Journal of Safety Research最新文献_第2页

Feature Policy: A hybrid approach to minimize the severity of road crashes through interventions in predictor variables 特征策略：一种混合方法，通过干预预测变量来最小化道路碰撞的严重程度

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.006

Carlos M. Ferreira-Vanegas , Héctor López-Ospina , Juan E. Pérez , Jorge I. Vélez , Guisselle A. García-Llinás

Introduction: Road crashes are a major public health concern, leading to numerous fatalities and substantial economic costs. Reducing these incidents is a key priority outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Existing research often identifies contributing factors, analyzes relevant variables, and proposes preventive strategies for crashes using logistic regression (LR), but lacks integrated policy optimization. Method: This study presents a Feature Policy Optimization (FPO) framework combining LR and a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize speed limits and lighting conditions. The LR model estimates crash risk based on these factors, while the GA generates Pareto-optimal policies under constraints of budget and a minimum average speed of 50 km/h. Policies are tailored by road type, time, and location. Results: The FPO approach reduced serious crashes by 40.58% compared to baseline, and identified critical influences (such as nighttime lighting on rural roads), and recommended adaptive speed limits that balance safety and traffic flow. Conclusion: Integrating LR with GA effectively identifies and modifies key accident factors, enabling targeted, cost-effective safety interventions. Practical applications: The FPO model offers policymakers actionable, context-specific strategies for improving road safety. Its scalable framework supports implementation across diverse transportation settings, contributing to sustainable crash reduction.

导言：道路交通事故是一个重大的公共卫生问题，造成大量死亡和巨大的经济损失。减少此类事件是联合国可持续发展目标中列出的一项关键优先事项。现有研究往往利用logistic回归（LR）识别影响因素，分析相关变量，并提出预防碰撞的策略，但缺乏综合的政策优化。方法：本研究提出了一种结合LR和遗传算法（GA）的特征策略优化（FPO）框架，以优化限速和照明条件。LR模型基于这些因素估计碰撞风险，而遗传算法在预算约束和最小平均速度为50公里/小时的条件下生成帕累托最优策略。根据道路类型、时间和位置定制策略。结果：与基线相比，FPO方法减少了40.58%的严重碰撞，并确定了关键影响因素（如农村道路上的夜间照明），并建议了平衡安全和交通流量的自适应限速。结论：将LR与遗传算法相结合，可以有效识别和修改关键事故因素，实现有针对性的、具有成本效益的安全干预。实际应用：FPO模式为政策制定者提供了可操作的、针对具体情况的改善道路安全战略。其可扩展的框架支持在不同的交通环境中实施，有助于可持续地减少交通事故。

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引用次数: 0

Characterizing driving under the influence arrest detection, 2002–2023 2002-2023年酒驾逮捕侦查特征

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.010

James Macinko , Mia Ann Xu , Diana Silver

Background: Driving under the influence of alcohol is a serious threat to public health. While U.S. states have employed a range of measures to curb drink driving, the majority of those who engage in this behavior go undetected. Methods: Secondary analysis of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) 2002–2023. Multivariable Poisson regression of self-reported drinking and driving, self-reported DUI arrests, and those who report drinking and driving but were not apprehended (undetected DUI) controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors across each survey period. Results: Self-reported drink driving rates were 15% in 2002–2014 and 8.5% in 2021–2023. The highest drink driving rates observed were among White populations at about 41% in 2002–2014, and about 21% in 2021–2023. Among drink drivers, approximately 4.6% reported a DUI arrest in the past year with little change over time. Women, younger populations, non-White race, and ethnic groups and those who do not report binge drinking were less likely to report drinking and driving than their respective reference groups in all periods. For those who report drink driving in the past year, there was a 95% chance of reporting no DUI arrest in the same year. Being female, having higher income, and being White or Asian/Pacific Islander were associated with higher rates of undetected DUIs. Conclusions: While self-reported drinking and driving has declined, the majority of those who drink and drive are not detected by law enforcement. New, more effective strategies will be needed to address this significant public health problem.

