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The Accidental Ecosystem: People and Wildlife in American Cities 意外的生态系统:美国城市中的人类和野生动物
IF 5.6 2区 经济学 Q1 REGIONAL & URBAN PLANNING Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174750
Margot Garcia
mate change adaptation, particularly in relation to land use in coastal or flood-prone areas. Elliott avoids the common argument for more individuals to purchase flood insurance, which would enlarge the pool and thus stabilize rates. Instead, she asks us to think beyond individual insurance as the only solution and toward how we can share our collective risks equitably in an increasingly hazardous landscape. The book moves the climate adaptation discussion from one focused solely on what areas are inhabitable and by whom to how we define what risk is and who is responsible for loss and deserving of support.
适应气候变化,特别是与沿海或洪水易发地区的土地利用有关。艾略特避免了让更多的人购买洪水保险的常见论点,因为这将扩大保险池,从而稳定利率。相反,她要求我们超越个人保险作为唯一的解决方案,思考如何在日益危险的环境中公平地分担我们的集体风险。这本书将气候适应的讨论从仅仅关注哪些地区适合居住以及谁适合居住转移到我们如何定义什么是风险,谁应该为损失负责,谁应该得到支持。
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引用次数: 0
American Dreams, American Nightmares: Culture & Crisis in Residential Real Estate From the Great Recession to the COVID-19 Pandemic 《美国梦,美国噩梦:从大衰退到新冠肺炎大流行的住宅房地产文化与危机
IF 5.6 2区 经济学 Q1 REGIONAL & URBAN PLANNING Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174369
Ivis García
REFERENCES Been, V., Ellen, I. G., & O’Regan, K. (2019). Supply skepticism: Housing supply and affordability. Housing Policy Debate, 29(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2018.1476899 Naess, P., Saglie, I., & Richardson, T. (2020). Urban sustainability: Is densification sufficient? European Planning Studies, 28(1), 146–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313. 2019.1604633 Zuk, M., & Chapple, K. (2016). Housing production, filtering and displacement: Untangling the relationship. University of California (IGS Research Brief)
参考文献Been,V.、Ellen,I.G.和O’Regan,K.(2019)。供应怀疑论:住房供应和可负担性。住房政策辩论,29(1),25-40。https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2018.1476899Naess,P.、Saglie,I.和Richardson,T.(2020)。城市可持续性:密集化足够吗?《欧洲规划研究》,28(1),146–165。https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1604633 Zuk,M.和Chapple,K.(2016)。住房生产、过滤和置换:解开关系。加州大学(IGS研究简报)
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引用次数: 0
In the Images of Development: City Design in the Global South 在发展的图像中:全球南方的城市设计
IF 5.6 2区 经济学 Q1 REGIONAL & URBAN PLANNING Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174345
Neema Kudva
the “guardian of the public interest” and the only power capable of both protecting people from unscrupulous landlords and maintaining the peaceful coexistence of a diverse populace. These two fundamental colonial commitments collide at each turn in Building Colonial Hong Kong, whether in the provision of sanitation infrastructure, the regulation of working-class housing, the construction of suburban garden cities, or the imposition of rent restrictions. One of Chu’s more arresting examples of this tension is the “Chinese house,” or tong lau, a tenement typology peculiar to Hong Kong. Early urban reformers in the colony routinely pathologized these buildings, blaming them and their inhabitants for the spread of disease. But tong lau were also highly lucrative real estate investments, and the colonial government simultaneously feared that excessive regulation would lower tax revenue. This resulted in a series of half-hearted attempts at reform, often with unintended or perverse consequences. For instance, new regulations requiring backyards were quickly subverted by the construction of tall kitchens at the rear of each lot, effectively producing smoke-filled air shafts. Despite their limited immediate impact, Hong Kong’s early efforts at reforming the tong lau ultimately influenced later housing initiatives, including