析可以识别直接影响伤害严重程度的各种因素，以及通过碰撞前行为间接影响行人伤害的因素。结果：行人伤害严重程度与行人人口特征、碰撞前行为、车辆特征、驾驶员醉酒程度和道路环境等因素有直接关系。此外，一些因素可以作为行人碰撞前行为的预测因子，间接影响其伤害严重程度。实际应用：本研究提供了导致行人伤害的行为途径的见解，为教育活动、基础设施改善和执法策略提供了信息，以减少行人伤害和死亡。

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引用次数: 0

Crossing in the dark: Investigating the effect of vehicle kinematics and eHMI on older pedestrians’ crossing behavior in a virtual reality experiment 黑暗中穿越：在虚拟现实实验中研究车辆运动学和eHMI对老年行人穿越行为的影响

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.012

Yee Mun Lee, Ruth Madigan, Yueyang Wang, Jorge Garcia, Hao Qin, Aravinda Srinivasan, Gustav Markkula, Natasha Merat

Introduction: There has been a surge in interest in evaluating new forms of communication for Automated Vehicles (AVs), namely external human–machine interfaces (eHMIs). However, much of the research has focused on younger pedestrians’ crossing behavior and experience while interacting with AVs and in daytime conditions with optimum visibility. Given that the AVs will interact with pedestrians of all ages, and at all times, there are still key knowledge gaps that need to be addressed. Method: Using a cave-based pedestrian lab, this study investigated the effect of AV kinematics (i.e., deceleration, speed, time gaps) and eHMI (a Slow Pulsing Light Band) on the crossing behavior of younger adult pedestrians (18–35 years old) and older pedestrians (64–77 years old), in both daytime and nighttime virtual environments. Results: Results showed that older pedestrians adopted a different crossing strategy than younger pedestrians. If they decided to cross in the non-deceleration trials, they compensated for their longer crossing duration by initiating their crossing earlier than younger pedestrians. However, if they decided to wait until the deceleration was more prominent, they waited longer than the younger pedestrians. Generally, pedestrians reported feeling less safe and behaved more cautiously during nighttime crossings (i.e., less likely to cross, longer crossing initiation time (CIT) when there was no eHMI). eHMI decreased CIT for both age groups but was interpreted and used differently between younger and older pedestrians. Finally, an eHMI failure trial mainly affected younger pedestrians. Conclusions and practical applications: This knowledge should inform the design of effective communication for AVs for younger and older pedestrians.

导论：人们对评估自动驾驶汽车（AVs）的新型通信形式（即外部人机界面（eHMIs））的兴趣激增。然而，许多研究都集中在年轻行人在与自动驾驶汽车互动时的行为和体验上，以及在白天能见度最佳的情况下。鉴于自动驾驶汽车将在任何时候与所有年龄段的行人互动，仍有一些关键的知识空白需要解决。方法：利用洞穴式行人实验室，研究了在日间和夜间虚拟环境中，自动驾驶汽车运动学（即减速、速度、时间间隙）和eHMI（慢脉冲光带）对年轻成年行人（18-35岁）和老年行人（64-77岁）过马路行为的影响。结果：老年行人与年轻行人的过马路策略不同。如果他们在非减速试验中决定过马路，他们会比年轻的行人更早开始过马路，以补偿他们过马路的时间更长。然而，如果他们决定等到减速更明显的时候，他们比年轻的行人等待的时间更长。一般来说，行人在夜间过马路时感觉更不安全，行为更谨慎（即在没有eHMI的情况下，不太可能过马路，过马路起始时间（CIT）更长）。eHMI降低了两个年龄组的CIT，但在年轻和老年行人之间的解释和使用不同。最后，eHMI失效试验主要影响年轻行人。结论和实际应用：这些知识应该为年轻和老年行人的自动驾驶汽车的有效沟通设计提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Examination of driver license renewal policies and older driver crash and injury rates by rurality 检查驾照更新政策和农村地区老年驾驶员撞车和受伤率

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.009

Cara J. Hamann , Jonathan A. Davis , Gilsu Pae , Motao Zhu , Gregory H. Shill , Brian Tefft , Joseph E. Cavanaugh