背景：酒后驾车是对公众健康的严重威胁。虽然美国各州已经采取了一系列措施来遏制酒驾，但大多数从事这种行为的人都没有被发现。方法：对2002-2023年全国药物使用与健康调查（NSDUH）资料进行二次分析。在每个调查期间控制人口统计、社会经济和行为因素的多变量泊松回归分析：自述酒驾、自述酒驾被捕以及自述酒驾但未被逮捕（未发现酒驾）的人。结果：2002-2014年自述酒驾率为15%，2021-2023年为8.5%。最高的酒驾率是白人，2002-2014年约为41%，2021-2023年约为21%。在酒驾司机中，大约4.6%的人在过去一年中因酒驾被捕，这一比例随着时间的推移变化不大。在所有时期，女性、年轻人、非白种人和少数民族以及那些没有报告酗酒的人报告酒驾的可能性都低于他们各自的参照组。对于那些在过去一年中报告酒驾的人来说，有95%的机会在同一年没有报告酒驾被捕。女性、高收入、白人或亚洲/太平洋岛民与未被发现的酒驾率较高相关。结论：虽然自我报告的酒后驾车人数有所下降，但大多数酒后驾车的人都没有被执法部门发现。将需要新的、更有效的战略来解决这一重大的公共卫生问题。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of chronotype on e-bike riders’ alertness: Evidence based on behavior and fNIRS 时间类型对电动自行车骑行者警觉性的影响：基于行为和fNIRS的证据

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.008

Lvqing Miao , Yunxin Chang , Xinke Jiang , David C. Schwebel , Lichun He , Yongjiang Shen , Huarong Wang

Objectives: Physiology, personality, and cognitive ability are all associated with safe behavior in traffic. Chronotype, an individual’s inclination to feel most alert at particular time of day, is an underexplored factor that may also affect safety. This study explores the effects of chronotype on e-bike riders’ alertness from the perspectives of behavior and hemodynamic response to cortex activation. Methods: A total of 64 Chinese riders, 34 morning-type and 30 evening-type, were recruited based on their score on the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. A mixed experimental 2 (chronotype: morning-type group vs. evening-type group) * 2 (test time: a.m. vs. p.m.) design was conducted, with riders’ performance on an alertness task while engaged and cerebral cortex activation serving as outcome measures. Results: Morning-type riders had a faster response than evening-type riders when testing in the morning and evening-type riders reacted faster in the afternoon. More broadly, all riders showed greater accuracy on the alertness task in the morning. Hemodynamic response to cortex activation varied across riders and test times, with significant differences in activation of multiple channels in the primary visual cortex (PVC). Specifically, the morning-type riders showed positive activation in the morning and negative activation in the afternoon, while the evening-type riders showed negative activation at both testing times, with higher activation in the morning. The alertness of the riders demonstrates the synchronicity of brain – behavior, the activation state of some channels (CH1, CH3, CH5, CH8) in the PFC region was significantly correlated with riders’ alertness behavior. Conclusion: Chronotype affects e-bike riders’ alertness, as evidenced both by behavioral and brain activation pattern outcomes. The impact varies depending on riding time, with morning-type riders exhibiting better riding alertness in the morning and evening-type riders showing advantages in the afternoon.

