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Food sovereignty via the ‘peasant way’: a sceptical view 通过“农民方式”实现粮食主权:一个怀疑的观点
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2014-10-15 DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2013.852082
H. Bernstein
This paper attempts to identify and assess some of the key elements that ‘frame’ food sovereignty (FS): (1) a comprehensive attack on corporate industrialised agriculture, and its ecological consequences, in the current moment of globalisation, (2) advocacy of a (the) ‘peasant way’ as the basis of a sustainable and socially just food system, and (3) a programme to realise that world-historical goal. While sharing some of the concerns of (1), I am sceptical about (2) because of how FS conceives ‘peasants’, and the claim of some of its leading advocates that small producers who practice agroecological farming – understood as low (external)-input and labour-intensive – can feed the world. This connects with an argument that FS is incapable of constructing a feasible programme (3) to connect the activities of small farmers with the food needs of non-farmers, whose numbers are growing both absolutely and as a proportion of the world's population.
本文试图识别和评估“构建”粮食主权(FS)的一些关键要素:(1)在全球化的当前时刻对企业工业化农业及其生态后果的全面攻击,(2)倡导“农民方式”作为可持续和社会公正的粮食系统的基础,以及(3)实现世界历史目标的计划。虽然我对(1)有一些担忧,但我对(2)持怀疑态度,因为FS对“农民”的看法,以及它的一些主要倡导者声称,实行农业生态农业的小生产者——被理解为低(外部)投入和劳动密集型——可以养活世界。这与一种观点相联系,即FS无法构建一个可行的计划(3),将小农的活动与非农业人口的粮食需求联系起来,非农业人口的数量无论是绝对数量还是占世界人口的比例都在增长。
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引用次数: 313
Introduction: critical perspectives on food sovereignty 导言:对粮食主权的批判观点
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2014-10-15 DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2014.963568
M. Edelman, T. Weis, A. Baviskar, S. Borras, E. Holt-gimenez, D. Kandiyoti, Wendy Wolford
Visions of food sovereignty have been extremely important in helping to galvanize broad-based and diverse movements around the need for radical changes in agro-food systems. Yet while food sovereignty has thrived as a ‘dynamic process’, until recently there has been insufficient attention to many thorny questions, such as its origins, its connection to other food justice movements, its relation to rights discourses, the roles of markets and states and the challenges of implementation. This essay contributes to food sovereignty praxis by pushing the process of critical self-reflection forward and considering its relation to critical agrarian studies – and vice versa.
粮食主权的愿景在帮助激发围绕农业粮食系统彻底变革的需要开展基础广泛和多样化的运动方面极为重要。然而,尽管粮食主权作为一个“动态过程”蓬勃发展,但直到最近,对许多棘手问题的关注还不够,例如它的起源、它与其他粮食正义运动的联系、它与权利话语的关系、市场和国家的作用以及实施的挑战。本文通过推动批判性自我反思的过程并考虑其与批判性农业研究的关系来促进粮食主权实践,反之亦然。
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引用次数: 207
Farmers, foodies and First Nations: getting to food sovereignty in Canada 农民、吃货和原住民:加拿大的食物主权
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2014-10-15 DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2013.876623
A. Desmarais, Hannah Wittman
This paper examines how the concept and framework of food sovereignty has been incorporated in food policy agendas across diverse sectors of Canadian society, particularly in the work and discourse of the National Farmers Union, Québec's Union Paysanne, Food Secure Canada and movements for Indigenous food sovereignty. This analysis highlights both the challenges to conceptualizing food sovereignty and the tensions in defining inclusive policies that engage with food sovereignty at distinct, and often overlapping, scales. We critically assess how the ‘unity in diversity’ principle of food sovereignty functions in the Canadian context, paying particular attention to the policy implications of debates about the meaning of food sovereignty. What is most evident in examining the demands of a wide range of actors using food sovereignty language in Canada is a shared aim to reclaim a public voice in shaping the food system and a growing convergence around ideals of social justice, environmental sustainability and diversity. But, if food sovereignty is about fundamental transformation of the food system, it is yet in initial stages in this country.