the colony’s famed public housing program. Chu’s commitment to unearthing such unsuccessful but consequential planning experiments is one of the strongest aspects of the book. Chu also dwells on the repeated effort to establish “European reservations,” such as the well-known Peak district, which reflected similar dynamics. Though these reservations were partly inspired by racial animus, Chu explains how they also reflected residents’ desires to be insulated from the full force of the speculative real estate market. This put racial segregation in direct conflict with the colonial government’s liberal commitment to universal property rights and its need to maximize tax revenue through a competitive housing market. Thus, although parts of Hong Kong were divided into racially exclusive residential zones, they were not nearly so prevalent (or effective) as they might otherwise have been. As Chu persuasively argues, Hong Kong’s early planning was not purely a reflection of top-down colonial power. Both Chinese and European residents opportunistically deployed the contradictions inherent in the colonial project to achieve their own urban development objectives. For instance, Chinese landlords routinely invoked the universalist principles of capitalism and property rights as protection against racially discriminatory policies, and they just as often appealed to racial essentialisms to push back against indiscriminate colonial regulation. The ideological commitment to speculation also served to bridge some of Hong Kong’s racial divides; for instance, by uniting Chinese and European landlords against government regulation. In addition to its f
是“公共利益的守护者”,也是唯一一种既能保护人民免受无良地主之害,又能维持不同民众和平共处的权力。在建设殖民地香港的过程中,无论是在提供卫生基础设施、规范工人阶级住房、建设郊区花园城市还是实施租金限制方面,这两项基本的殖民承诺都会相互冲突。朱关于这种紧张关系的一个更引人注目的例子是“中国房子”,即香港特有的唐楼类型。殖民地早期的城市改革者经常将这些建筑病态化,将疾病的传播归咎于它们和它们的居民。但同劳也是利润丰厚的房地产投资,殖民地政府同时担心过度监管会降低税收。这导致了一系列三心二意的改革尝试,往往带来意想不到或反常的后果。例如,要求后院的新规定很快被每个地块后面建造的高厨房所颠覆,有效地产生了充满烟雾的通风井。尽管香港的直接影响有限,但其早期改革同劳的努力最终影响了后来的住房倡议,包括殖民地著名的公共住房计划。朱棣文致力于发掘这种不成功但后果重大的计划实验,这是本书最有力的方面之一。朱还详述了建立“欧洲保留地”的反复努力,比如著名的匹克区,这反映了类似的动态。尽管这些保留意见在一定程度上受到种族仇恨的启发,但朱解释说,它们也反映了居民希望与投机房地产市场隔绝的愿望。这使种族隔离与殖民政府对普遍财产权的自由承诺以及通过竞争激烈的住房市场实现税收最大化的需要直接冲突。因此,尽管香港部分地区被划分为种族隔离居住区,但这些地区并不像其他情况下那样普遍(或有效)。正如朱棣文令人信服地指出的那样,香港的早期规划并不仅仅是自上而下的殖民权力的反映。中欧居民都机会主义地利用殖民地计划中固有的矛盾来实现自己的城市发展目标。例如,中国地主经常援引资本主义和财产权的普遍主义原则来保护自己免受种族歧视政策的侵害,他们也经常诉诸种族本质主义来抵制不分青红皂白的殖民统治。对投机的意识形态承诺也有助于弥合香港的一些种族分歧;例如,通过联合中国和欧洲的地主反对政府监管。除了对规划历史的关注外,朱的分析还揭示了殖民地香港种族和阶级政治的交织发展。《建设殖民地香港》是研究殖民地城市化和规划的学者和学生的必读书目,但它也将吸引所有对城市规划在市场运作和追求社会正义中的作用感兴趣的人。鉴于资本主义住房制度的根本不平等仍然是由种族和阶级等问题界定的,朱的书对更广泛的读者来说意义重大,他们会发现殖民地香港与世界各地当代规划师面临的许多挑战有着挑衅性和令人不安的相似之处。
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引用次数: 0
The Greening of America’s Building Codes: Promises and Paradoxes 美国建筑规范的绿色化:承诺与悖论
IF 5.6 2区 经济学 Q1 REGIONAL & URBAN PLANNING Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174751
C. Andrews
studies by combining the Great Recession with the COVID-19 housing crisis and situating them within a larger historical framework. Although the book is U.S.-centric and does not provide much of an international comparison, overall, a strength is that the work provides an interdisciplinary investigation from cultural anthropology, history, sociology, economics, and political science. Daniel Horowitz’s unique perspective and insightful analysis of the market and its evolution over the years make it a great resource for planning students, faculty members, practitioners, policy analysts, and anyone looking to gain a better understanding of the state of the residential real estate industry. His clear and engaging writing style makes the book an accessible and enjoyable read, and his expertise and use of historical context make it an invaluable resource for anyone wishing to gain insights into the challenges and successes that come with the pursuit of the American Dream.