目的：生理、个性和认知能力都与交通中的安全行为有关。睡眠类型，一个人在一天中的特定时间感觉最清醒的倾向，是一个未被充分研究的因素，也可能影响安全。本研究从行为和皮层激活的血流动力学反应的角度探讨了不同时型对电动自行车骑行者警觉性的影响。方法：根据早-晚性问卷的得分，共招募64名中国骑手，其中34名是晨型骑手，30名是晚型骑手。采用混合实验2（时间类型：早晨型组与晚上型组）* 2（测试时间：上午与下午）设计，以骑手在参与时的警觉性任务表现和大脑皮层激活作为结果测量。结果：早晨型骑手在上午测试时反应快于晚上型骑手，下午测试时反应快于晚上型骑手。更广泛地说，所有骑手在早上的警觉性测试中都表现出更高的准确性。皮层激活的血流动力学反应在不同的车手和测试时间有所不同，在初级视觉皮层（PVC）的多个通道的激活上存在显著差异。具体而言，早晨型骑手在上午表现为正激活，下午表现为负激活，而晚上型骑手在两个测试时间都表现为负激活，早晨的激活程度更高。骑手的警觉性表现出大脑行为的同步性，PFC区域部分通道（CH1、CH3、CH5、CH8）的激活状态与骑手的警觉性行为显著相关。结论：时间类型影响电动自行车骑手的警觉性，行为和大脑激活模式的结果都证明了这一点。这种影响因骑行时间而异，早晨型骑手在上午表现出更好的骑行警觉性，而晚上型骑手在下午表现出优势。

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引用次数: 0

Bystanding to prevent drink-driving: Young adults’ descriptions of factors that promote and restrict their behavior 旁观预防酒驾：年轻人对促进和限制他们行为的因素的描述

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.011

Lisa Buckley, Michelle Nicolls

Introduction: Drink driving remains a leading contributor to motor-vehicle fatalities. For young adults, a sizeable proportion of their drinking is with friends, who may have opportunity to plan ahead or potentially intervene and speak up against drink-driving. We sought to explore young adults’ preventive behaviors toward friends and the potential relevance for the classic Latané and Darley social psychology theory of bystander intervention. Method: Across two studies we interviewed 63, 18–25-year-old Australians, using semi-structured interview schedules (approximately 30–45 min). Study 1 focused on experiences and perception of driving the day after drinking; and study 2 explored online communication about drink-driving. Exploration in both studies considered strategies used to support friends and prevent drink-driving. We used a deductive theory-guided approach considering: perceptions and interpretation of risk/ danger around drink-driving, a sense of responsibility, and having the confidence to enact a prevention strategy with friends. In addition, an inductive approach was employed to explore descriptions of protective behavior. Results: The bystander theory provided an appropriate conceptualization with findings highlighting consideration of noticing and interpreting drink-driving as harmful. Findings highlighted that young adults value looking out for their friends and to a lesser extent described considerations of the challenges they had in supporting their friends. Conclusions: The descriptions provided by young adults highlight nuance and considerations made in attempts to reduce the likelihood of drink-driving. The theory provided structure to findings and highlights potential considerations in attempts to promote bystander intervention among young adults.

酒驾仍然是机动车死亡事故的主要原因。对于年轻人来说，他们有相当大的比例是和朋友一起喝酒，他们可能有机会提前计划或潜在地干预并反对酒驾。我们试图探索年轻人对朋友的预防行为及其与经典的latan和Darley社会心理学理论的潜在关联。方法：在两项研究中，我们采访了63名18 - 25岁的澳大利亚人，使用半结构化的采访时间表（大约30-45分钟）。研究1侧重于酒后驾驶当天的体验和感知；研究2探讨了关于酒后驾驶的在线交流。两项研究的探索都考虑了支持朋友和防止酒驾的策略。我们使用了演绎理论指导的方法，考虑到：对酒后驾驶风险/危险的感知和解释，责任感，以及与朋友制定预防策略的信心。此外，采用归纳方法探讨保护行为的描述。结果：旁观者理论提供了一个适当的概念化，研究结果突出了注意和解释酒驾有害的考虑。调查结果强调，年轻人重视照顾他们的朋友，并在较小程度上描述了他们在支持朋友方面遇到的挑战。结论：年轻人提供的描述强调了试图减少酒驾可能性的细微差别和考虑。该理论为研究结果提供了结构，并强调了在年轻人中促进旁观者干预的潜在考虑。