本文探讨了食品主权的概念和框架如何被纳入加拿大社会不同部门的食品政策议程,特别是在全国农民联盟、qusambec的Paysanne联盟、加拿大食品安全和土著食品主权运动的工作和话语中。这一分析既强调了概念化粮食主权的挑战,也强调了在不同且往往重叠的尺度上定义涉及粮食主权的包容性政策时的紧张关系。我们批判性地评估食品主权的“多样性统一”原则如何在加拿大的背景下发挥作用,特别关注关于食品主权含义的辩论的政策影响。在审查加拿大使用食品主权语言的广泛参与者的要求时,最明显的是一个共同的目标,即在塑造食品系统方面重新获得公众声音,以及围绕社会正义、环境可持续性和多样性的理想日益趋同。但是,如果粮食主权是关于粮食系统的根本变革,那么在这个国家,它还处于初级阶段。
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引用次数: 207
Food sovereignty in Ecuador: peasant struggles and the challenge of institutionalization 厄瓜多尔的粮食主权:农民斗争和制度化的挑战
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2014-10-15 DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2014.938057
Isabella Giunta
The Ecuadorian Constitution (2008) declared food sovereignty a strategic goal and a government obligation, embracing many of the proposals put forth since the late 1990s by Ecuadorian federations linked to Vía Campesina. The issue of food sovereignty has expanded from the inner circles of peasant organizations to the wider context of the whole Ecuadorian society. The paper provides an overview of this process, describing the collective actions that made it possible. Moreover, it attempts to explain the reasons why the ‘Agrarian Revolution’ is currently evaluated as weak, and the motivations for a gap between constitutional mandates and the ongoing official policies.
厄瓜多尔宪法(2008年)宣布粮食主权是一项战略目标和政府义务,包含了自20世纪90年代末以来与Vía Campesina相关的厄瓜多尔联盟提出的许多建议。粮食主权问题已从农民组织的内部圈子扩大到整个厄瓜多尔社会的更广泛范围。本文概述了这一过程,描述了使之成为可能的集体行动。此外,它试图解释为什么“土地革命”目前被评估为软弱的原因,以及宪法授权与正在进行的官方政策之间存在差距的动机。
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引用次数: 84
Toward a political geography of food sovereignty: transforming territory, exchange and power in the liberal sovereign state 走向粮食主权的政治地理:自由主义主权国家中领土、交换和权力的转变
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2014-10-15 DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2014.937339
A. Trauger
The failures of food security and other policies to guarantee the right to food motivate the calls for the radical reforms to the food system called for by food sovereignty. Food sovereignty narratives identify neoliberal state policies and global capital as the source of the food insecurity, and seek new rights for producers and consumers. However, the nature of territorial state power and the juridical structures of the (neo)liberal state may mute the more radical aims of food sovereignty. An engagement with literature on liberal sovereignty illustrates the primacy of the neoliberal market to the exercise of liberal sovereignty by the modern nation-state. The rights of the state to govern trade, often in the interests of capital, and the rights of trade and commerce often trump the citizen's right to food. Reading political theory against the practice of food sovereignty offers insight into solutions for food sovereignty that work within, against and in between the powers of the sovereign liberal state. These include reframing property rights as use rights, engaging in non-commodified food exchanges and practicing civil disobedience to usher in reforms without compromising on essential elements of the food sovereignty agenda.
粮食安全和其他保障食物权的政策的失败促使人们呼吁对粮食主权所要求的粮食系统进行彻底改革。粮食主权叙事将新自由主义国家政策和全球资本视为粮食不安全的根源,并为生产者和消费者寻求新的权利。然而,领土国家权力的性质和(新)自由主义国家的司法结构可能会使粮食主权的更激进的目标变得沉默。与自由主义主权文献的接触说明了新自由主义市场在现代民族国家行使自由主义主权方面的首要地位。国家管理贸易的权利往往是为了资本的利益,贸易和商业的权利往往高于公民的食物权。阅读反对粮食主权实践的政治理论,可以洞察粮食主权的解决方案,这些解决方案在主权自由国家的权力内部、反对和之间发挥作用。这些措施包括将财产权重新定义为使用权,参与非商品粮食交换,实行公民不服从,在不损害粮食主权议程基本要素的情况下进行改革。
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引用次数: 90
What place for international trade in food sovereignty? 国际贸易在粮食主权中的地位是什么?
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2014-10-15 DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2013.876995
K. Burnett, S. Murphy
International agricultural commodity trade is central to the livelihoods of millions of farmers across the globe, and to most countries' food security strategies. Yet global trade policies are contributing to food insecurity and are undermining livelihoods. Food Sovereignty emerged in part as the articulation of resistance to the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) and the imposition of multilateral trade disciplines on domestic agriculture policy. While not explicitly rejecting trade, the food sovereignty movement is identified with a strong preference for local markets. It challenges existing international trade structures, and on the whole its official position on trade remains ambiguous. We argue that trade remains important to the realization of the livelihoods of small-scale producers, including peasants active in the Food Sovereignty movement. It also matters for food security. That it remains underexplored by the movement risks marginalizing millions of smallholder producers, and risks overlooking opportunities to shape trade rules along more food sovereign lines. The authors suggest further development of the movement's position on trade is strategically important.