将大衰退与新冠肺炎住房危机结合起来,并将它们置于更大的历史框架中,进行研究。虽然这本书以美国为中心,没有提供太多的国际比较,但总的来说,它的优点是提供了文化人类学、历史学、社会学、经济学和政治学的跨学科研究。Daniel Horowitz对市场及其多年来演变的独特视角和深刻分析使其成为规划专业学生,教师,从业者,政策分析师以及任何希望更好地了解住宅房地产行业状况的人的重要资源。他清晰而引人入胜的写作风格使这本书读起来平易近人,令人愉快,他的专业知识和对历史背景的运用使它成为任何希望深入了解追求美国梦所带来的挑战和成功的人的宝贵资源。
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引用次数: 0
Remaking the American Dream: The Informal and Formal Transformation of Single-Family Housing Cities 重塑美国梦:独栋住宅城市的非正式和正式转型
IF 5.6 2区 经济学 Q1 REGIONAL & URBAN PLANNING Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174366
J. Wegmann
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引用次数: 1
Digital Participatory Planning: Citizen Engagement, Democracy, and Design 数字参与式规划:公民参与、民主和设计
IF 5.6 2区 经济学 Q1 REGIONAL & URBAN PLANNING Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174350
Matthew Wargent
tation, concentrates on specific cases reflecting experimental urbanism: Masdar City, an eco-city in Abu Dhabi, and Hong Kong’s smart city agenda. The apocalypse, the third section, portrays the results of the experiment, particularly considering the role of artificial intelligence (AI), where cities become autonomous, taking on lives of their own. At the end of Shelley’s Frankenstein, the protagonist must confront what he has produced and the consequences of his actions. The outcome of the experiment is a living, independent, and flawed creature that transforms into something he could not have anticipated. In Cugurullo’s Frankenstein, he examines the challenges of sustainability posed by so-called eco-cities and smart cities, highlighting the elements of their flawed condition. He then examines the growth of urban experiments related to advances in AI that encourage autonomous systems as components of city operations. Cugurullo describes the development of autonomous cities: Spaces, spawned from years of ecoand smart city experiments, in which varied forms of AI from robots to digital platforms execute urban behaviors that have typically been performed by humans. Cugurullo concludes by pointing to the end of the city, not in the sense of a worldwide catastrophe destroying urban development, but rather as the end of these places primarily organized, governed, and sensed by human intelligence. Though dealing with the future, Frankenstein Urbanism does not attempt to foretell it. Rather, the analysis of past and contemporary urban experiments helps to comprehend and critique the current directions of urban development patterns. Victor Frankenstein’s story serves as a cautionary tale: The outcome of Frankenstein’s experiment spirals out of control and proves fatal. Similarly, showing how the transition from ecoand smart to autonomous city planning is leading to the creation of urban environments that humans can only partially comprehend, manage, and, in some cases, be compatible with, Cugurullo warns us that cities and plan-making should exercise caution as they head into the future. He also contends that eventually, we all will need to adapt to the consequences of these experiments. Viewing city development through the lens of Shelley’s early science fiction makes for good storytelling as well as thoughtful analysis of the case studies of Masdar City and Hong Kong. Like many portrayals of future cities, this is a dystopian tale and a fascinating journey for planning practitioners or academics interested in the past, present, or future structure of cities. Cugurullo’s Frankenstein holds open the chances for us to better understand our assumptions, improve upon the science, or choose not to experiment at all. I do not think planners (or Frankenstein) should opt for the latter. Finally, Shelley’s comparison of Victor to Prometheus has interesting connotations for urban planners given that in Greek mythology, Prometheus (derived from forethinker) empow