Background: Among adults aged 65 and older, motor-vehicle crashes are the second leading cause of injury-related death—following falls. State driver license renewal laws commonly have provisions targeting older drivers, but limited evidence exists on their effectiveness in reducing crash and injury rates and how this may vary by rurality. This study aimed to investigate the impact of state driver license renewal policies on older driver crash and injury outcomes, by rurality. Methods: Crash data, license renewal policies, and other relevant state policies were drawn from 13 U.S. states for the years 2000 to 2019. The primary exposures analyzed included the length of the license renewal cycle (in years) and the frequency of in-person renewal. Key outcomes included crash and driver injury rates, stratified by rurality. Results: The study population included 15.6 million crash-involved drivers aged 40 and older. State license renewal laws generally became less restrictive during the study period. Among drivers 75 and older, crash rates in urban areas were higher in states where renewal periods and in-person renewal became less restrictive compared to states with no law change (RR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.14–1.49). Among drivers aged 65 and older, injury rates were elevated in urban areas as renewal laws became less restrictive (RR_65-74 = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.02–1.47; RR₇₅₊ = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.12–1.57). Discussion: The observed relaxation of driver license renewal policies was correlated with higher crash and injury rates among drivers aged 75 and older in urban areas. Restrictive license renewal policies that rely on age and time cut points should be weighed carefully against possible negative effects from premature license removal. Movement toward a performance-based licensing system and away from arbitrary age and time cut points may more effectively keep unfit drivers off the road, while retaining those who remain fit to drive.

背景：在65岁及以上的成年人中，机动车碰撞是伤害相关死亡的第二大原因，仅次于跌倒。各州的驾照更新法通常有针对老年司机的规定，但证据有限，无法证明这些法律在降低车祸和伤害率方面的有效性，也无法证明农村地区的差异。本研究旨在探讨国家驾驶执照更新政策对老年驾驶员碰撞和伤害结果的影响。方法：从美国13个州提取2000年至2019年的撞车数据、许可证更新政策和其他相关州政策。分析的主要风险包括许可证更新周期的长度（以年为单位）和亲自更新的频率。主要结果包括车祸和司机受伤率，按农村地区分层。结果：研究对象包括1560万40岁及以上的撞车司机。在研究期间，各州的执照更新法律普遍变得不那么严格了。在75岁及以上的司机中，与没有法律变化的州相比，更新期和亲自更新限制较少的州的城市地区撞车率更高（RR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.14-1.49）。在65岁及以上的驾驶员中，随着更新法律的限制减少，城市地区的伤害率升高（RR65-74 = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.02-1.47; RR75+ = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.12-1.57）。讨论：观察到的驾驶执照更新政策的放松与城市地区75岁及以上驾驶员的撞车和受伤率较高相关。依赖于年龄和时间限制点的限制性许可证更新政策应该仔细权衡过早删除许可证可能带来的负面影响。推行以成绩为基础的驾照制度，取消任意设定的年龄和时间限制，可能会更有效地阻止不健康的司机上路，同时保留那些健康的司机。

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引用次数: 0

Feature Policy: A hybrid approach to minimize the severity of road crashes through interventions in predictor variables 特征策略：一种混合方法，通过干预预测变量来最小化道路碰撞的严重程度

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.006

Carlos M. Ferreira-Vanegas , Héctor López-Ospina , Juan E. Pérez , Jorge I. Vélez , Guisselle A. García-Llinás

Introduction: Road crashes are a major public health concern, leading to numerous fatalities and substantial economic costs. Reducing these incidents is a key priority outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Existing research often identifies contributing factors, analyzes relevant variables, and proposes preventive strategies for crashes using logistic regression (LR), but lacks integrated policy optimization. Method: This study presents a Feature Policy Optimization (FPO) framework combining LR and a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize speed limits and lighting conditions. The LR model estimates crash risk based on these factors, while the GA generates Pareto-optimal policies under constraints of budget and a minimum average speed of 50 km/h. Policies are tailored by road type, time, and location. Results: The FPO approach reduced serious crashes by 40.58% compared to baseline, and identified critical influences (such as nighttime lighting on rural roads), and recommended adaptive speed limits that balance safety and traffic flow. Conclusion: Integrating LR with GA effectively identifies and modifies key accident factors, enabling targeted, cost-effective safety interventions. Practical applications: The FPO model offers policymakers actionable, context-specific strategies for improving road safety. Its scalable framework supports implementation across diverse transportation settings, contributing to sustainable crash reduction.

