Journal of the American Planning Association最新文献

{"title":"Facilitating Online Participatory Planning During the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"D. Milz, A. Pokharel, Curt D. Gervich","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2185658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2185658","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48010280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Housing Assistance Associated With Mental Health?","authors":"Atticus Jaramillo, W. Rohe","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2022.2156380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2022.2156380","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48544856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Properties of Whiteness","authors":"D. Williams, L. Delgado, Nicholette Cameron, Justin P. Steil","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2022.2144930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2022.2144930","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Problem, research strategy, and findings Land use regulations have contributed to the construction of White supremacist racial categories and the persistent conjunction of race and property in the United States. Drawing on archival analysis of documents regarding early 20th-century municipal segregation ordinances and legal analysis of court decisions regarding property and land use law, this study makes three primary contributions to the literature. First, it homes in on the origins of a persistent thread of a racialized collective right to exclude at the neighborhood scale, exercised by White residents through some of the United States’ earliest land use regulations. Second, it draws on foundational works in critical race theory to illuminate how land use regulations helped construct race and property, examining how courts’ efforts to reconcile property rights in land with property rights in Whiteness changed judicial conceptions of the viability of property regulations, specifically zoning and land use laws. It builds on this analysis to connect the thread of racialized exclusion in the Supreme Court’s most recent takings decision in Cedar Point Nursery v. Hassid (2021). Third, it draws from Black geographies to suggest takeaways for planners in supporting Black spaces that can simultaneously support Black efforts to name the collective political reality and highlight the contingency of racial constructs in ways that can eradicate the substantive conditions of Black subordination. Takeaway for practice Planning practice and land use regulations are both a reflection of institutionally determined logics, such as judicial determinations of property rights, and, sometimes, challenges to those logics. Planners have a role to play in addressing racial domination by studying local histories of race and space, analyzing histories of White supremacist exclusionary practices, supporting thriving Black spaces, revealing the contingency of race, and delegitimizing and deconstructing spatial orders that continue to sustain class and race hierarchies.","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":"89 1","pages":"505 - 516"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49484377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pop-Up Cycleways","authors":"Mike Harris, P. McCue","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2022.2061578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2022.2061578","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Problem, research strategy, and findings Government agencies are increasingly interested in accelerating cycleway infrastructure to achieve co-benefits of increased physical activity, transport efficiencies, and reduced greenhouse emissions. Comprehensive evidence supports this policy direction, yet delivery of infrastructure in many cities remains slow, fragmented, and wrought with political struggle. Political forces, rather than a lack of evidence, appear to be the key challenge to implementing active transport policies. In this study we used Kingdon’s multiple stream theory to examine the policy development process that led to the rapid installation of pop-up cycleways in Sydney (Australia) in response to COVID-19. Takeaway for practice Significant disruption to regular transport services induced by the COVID-19 pandemic created a policy window where political expediency resulted in rapid implementation of active transport–friendly policy and legislative changes. The policy realignment occurred due to increased government agency collaboration and the elevation of cycling to an unprecedented level of priority within government. This study shows the value of ongoing commitment to evidence-based policy solutions to clearly identified urban challenges despite institutional barriers, the need to develop political alliances for when opportunities for policy change arise, and the need to swiftly capitalize on these policy windows when they open. This case study provides insights for cycling policy development in jurisdictions traditionally burdened by skepticism and reluctance to implement bicycle infrastructure by revealing the multivalent nature of policy adoption.","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":"89 1","pages":"240 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46832516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sixty Years of Racial Equity Planning","authors":"J. C. Arroyo, G. Sandoval, Joanna Bernstein","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2022.2132986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2022.2132986","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Problem, research strategy, and findings Debates about race in the United States are front and center in the 21st century. From the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement to the caging of indigenous