tation,专注于反映实验性城市化的具体案例:阿布扎比的生态城市马斯达尔城和香港的智慧城市议程。启示录,第三部分,描述了实验的结果,特别是考虑到人工智能(AI)的作用,在人工智能中,城市变得自治,开始了自己的生活。在雪莱的《弗兰肯斯坦》的结尾,主人公必须面对他所产生的一切以及他的行为所带来的后果。实验的结果是一个活生生的、独立的、有缺陷的生物变成了他无法预料的东西。在库古鲁洛的《弗兰肯斯坦》中,他探讨了所谓的生态城市和智能城市带来的可持续性挑战,强调了它们存在缺陷的因素。然后,他研究了与人工智能进步相关的城市实验的发展,这些实验鼓励将自主系统作为城市运营的组成部分。库古鲁洛描述了自治城市的发展:空间,源于多年的生态和智能城市实验,从机器人到数字平台,各种形式的人工智能在其中执行通常由人类执行的城市行为。库古鲁洛最后指出了城市的终结,不是指一场破坏城市发展的世界性灾难,而是指这些主要由人类智慧组织、管理和感知的地方的终结。弗兰肯斯坦城市主义虽然涉及未来,但并没有试图预测未来。相反,对过去和当代城市实验的分析有助于理解和批判当前城市发展模式的方向。维克多·弗兰肯斯坦的故事是一个警示故事:弗兰肯斯坦实验的结果失控并被证明是致命的。同样,库古鲁洛警告我们,城市和规划制定者在走向未来时应谨慎行事,这表明从生态和智能城市规划向自治城市规划的转变如何导致人类只能部分理解、管理并在某些情况下与之兼容的城市环境的创建。他还认为,最终,我们都需要适应这些实验的结果。透过雪莱早期科幻小说的镜头来观察城市的发展,有助于很好地讲故事,也有助于对马斯达尔市和香港的案例研究进行深入分析。就像许多对未来城市的描绘一样,这是一个反乌托邦的故事,对于对城市的过去、现在或未来结构感兴趣的规划从业者或学者来说,这也是一段引人入胜的旅程。库古鲁洛的《弗兰肯斯坦》为我们更好地理解自己的假设、改进科学或选择根本不进行实验提供了机会。我认为规划者(或弗兰肯斯坦)不应该选择后者。最后,雪莱将维克多与普罗米修斯进行比较,这对城市规划者来说有着有趣的含义,因为在希腊神话中,普罗米修斯(源自于预先思考者)通过技术和知识赋予人类权力。前瞻性思维和赋权是规划者非常熟悉的话题,它提供的信息不像通常与弗兰肯斯坦的怪物联系在一起那样令人沮丧。
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引用次数: 7
Justice at Work: The Rise of Economic and Racial Justice Coalitions in Cities 工作中的正义:城市中经济和种族正义联盟的兴起
IF 5.6 2区 经济学 Q1 REGIONAL & URBAN PLANNING Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174753
Max Buchholz
while displacing the poor in the name of modernization. Saito demonstrates the pervasiveness and longevity of these practices as they directly provided the political and economic scaffolding for gentrification well into the 2000s. Local political officials directly underwrite the development of private projects that favor affluent communities, placing the “burden of redevelopment” on the poorest in the city and perpetuating long-standing histories of displacement (p. 41). Saito’s third contribution identifies a pivotal political opportunity in the 1990s under a changing political and demographic context in the city that helped give rise to a growth-with-equity coalition, a progressive force that unified labor unions, community organizations, faithbased groups, and residents in pursuit of equitable development. The coalition introduced a strategy that organized downtown communities threatened with displacement into the local political process of development. At the same time, the coalition mobilized to pressure developers receiving public subsidy to build with the needs of the communities they were displacing in mind, while scaling up their demands to pressure city officials to make equitable development a citywide standard. From these collective efforts grew the first community benefits agreements in the United States along with a broader policy framework and prolific community organizations, like Strategic Action for a Just Economy and the Los Angeles Community Action Network, that continue to shape progressive politics in Los Angeles today. This book speaks to multiple audiences, including scholars and practitioners working across disciplines and professions. It fills a gap in the history of downtown urban development, demonstrating how racial–spatial formation shapes the political landscape through which development plans are materialized and struggled over by various local actors. It complicates normative conceptualizations of the nature of redevelopment and the role of municipal policy in ongoing processes of racialization. For all audiences, this text calls us to critically interrogate development projects, especially those underwritten by public dollars, as well as corresponding narratives of modernization. It calls us to ask who such projects serve and who shoulders the costs of progress in gentrifying cities.