导言：道路交通事故是一个重大的公共卫生问题，造成大量死亡和巨大的经济损失。减少此类事件是联合国可持续发展目标中列出的一项关键优先事项。现有研究往往利用logistic回归（LR）识别影响因素，分析相关变量，并提出预防碰撞的策略，但缺乏综合的政策优化。方法：本研究提出了一种结合LR和遗传算法（GA）的特征策略优化（FPO）框架，以优化限速和照明条件。LR模型基于这些因素估计碰撞风险，而遗传算法在预算约束和最小平均速度为50公里/小时的条件下生成帕累托最优策略。根据道路类型、时间和位置定制策略。结果：与基线相比，FPO方法减少了40.58%的严重碰撞，并确定了关键影响因素（如农村道路上的夜间照明），并建议了平衡安全和交通流量的自适应限速。结论：将LR与遗传算法相结合，可以有效识别和修改关键事故因素，实现有针对性的、具有成本效益的安全干预。实际应用：FPO模式为政策制定者提供了可操作的、针对具体情况的改善道路安全战略。其可扩展的框架支持在不同的交通环境中实施，有助于可持续地减少交通事故。

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引用次数: 0

Characterizing driving under the influence arrest detection, 2002–2023 2002-2023年酒驾逮捕侦查特征

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.010

James Macinko , Mia Ann Xu , Diana Silver

Background: Driving under the influence of alcohol is a serious threat to public health. While U.S. states have employed a range of measures to curb drink driving, the majority of those who engage in this behavior go undetected. Methods: Secondary analysis of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) 2002–2023. Multivariable Poisson regression of self-reported drinking and driving, self-reported DUI arrests, and those who report drinking and driving but were not apprehended (undetected DUI) controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors across each survey period. Results: Self-reported drink driving rates were 15% in 2002–2014 and 8.5% in 2021–2023. The highest drink driving rates observed were among White populations at about 41% in 2002–2014, and about 21% in 2021–2023. Among drink drivers, approximately 4.6% reported a DUI arrest in the past year with little change over time. Women, younger populations, non-White race, and ethnic groups and those who do not report binge drinking were less likely to report drinking and driving than their respective reference groups in all periods. For those who report drink driving in the past year, there was a 95% chance of reporting no DUI arrest in the same year. Being female, having higher income, and being White or Asian/Pacific Islander were associated with higher rates of undetected DUIs. Conclusions: While self-reported drinking and driving has declined, the majority of those who drink and drive are not detected by law enforcement. New, more effective strategies will be needed to address this significant public health problem.

背景：酒后驾车是对公众健康的严重威胁。虽然美国各州已经采取了一系列措施来遏制酒驾，但大多数从事这种行为的人都没有被发现。方法：对2002-2023年全国药物使用与健康调查（NSDUH）资料进行二次分析。在每个调查期间控制人口统计、社会经济和行为因素的多变量泊松回归分析：自述酒驾、自述酒驾被捕以及自述酒驾但未被逮捕（未发现酒驾）的人。结果：2002-2014年自述酒驾率为15%，2021-2023年为8.5%。最高的酒驾率是白人，2002-2014年约为41%，2021-2023年约为21%。在酒驾司机中，大约4.6%的人在过去一年中因酒驾被捕，这一比例随着时间的推移变化不大。在所有时期，女性、年轻人、非白种人和少数民族以及那些没有报告酗酒的人报告酒驾的可能性都低于他们各自的参照组。对于那些在过去一年中报告酒驾的人来说，有95%的机会在同一年没有报告酒驾被捕。女性、高收入、白人或亚洲/太平洋岛民与未被发现的酒驾率较高相关。结论：虽然自我报告的酒后驾车人数有所下降，但大多数酒后驾车的人都没有被执法部门发现。将需要新的、更有效的战略来解决这一重大的公共卫生问题。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of chronotype on e-bike riders’ alertness: Evidence based on behavior and fNIRS 时间类型对电动自行车骑行者警觉性的影响：基于行为和fNIRS的证据