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引用次数: 0

The missing piece in deterring phone use while driving: Police perspectives after legislative and penalty changes 阻止开车时使用手机的缺失部分：立法和处罚变化后的警察视角

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.007

Verity Truelove , Laura Mills , Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios

Objective: Engagement in illegal phone use while driving continues to increase. To obtain a more in depth understanding of the deterrent impact of the current legal countermeasures for this behavior, this study conducted a qualitative investigation from those on the frontline of enforcement: police officers. Method: A total of 26 police officers from Queensland, Australia, completed interviews on how they view the deterrent impact of the current phone use while driving legislation, penalties, and their enforcement, using classical deterrence theory as a framework. Police officers were interviewed during and after changes to the phone use while driving legislation and penalty in their jurisdiction. A reflexive thematic analysis was conducted to analyze the data and themes were created based on the constructs within classical deterrence theory: certainty of apprehension, severity of punishment, and swiftness of punishment. Results: The findings demonstrate the factors that contribute to both strengthening and weakening the legal deterrent effect for phone use while driving from a police perspective and have important theoretical and practical implications. For example, it is suggested that phone use while driving legislation that does not differentiate the types of phone behavior can make enforcement of this offense easier, yet a higher penalty may result in drivers concealing their phones more.

目的：驾驶时非法使用手机的人数持续增加。为了更深入地了解现行法律对策对这种行为的威慑作用，本研究对执法一线的警察进行了定性调查。方法：共有26名来自澳大利亚昆士兰州的警察，完成了他们如何看待当前手机使用的威慑影响，同时推动立法，处罚及其执行，使用经典威慑理论为框架。在他们管辖范围内，在驾驶时使用手机的立法和处罚发生变化期间和之后，警察接受了采访。采用反身性主题分析对数据进行分析，并基于经典威慑理论中的主题构念：逮捕的确定性、惩罚的严重度和惩罚的迅速性。结果：研究结果从警察的角度揭示了对开车时使用手机的法律威慑作用增强和减弱的因素，具有重要的理论和实践意义。例如，有人建议，在驾驶时使用手机的立法没有区分使用手机的行为类型，可以使这种违法行为的执行更容易，但更高的罚款可能导致司机隐藏他们的手机更多。

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引用次数: 0

Numeracy and format influences comprehension of car seat recommendations 计算和格式影响对汽车座椅建议的理解

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.005

Brittany Shoots-Reinhard , Julie A. Mansfield , Maya Nintcheff , Ujin Bayarbadrakh , Gretchen H. Baker

Introduction: Child restraint systems (CRS) save lives in motor-vehicle crashes (MVCs) but incorrect use of CRS is common. One example is inappropriate transition between modes (e.g., rear-facing, forward-facing, and/or booster). Understanding manufacturer guidelines is therefore critical, but guidelines exceed consumer reading levels. The goal of this research is to examine the role of numeracy (i.e., math ability) in comprehension of CRS guidelines, which are highly numeric (e.g., relying on height, weight, age). Method: In an online experiment, 400 participants (who had previously completed an adaptive measure of numeracy) were shown one of six CRS usage diagrams based on major manufacturer’s guidelines and answered questions about the appropriateness of CRS mode depending on child’s height, weight, and age. We created two comprehension indices, one that allowed for two correct answers if both were appropriate and another with only the more conservative answer counting as correct. Participants also indicated perceived comprehension of the diagrams, knowledge of current CRS best practices, and prior CRS experience. Results: Average performance on CRS comprehension was 73% and 80% for the less and more conservative indices, respectively. Controlling for knowledge of CRS best practices and prior CRS experience, those higher in numeracy performed better in both perceived and actual comprehension. Perceived and actual comprehension also depended on diagram. Conclusions: Our results suggest that CRS diagrams currently used by manufacturers are somewhat well-understood by consumers, but that there is room for improvement. The results for numeracy and the differences across diagrams suggest that reducing text and visual aids could improve comprehension. Although visualizations can help under certain circumstances, they were not shown to aid comprehension here. Practical applications: Taken together, our results suggest that current manufacturer guidelines can be improved. They should be simplified by streamlining text and removing unnecessary visual aids, such as number lines.