同时以现代化的名义驱逐穷人。斋藤证明了这些做法的普遍性和长期性,因为它们直接为21世纪初的绅士化提供了政治和经济框架。地方政治官员直接资助有利于富裕社区的私人项目的开发,将“重建的负担”强加给城市中最贫穷的人,并使长期的流离失所历史永久化(第41页)。斋藤的第三个贡献确定了20世纪90年代在该市不断变化的政治和人口背景下的一个关键政治机会,这有助于建立一个公平增长联盟,一支团结工会、社区组织、信仰团体和居民以追求公平发展的进步力量。该联盟引入了一项战略,将面临流离失所威胁的市中心社区组织到当地的政治发展进程中。与此同时,该联盟动员起来,向获得公共补贴的开发商施压,要求他们在建设时考虑到他们正在流离失所的社区的需求,同时扩大他们的要求,向市政府官员施压,要求其将公平发展作为全市标准。通过这些集体努力,美国形成了第一个社区福利协议,以及更广泛的政策框架和多产的社区组织,如“公正经济战略行动”和“洛杉矶社区行动网络”,这些组织继续塑造着今天洛杉矶的进步政治。这本书面向多个受众,包括跨学科和专业的学者和从业者。它填补了市中心城市发展史上的一个空白,展示了种族-空间形成如何塑造政治景观,通过政治景观,发展计划得以实现,并由不同的地方行为者进行斗争。它使重新开发的性质和市政政策在正在进行的种族化进程中的作用的规范概念化变得复杂。对于所有观众来说,本文要求我们批判性地审视发展项目,尤其是那些由公共资金资助的项目,以及相应的现代化叙事。它要求我们问这样的项目为谁服务,谁承担城市绅士化进程的成本。
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引用次数: 2
Underwater: Loss, Flood Insurance, and the Moral Economy of Climate Change in the United States 水下:损失、洪水保险和美国气候变化的道德经济
IF 5.6 2区 经济学 Q1 REGIONAL & URBAN PLANNING Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174347
M. Meyer
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引用次数: 0
Parks for Profit: Selling Nature in the City 以营利为目的的公园:出售城市中的自然
IF 5.6 2区 经济学 Q1 REGIONAL & URBAN PLANNING Pub Date : 2023-03-28 DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174348
A. Rigolon
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引用次数: 0
Frankenstein Urbanism: Eco, Smart and Autonomous Cities, Artificial Intelligence and the End of the City 弗兰肯斯坦城市主义:生态、智能和自治城市、人工智能和城市的终结
2区 经济学 Q1 REGIONAL & URBAN PLANNING Pub Date : 2023-03-07 DOI: 10.1080/01944363.2023.2174349
Thomas W. Sanchez
"Frankenstein Urbanism: Eco, Smart and Autonomous Cities, Artificial Intelligence and the End of the City." Journal of the American Planning Association, 89(2), pp. 261–262 Additional informationNotes on contributorsThomas W. SanchezTHOMAS W. SANCHEZ is professor of urban affairs and planning at Virginia Tech. His interests include cities, justice, technology, and scholarly impact.
“弗兰肯斯坦城市主义:生态、智能和自治城市、人工智能和城市的终结。”作者简介:thomas W. SANCHEZ,弗吉尼亚理工大学城市事务与规划专业教授,他的研究领域包括城市、司法、技术和学术影响。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of the American Planning Association
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