migrant children from Mexico and Central America to rising Asian American and Pacific Islander discrimination during COVID-19, the urgency for an explicit definition of racial equity planning and examples of how the ethic evolved could not be more pressing. Historically, social justice–oriented planners focused efforts on racial equity despite a lack of a collective understanding of the topic. By demonstrating diverse, applied approaches through an analysis of 17 municipal and community-led plans at various scales, we traced the primacy of race in equity planning through four key eras: civil rights, Model Cities and successive programs, HOPE VI and the Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) Sustainable Cities Regional Planning Grants, and contemporary. How and why has racial equity planning evolved in the academic planning literature and representative racial equity plans in the last 60 years? Racial equity planning has always been a cornerstone of the field, and lessons from the literature and relevant plans merit deeper attention, especially as White supremacy gains stronger ground. Takeaway for practice Planners should affirm a unified definition of racial equity planning informed by relevant scholarship and operationalize its tenets in their work. Recognizing key milestones where racial equity has successfully informed contemporary urban policies offers progressive planners a rich set of alternative policies, strategies, and programs to use across diverse communities.","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":"89 1","pages":"438 - 458"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41417225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Empirical Analysis of the Link Between Built Environment and Safety in Chicago’s Transit Station Areas","authors":"Ahoura Zandiatashbar, A. Laurito","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2022.2069590","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2022.2069590","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Problem, research strategy, and findings Considering that safety is a key environmental factor that promotes health, understanding the relationship between built environment features around transit station areas and crime may shed light on how to foster healthy communities. Yet, there is limited work that has examined how the combination of different built environment features around transit correlate with different crimes. We addressed this issue in this study using data from Chicago (IL). First, we used cluster analysis to classify stations in Chicago in a spectrum from transit-oriented development (TOD) to transit-adjacent development (TAD) categories depending on their built environment characteristics: central business district (CBD)–TOD, TOD, hybrid, and TAD. Then, we identified the block groups that fell within a 1-mile network distance of each of these station areas and used propensity score matching to find adequate comparison block groups for them. Results from our analyses show that CBD station areas with the highest activity density, land use diversity, amenity richness, accessibility, and walkability (i.e., CBD–TOD) were the safest. In contrast, TOD areas with medium activity density and land use diversity but high amenity richness, walkability, and accessibility appeared to be the least safe. That said, low levels across these built environment features as found in TAD station areas also correlated with higher crime. Takeaway for practice These findings suggest the importance of balancing amenity richness and accessibility with density and land use diversity. Areas rich in amenities but with lower levels of land use diversity and density may attract crime victims and offenders while facilitating spaces in which the availability of eyes on the street or guardians is low. As such, these station areas may be poor promoters of healthy communities if high crime rates deter people from engaging in active mobility promoted by greater walkability, connectivity, and amenity richness.","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":"89 1","pages":"225 - 239"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42594035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Life and Death of Ancient Cities: A Natural History","authors":"M. Teitz, Catherine Teitz","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2174756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174756","url":null,"abstract":"als, internal building systems, and allowable innovations are decided by standards organizations, code development bodies, and state and federal legislatures, leaving the designer with a very limited scope for shaping each individual building. The implication is that innovators need to devote effort to the shared project of predesign and not only to their individual design commissions. Otherwise, many of the most meaningful design choices will remain with the marketers, financiers, and insurers. This is familiar territory for planners more so than for architects. The book’s content and message are sound, but several omissions are puzzling. First, there is little use of relevant social science regarding the logics of federalism, the processes of political agenda setting, the emergence of social movements, and the reconfiguring of social practices. Thus, the book’s tone is inductive and somewhat disconnected from established social theory. Second, there is little discussion of the innovation diffusion process and how early adopters respond to different incentives and rules than late adopters. The policy discussion suffers as a result. Third, there is little comparative discussion to contrast the home building industry with other industries in terms of capital intensiveness, durability of product, liquidity of market, and other factors known to drive the potential pace of innovation. The resulting slow rate of innovation might actually be preferable