儿童约束系统（CRS）可以在机动车碰撞（MVCs）中挽救生命，但CRS的错误使用是常见的。一个例子是模式之间不适当的转换（例如，后面向，前面向和/或助推器）。因此，理解制造商的指导方针至关重要，但指导方针超出了消费者的阅读水平。本研究的目的是检验计算能力（即数学能力）在理解CRS指南中的作用，这些指南高度数字化（例如，依赖于身高，体重，年龄）。方法：在一项在线实验中，400名参与者（他们之前已经完成了一项适应性计算测试）根据主要制造商的指导方针展示了六张CRS使用图表中的一张，并回答了关于CRS模式是否合适的问题，这取决于儿童的身高、体重和年龄。我们创建了两个理解指数，一个允许两个正确答案，如果两个答案都是合适的，另一个只将更保守的答案视为正确的。参与者还表示对图表的感知理解，当前CRS最佳实践的知识，以及先前的CRS经验。结果：保守性较低和保守性较强的CRS指标的平均理解率分别为73%和80%。控制CRS最佳实践知识和先前CRS经验，计算能力较高的人在感知和实际理解方面表现更好。感知和实际理解也依赖于图表。结论：我们的研究结果表明，目前制造商使用的CRS图在一定程度上被消费者所理解，但仍有改进的空间。计算能力的结果和图表之间的差异表明，减少文字和视觉辅助可以提高理解能力。虽然可视化在某些情况下可以提供帮助，但在这里并没有显示它们有助于理解。实际应用：综上所述，我们的结果表明，目前的制造商指南可以改进。它们应该通过精简文本和删除不必要的视觉辅助（如数轴）来简化。

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引用次数: 0

Injury severity: Scales, incidence, hospitalization rate, mortality risk, economic costs, modeling considerations, and best practices 伤害严重程度：规模、发生率、住院率、死亡风险、经济成本、建模考虑因素和最佳做法

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.003

Nathaniel Heatwole

Introduction: Injury assessment and modeling present several challenges. Methods are needed for evaluating the severity of injury, for quantifying impacts along those gradations (e.g., economic costs), and for comparing injuries to each other and to fatalities. While a variety of methods exist, there are limited comprehensive, direct, and collated information and models available for comparing them along various dimensions or to assess their fitness for a particular purpose. Method: Three common and widely applicable injury severity scales are reviewed: hospitalized/non-hospitalized dichotomy; Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS); and Injury Severity Score (ISS). Their advantages, limitations, caveats, and risks are discussed, and data for each are summarized (incidence, hospitalization, mortality, and economic costs). Operations research and econometrics methods are used to enumerate the theoretical range of AIS levels at each ISS value, subset these to AIS-ISS pairs that can actually occur, develop a probabilistic AIS-ISS map, transfer AIS-based cost data onto the ISS scale, and cluster ranges of severity levels according to various data features. Results: Each ISS value links to at most two valid AIS levels. The cluster assignments are somewhat stable across data features (for a given number of clusters fit), although significant variability exists. When viewed over the entire ISS range, both the average AIS (power function) and mapped ISS costs are reasonably linear, and reduced-form ISS cost and AIS-ISS linkage models are presented. Conclusions: The methodology can be applied to any injury quantity (not just costs) and represents a new development in the understanding of the AIS-ISS relationship. Practical Applications: This improves the comparability of the scales, allows seemingly disparate AIS/ISS values to be better and more directly compared, facilitates the pooling of mixed AIS/ISS data in meta-analyses, and allows costs for the ISS scale to be quantified.