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.008

Lvqing Miao , Yunxin Chang , Xinke Jiang , David C. Schwebel , Lichun He , Yongjiang Shen , Huarong Wang

Objectives: Physiology, personality, and cognitive ability are all associated with safe behavior in traffic. Chronotype, an individual’s inclination to feel most alert at particular time of day, is an underexplored factor that may also affect safety. This study explores the effects of chronotype on e-bike riders’ alertness from the perspectives of behavior and hemodynamic response to cortex activation. Methods: A total of 64 Chinese riders, 34 morning-type and 30 evening-type, were recruited based on their score on the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. A mixed experimental 2 (chronotype: morning-type group vs. evening-type group) * 2 (test time: a.m. vs. p.m.) design was conducted, with riders’ performance on an alertness task while engaged and cerebral cortex activation serving as outcome measures. Results: Morning-type riders had a faster response than evening-type riders when testing in the morning and evening-type riders reacted faster in the afternoon. More broadly, all riders showed greater accuracy on the alertness task in the morning. Hemodynamic response to cortex activation varied across riders and test times, with significant differences in activation of multiple channels in the primary visual cortex (PVC). Specifically, the morning-type riders showed positive activation in the morning and negative activation in the afternoon, while the evening-type riders showed negative activation at both testing times, with higher activation in the morning. The alertness of the riders demonstrates the synchronicity of brain – behavior, the activation state of some channels (CH1, CH3, CH5, CH8) in the PFC region was significantly correlated with riders’ alertness behavior. Conclusion: Chronotype affects e-bike riders’ alertness, as evidenced both by behavioral and brain activation pattern outcomes. The impact varies depending on riding time, with morning-type riders exhibiting better riding alertness in the morning and evening-type riders showing advantages in the afternoon.

目的：生理、个性和认知能力都与交通中的安全行为有关。睡眠类型，一个人在一天中的特定时间感觉最清醒的倾向，是一个未被充分研究的因素，也可能影响安全。本研究从行为和皮层激活的血流动力学反应的角度探讨了不同时型对电动自行车骑行者警觉性的影响。方法：根据早-晚性问卷的得分，共招募64名中国骑手，其中34名是晨型骑手，30名是晚型骑手。采用混合实验2（时间类型：早晨型组与晚上型组）* 2（测试时间：上午与下午）设计，以骑手在参与时的警觉性任务表现和大脑皮层激活作为结果测量。结果：早晨型骑手在上午测试时反应快于晚上型骑手，下午测试时反应快于晚上型骑手。更广泛地说，所有骑手在早上的警觉性测试中都表现出更高的准确性。皮层激活的血流动力学反应在不同的车手和测试时间有所不同，在初级视觉皮层（PVC）的多个通道的激活上存在显著差异。具体而言，早晨型骑手在上午表现为正激活，下午表现为负激活，而晚上型骑手在两个测试时间都表现为负激活，早晨的激活程度更高。骑手的警觉性表现出大脑行为的同步性，PFC区域部分通道（CH1、CH3、CH5、CH8）的激活状态与骑手的警觉性行为显著相关。结论：时间类型影响电动自行车骑手的警觉性，行为和大脑激活模式的结果都证明了这一点。这种影响因骑行时间而异，早晨型骑手在上午表现出更好的骑行警觉性，而晚上型骑手在下午表现出优势。

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引用次数: 0

Bystanding to prevent drink-driving: Young adults’ descriptions of factors that promote and restrict their behavior 旁观预防酒驾：年轻人对促进和限制他们行为的因素的描述