for most people. Fourth, the building occupant is treated mostly as an exogenous factor that undermines designs, rather than as an active player in the drama. These omissions detract from the book’s authority but not from its contribution, which is to focus reformers’ attention on the predesign arena where the interested parties make key sustainability and resilience decisions. The historical narrative and many anecdotes effectively make this case.","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":"89 1","pages":"407 - 408"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45577343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Brief History of Motion: From the Wheel, to the Car, to What Comes Next","authors":"K. Clifton","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2174368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174368","url":null,"abstract":"tax liens on unpaid water bills screened out tenants expected to cause problems or surveilled and harassed tenants. Many believed—despite a lack of experience— that the steady income provided by tenants with housing choice vouchers would be outweighed by the expense of maintaining properties to pass exacting housing authority inspections and the onerous process of evicting tenants. Other landlords operated successfully using economies of scale to professionalize their operations. Findings are most applicable to declining regions or with local policies like the water liens described. How these findings may apply to faster growing cities with strong rental markets, where few policies exist to protect renters, is less clear. Nonetheless, it is sure to be of great interest to students, scholars, and practitioners concerned with ensuring access to stable, decent housing for low-income renters through the private rental market.","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":"89 1","pages":"409 - 409"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43631063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Community Design and Revitalization to Promote Health","authors":"Nisha Botchwey, B. Stiftel, Christopher Coutts, Catherine Ross, Olivia Chatman","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2174354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174354","url":null,"abstract":"The","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":"89 1","pages":"157 - 159"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42462675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arbitrary Lines: How Zoning Broke the American City and How to Fix It","authors":"Umit Yilmaz, S. Hirt","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2174370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2174370","url":null,"abstract":"Long gone are the times when zoning seemed a subject fit for a narrow circle of experts. In the last decade or so, several noteworthy books on zoning have been published, alongside dozens, if not hundreds, of articles in America’s most august news outlets and thousands of social media posts and blogs. One major city after another—Miami (FL), Denver (CO), Minneapolis (MN)—has significantly revised their zoning ordinances, and states such as California and Oregon have initiated ambitious reforms as well. Zoning, dare we say, is becoming a fashionable topic of conversation even at the dinner table, and for a good reason: zoning has always been a deeply political and therefore debatable project but one that has artfully paraded as a mere technical tool. The purpose of M. Nolan Gray’s Arbitrary Lines is to show that zoning, which was invented more than a century ago to better our cities, improve living conditions, and reduce health hazards stemming from the coexistence of housing and polluting industry, has devolved into an arcane system of spatial division that seems to worsen the very problems its founders hoped to solve. Arbitrary Lines is a comprehensive, wellgrounded, and logically organized critique of the rigid and indeed arbitrary way in which Euclidean zoning structures our communities and shapes our lives. Elegantly written, concise, and witty, Gray’s book is a useful introduction to zoning’s history and current state, to its lofty original promises and its many current shortcomings. If you live outside the world of professional architects, landscape architects, urban designers, and planners and yet you wonder why our cities are built the way they are and if, further, you have time to read one book on the subject, Arbitrary Lines, with its engaging writing style, may well top your list. Although the quality and accessibility of prose is the book’s most admirable quality, most of the points that it so eloquently brings up are both valid and well known. Arbitrary Lines would work well as a reference for practitioners, citizens, and students who are relatively new to the subject. But its chief arguments have already been covered elsewhere in greater historical and theoretical depth. There is near-consensus in professional circles that how we have practiced zoning in the United States for a century contributes to sprawl, inflates housing prices, and serves as a tool of social and racial segregation and discrimination. Arbitrary Lines augments and enlivens these arguments, but it does not appear to bring many new ones. Here and there, the author appears to claim discovery, but the details are ambiguous. For example, we are told that if there is another zoning system in the world to learn from, “it’s the Japanese” (p. 122). Yet cities in other countries zone quite similarly to Japan, so it is not clear why only that example is highlighted. The book’s most provocative argument is that U.S. zoning is so compromised that it should be abolished altoge","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":"89 1","pages":"403 - 403"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42514066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}