损伤评估和建模提出了几个挑战。需要一些方法来评估伤害的严重程度，量化这些等级的影响（例如，经济成本），并比较彼此之间的伤害和死亡人数。虽然存在着各种各样的方法，但用于在各个方面比较它们或评估它们对特定目的的适用性的全面、直接和整理的信息和模型有限。方法：回顾了三种常用且广泛应用的损伤严重程度量表：住院/非住院二分法；简易伤害量表；损伤严重程度评分（ISS）。讨论了它们的优点、局限性、注意事项和风险，并总结了每种方法的数据（发病率、住院率、死亡率和经济成本）。使用运筹学和计量经济学方法枚举每个ISS值下AIS级别的理论范围，将这些子集划分为实际可能发生的AIS-ISS对，开发概率AIS-ISS图，将基于AIS的成本数据转移到ISS尺度上，并根据各种数据特征聚类严重性级别范围。结果：每个ISS值最多链接到两个有效的AIS级别。尽管存在显著的可变性，但跨数据特征的集群分配在一定程度上是稳定的（对于给定数量的集群拟合）。从整个ISS范围来看，平均AIS（幂函数）和映射的ISS成本都是合理的线性，并提出了简化形式的ISS成本和AIS-ISS联动模型。结论：该方法可以应用于任何伤害数量（而不仅仅是成本），代表了对AIS-ISS关系理解的新发展。实际应用：这提高了量表的可比性，使看似不同的AIS/ISS值能够更好、更直接地进行比较，促进了荟萃分析中混合AIS/ISS数据的汇集，并使ISS量表的成本得以量化。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the predictors and experiences of hangover driving in young adults 探索年轻人宿醉驾驶的预测因素和经验

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2025.12.004

Michelle Nicolls, Lisa Buckley

Aims: Driving with a hangover can have significant impacts on driving ability. It has been identified that young adults experience more frequent and severe hangover symptoms compared to older adults. Given young adults have less driving experience, this may present a concern for road safety if this group of drivers engage in hangover driving. The paper involved two studies exploring young adults’ experiences with hangover driving. Methods and Results: In Study 1, 23 young adults (ranging 18–23 years; 52% female) were interviewed. Following template analyses, two themes were identified. The first theme (awareness and strategies) identified young adults understand the impacts of hangover driving on their concentration and attention, yet the risks associated with hangover driving were rarely described. The second theme (justification) identified the reasoning young adults described for hangover driving, such as they had to get home, it was only a short drive, and the behavior is not as risky as drink driving. In Study 2, 252 young adults (ranging 18–25 years; 75% female) were surveyed. Regression results revealed being male, living in non-metropolitan locations, holding an open license, experiencing hangover symptoms yearly, and having one or more hangovers in the previous month increased the likelihood of hangover driving. Conclusions: Findings provide insight into young adults’ hangover driving, yet further understanding may be required to identify ways to discourage this behavior. Practical Applications: Findings have provided directions for further research, with the aim of identifying potential ways to prevent hangover driving among young adults.

目的：酒后驾车会对驾驶能力产生重大影响。已经确定，与老年人相比，年轻人经历的宿醉症状更频繁、更严重。考虑到年轻人的驾驶经验较少，如果这群司机酒后驾车，可能会引发道路安全问题。这篇论文涉及两项研究，探索年轻人在宿醉驾驶时的经历。方法与结果：在研究1中，采访了23名18-23岁的年轻人，其中52%为女性。在模板分析之后，确定了两个主题。第一个主题（意识和策略）确定了年轻人了解宿醉驾驶对他们注意力和注意力的影响，但宿醉驾驶相关的风险很少被描述。第二个主题（正当性）确定了年轻人酒后驾车的原因，比如他们必须回家，这只是很短的车程，而且这种行为不像酒后驾车那么危险。在研究2中，252名年轻人（年龄在18-25岁之间，其中75%为女性）被调查。回归结果显示，男性、居住在非大都市地区、持有开放式驾照、每年经历一次宿醉症状、上个月有一次或多次宿醉的人，宿醉驾驶的可能性会增加。结论：研究结果为年轻人的宿醉驾驶提供了深入的了解，但可能需要进一步了解以确定阻止这种行为的方法。实际应用：研究结果为进一步研究提供了方向，旨在确定预防年轻人宿醉驾驶的潜在方法。