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.011

Lisa Buckley, Michelle Nicolls

Introduction: Drink driving remains a leading contributor to motor-vehicle fatalities. For young adults, a sizeable proportion of their drinking is with friends, who may have opportunity to plan ahead or potentially intervene and speak up against drink-driving. We sought to explore young adults’ preventive behaviors toward friends and the potential relevance for the classic Latané and Darley social psychology theory of bystander intervention. Method: Across two studies we interviewed 63, 18–25-year-old Australians, using semi-structured interview schedules (approximately 30–45 min). Study 1 focused on experiences and perception of driving the day after drinking; and study 2 explored online communication about drink-driving. Exploration in both studies considered strategies used to support friends and prevent drink-driving. We used a deductive theory-guided approach considering: perceptions and interpretation of risk/ danger around drink-driving, a sense of responsibility, and having the confidence to enact a prevention strategy with friends. In addition, an inductive approach was employed to explore descriptions of protective behavior. Results: The bystander theory provided an appropriate conceptualization with findings highlighting consideration of noticing and interpreting drink-driving as harmful. Findings highlighted that young adults value looking out for their friends and to a lesser extent described considerations of the challenges they had in supporting their friends. Conclusions: The descriptions provided by young adults highlight nuance and considerations made in attempts to reduce the likelihood of drink-driving. The theory provided structure to findings and highlights potential considerations in attempts to promote bystander intervention among young adults.

酒驾仍然是机动车死亡事故的主要原因。对于年轻人来说，他们有相当大的比例是和朋友一起喝酒，他们可能有机会提前计划或潜在地干预并反对酒驾。我们试图探索年轻人对朋友的预防行为及其与经典的latan和Darley社会心理学理论的潜在关联。方法：在两项研究中，我们采访了63名18 - 25岁的澳大利亚人，使用半结构化的采访时间表（大约30-45分钟）。研究1侧重于酒后驾驶当天的体验和感知；研究2探讨了关于酒后驾驶的在线交流。两项研究的探索都考虑了支持朋友和防止酒驾的策略。我们使用了演绎理论指导的方法，考虑到：对酒后驾驶风险/危险的感知和解释，责任感，以及与朋友制定预防策略的信心。此外，采用归纳方法探讨保护行为的描述。结果：旁观者理论提供了一个适当的概念化，研究结果突出了注意和解释酒驾有害的考虑。调查结果强调，年轻人重视照顾他们的朋友，并在较小程度上描述了他们在支持朋友方面遇到的挑战。结论：年轻人提供的描述强调了试图减少酒驾可能性的细微差别和考虑。该理论为研究结果提供了结构，并强调了在年轻人中促进旁观者干预的潜在考虑。

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引用次数: 0

The missing piece in deterring phone use while driving: Police perspectives after legislative and penalty changes 阻止开车时使用手机的缺失部分：立法和处罚变化后的警察视角

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.007

Verity Truelove , Laura Mills , Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios

Objective: Engagement in illegal phone use while driving continues to increase. To obtain a more in depth understanding of the deterrent impact of the current legal countermeasures for this behavior, this study conducted a qualitative investigation from those on the frontline of enforcement: police officers. Method: A total of 26 police officers from Queensland, Australia, completed interviews on how they view the deterrent impact of the current phone use while driving legislation, penalties, and their enforcement, using classical deterrence theory as a framework. Police officers were interviewed during and after changes to the phone use while driving legislation and penalty in their jurisdiction. A reflexive thematic analysis was conducted to analyze the data and themes were created based on the constructs within classical deterrence theory: certainty of apprehension, severity of punishment, and swiftness of punishment. Results: The findings demonstrate the factors that contribute to both strengthening and weakening the legal deterrent effect for phone use while driving from a police perspective and have important theoretical and practical implications. For example, it is suggested that phone use while driving legislation that does not differentiate the types of phone behavior can make enforcement of this offense easier, yet a higher penalty may result in drivers concealing their phones more.

目的：驾驶时非法使用手机的人数持续增加。为了更深入地了解现行法律对策对这种行为的威慑作用，本研究对执法一线的警察进行了定性调查。方法：共有26名来自澳大利亚昆士兰州的警察，完成了他们如何看待当前手机使用的威慑影响，同时推动立法，处罚及其执行，使用经典威慑理论为框架。在他们管辖范围内，在驾驶时使用手机的立法和处罚发生变化期间和之后，警察接受了采访。采用反身性主题分析对数据进行分析，并基于经典威慑理论中的主题构念：逮捕的确定性、惩罚的严重度和惩罚的迅速性。结果：研究结果从警察的角度揭示了对开车时使用手机的法律威慑作用增强和减弱的因素，具有重要的理论和实践意义。例如，有人建议，在驾驶时使用手机的立法没有区分使用手机的行为类型，可以使这种违法行为的执行更容易，但更高的罚款可能导致司机隐藏他们的手机更多。

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引用次数: 0