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引用次数: 0

Gait instability in community-dwelling older fallers: How visual search behaviors reveal hidden fall risk 社区老年人步态不稳定：视觉搜索行为如何揭示隐藏的跌倒风险

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.001

Toby C.T. Mak , Thomson W.L. Wong , Debbie C.L. Chan , Duo W.C. Wong , Shamay S.M. Ng

Introduction: Falls during walking contribute significantly to injuries in older adults, with gait instability being a key risk factor. While visual search behaviors are essential for safe navigation, their relationship to instability remains unclear. This study compared visual search behaviors during walking between community-dwelling older adults with and without a fall history and examined their association with gait instability. Methods: Seventy-four older adults (mean age: 70.7 ± 3.9 years; 37 fallers, 37 non-fallers) walked at a self-selected pace along an 8-m level-ground walkway for five trials. Gait stability was assessed by variability of spatial and temporal gait parameters, where greater variability reflects reduced stability. Visual search behaviors were assessed by the percentage of total fixations and the percentage of total fixation duration directed towards the ground (floor area of the walkway), the destination (end-point of the walkway), and random areas (non-task-relevant areas). Results: No significant differences in visual search behaviors were observed between groups. In fallers, greater variability of stride time was associated with greater percentages of the number of fixations on the ground (ρ = 0.348, p = 0.043), while greater variability of step width was associated with fewer percentages of the number of fixations (ρ = -0.464, p = 0.006) and fixation duration on the destination (ρ = -0.452, p = 0.007). These associations were not apparent in non-fallers. Conclusions: Despite similar visual search behaviors between older fallers and non-fallers, fallers exhibited unique associations between reduced visual scanning towards the destination and lateral instability (i.e., increased variability of step width) during walking—an effective predictor of falls. This suggests maladaptive visuomotor behaviors and compromised gait stability may be interrelated, collectively increasing fall injury risk in older fallers. Practical Applications: The observed associations suggest that visuomotor training could be explored in fall prevention programs to improve gait safety in older fallers. Future studies should investigate causality and evaluate efficacy in hazard-rich environments.

导读：老年人走路时跌倒是造成损伤的重要原因，步态不稳定是一个关键的危险因素。虽然视觉搜索行为对安全导航至关重要，但它们与不稳定性的关系尚不清楚。本研究比较了有和没有跌倒史的社区老年人行走时的视觉搜索行为，并研究了它们与步态不稳定的关系。方法：74名老年人（平均年龄：70.7±3.9岁；跌倒者37人，非跌倒者37人）以自行选择的速度沿着8米平地人行道进行5次试验。步态稳定性通过空间和时间步态参数的变异性来评估，变异性越大，稳定性越差。视觉搜索行为通过总注视的百分比和总注视持续时间的百分比来评估，这些注视指向地面（人行道的地板区域）、目的地（人行道的终点）和随机区域（与任务无关的区域）。结果：两组学生的视觉搜索行为无显著差异。在跌倒者中，步幅变异性越大，注视地面次数的百分比越高（ρ = 0.348, p = 0.043），步幅变异性越大，注视目的地次数的百分比越低（ρ = -0.464, p = 0.006），注视时间越长（ρ = -0.452, p = 0.007）。这些关联在非肥胖者中并不明显。结论：尽管老年跌倒者和非跌倒者的视觉搜索行为相似，但跌倒者在行走过程中向目的地的视觉扫描减少与侧向不稳定性（即步宽变异性增加）之间表现出独特的关联，这是跌倒的有效预测因子。这表明不适应的视觉运动行为和步态稳定性受损可能是相互关联的，共同增加了老年跌倒者跌倒损伤的风险。实际应用：观察到的关联表明，视觉运动训练可以在预防跌倒项目中进行探索，以改善老年跌倒者的步态安全。未来的研究应调查因果关系，并评估在危险多的环境中的疗效。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing impacts of traffic signal countdown timers on safety and efficiency at signalized intersections 评估交通信号倒计时计时器对信号交叉口安全和效率的影响

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ERGONOMICS

Journal of Safety Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2026.01.004

Vadhul Krishnan Veerakumar, Chris Lee

Introduction: Traffic Signal Countdown Timer (TSCT) displays the remaining times of green, yellow, and red intervals at a traffic signal. While TSCT has widely been implemented in various countries, there is a lack of studies that comprehensively assess the effects of TSCT on traffic safety and efficiency using a simulation based on understanding of changes in driver behavior in different signal phases in the presence of TSCT. Methods: This study investigates the impacts of TSCT on traffic safety and efficiency at signalized intersections with high truck volume along the Huron Church Road in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Driver behavior and traffic flow were simulated using PTV Vissim for the four scenarios − no-timer, Green Signal Countdown Timer (GSCT), Red Signal Countdown Timer (RSCT), and a combination of GSCT and RSCT (GSCT + RSCT). Based on the observational data from previous field studies, changes in driver behaviors in the presence of TSCT were replicated by dynamically adjusting the simulation parameters in different signal phases using Vissim-COM interface. Results: The Crash Potential Index (CPI) decreased by 37% while the speed of the road network increased by 6% in the GSCT + RSCT scenario compared to the no-timer scenario. The RSCT reduced the CPI more than the GSCT but did not significantly improve the traffic efficiency. The increase in speed near the intersection during the green phase was observed in the GSCT scenario, whereas smoother deceleration rate of approach vehicles during the red phase was observed in the RSCT scenario. Due to these changes, the average number of vehicles entering the intersection during the green phase in each cycle increased in the GSCT + RSCT scenario. Moreover, the TSCT helped cars avoid rear-end conflicts and increased truck speed. Practical Applications: Both GSCT and RSCT can be implemented to improve traffic safety and efficiency at signalized intersections.

交通信号倒计时定时器（TSCT）显示绿灯、黄灯和红灯间隔的剩余时间。虽然TSCT已在各国广泛实施，但缺乏基于了解不同信号阶段存在TSCT时驾驶员行为变化的模拟，全面评估TSCT对交通安全和效率影响的研究。方法：本研究调查了加拿大安大略省温莎休伦教堂路沿线高车流量信号交叉口的TSCT对交通安全和效率的影响。采用PTV Vissim软件对无计时器、绿灯倒计时（GSCT）、红灯倒计时（RSCT）、绿灯倒计时和RSCT组合（GSCT + RSCT）四种场景下的驾驶员行为和交通流进行了模拟。在前期现场观测数据的基础上，利用Vissim-COM接口对不同信号相位的仿真参数进行动态调整，重现了TSCT存在下驾驶员行为的变化。结果：与无计时器方案相比，GSCT + RSCT方案的碰撞潜在指数（CPI）降低了37%，路网速度提高了6%。RSCT比GSCT更能降低CPI，但没有显著提高交通效率。GSCT方案在绿灯阶段观察到交叉口附近的速度增加，而RSCT方案在红色阶段观察到接近车辆的减速速率更平稳。由于这些变化，在GSCT + RSCT方案中，每个周期绿色阶段进入交叉口的平均车辆数量增加。此外，TSCT还帮助汽车避免了追尾冲突，提高了卡车的速度。实际应用：GSCT和RSCT都可以用于提高信号交叉口的交通安全性和效率。

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引用次数: 0