国际农产品贸易对全球数百万农民的生计和大多数国家的粮食安全战略至关重要。然而,全球贸易政策正在加剧粮食不安全,破坏生计。粮食主权的出现在一定程度上是对世界贸易组织《农业协定》(AoA)的抵制和对国内农业政策强加多边贸易纪律的表达。虽然没有明确反对贸易,但粮食主权运动被认为是对当地市场的强烈偏好。中国对现有的国际贸易结构提出了挑战,总体而言,中国在贸易问题上的官方立场仍然模棱两可。我们认为,贸易对于实现小规模生产者的生计仍然很重要,包括积极参与粮食主权运动的农民。这也关系到粮食安全。这场运动仍未充分探索这一问题,可能会使数百万小农生产者被边缘化,也可能会忽视按照更多粮食主权路线塑造贸易规则的机会。作者认为,进一步发展该运动在贸易方面的立场具有重要的战略意义。
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引用次数: 163
Farmers' rights and food sovereignty: critical insights from India 农民权利和粮食主权:来自印度的重要见解
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2014-10-15 DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2014.937338
Karine Peschard
Farmers' access to and rights over seeds are the very pillars of agriculture, and thus represent an essential component of food sovereignty. Three decades after the term farmers' rights was first coined, there now exists a broad consensus that this new category of rights is historically grounded and imperative in the current context of the expansion of intellectual property rights (IPRs) over plant varieties. However, the issue of their realization has proven so thorny that even researchers and activists who are sympathetic to farmers' rights now express growing skepticism regarding their usefulness. In this article, I explore this debate through a case study of India's unique Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights (PPV&FR) Act. Based on an analysis of advances and setbacks in implementing the PPV&FR Act and a discussion of other relevant pieces of legislation, I argue that the politics of biodiversity and IPRs in India in recent years has been characteristic of the cunning state, and that this has seriously compromised the meaningful implementation of farmers' rights.
农民获得和拥有种子的权利是农业的支柱,因此是粮食主权的重要组成部分。在首次提出农民权利一词30年后,人们普遍认为,这一新的权利类别具有历史基础,在当前植物品种知识产权扩张的背景下是必要的。然而,它们的实现问题已经被证明是如此棘手,以至于即使是同情农民权利的研究人员和活动家现在也越来越怀疑它们的用处。在本文中,我通过对印度独特的《植物品种和农民权利保护法》(PPV&FR)的案例研究来探讨这一争论。基于对实施PPV&FR法案的进展和挫折的分析,以及对其他相关立法的讨论,我认为近年来印度的生物多样性和知识产权政治具有狡猾国家的特征,这严重损害了农民权利的有意义实施。
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引用次数: 27
Food sovereignty, food security and democratic choice: critical contradictions, difficult conciliations 粮食主权、粮食安全和民主选择:关键矛盾,艰难调和
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2014-10-15 DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2013.876996
B. Agarwal
In recent years, the concept of ‘food sovereignty’ has gained increasing ground among grassroots groups, taking the form of a global movement. But there is no uniform conceptualization of what food sovereignty constitutes. Indeed, the definition has been expanding over time. It has moved from its initial focus on national self-sufficiency in food production (‘the right of nations’) to local self-sufficiency (‘the rights of peoples’). There is also a growing emphasis on the rights of women and other disadvantaged groups, and on consensus building and democratic choice. This paper provides a critique of some of the major tenets of the food sovereignty movement. It recognizes that many developing countries may wish to pursue the goal of self-sufficiency in the context of the global food crises, and that it is important to promote social equality and democratic choice. Taken together, however, there can be serious contradictions between the key features of the food sovereignty vision, such as between the goals of national and local food self-sufficiency; between promoting food crops and a farmer's freedom to choose to what extent to farm, which crops to grow, and how to grow them; between strengthening family farming and achieving gender equality; and between collective and individual rights, especially over land ownership. The paper also reflects on the ways in which some of the food sovereignty goals could be better achieved through innovative institutional change, without sacrificing an individual's freedom to choose.
近年来,“粮食主权”的概念在草根团体中越来越受欢迎,并以全球运动的形式出现。但是对于食物主权的构成并没有统一的概念。事实上,随着时间的推移,这个定义一直在扩大。它已经从最初的关注国家粮食生产的自给自足(“国家的权利”)转变为地方的自给自足(“人民的权利”)。人们还日益强调妇女和其他处境不利群体的权利以及建立协商一致意见和民主选择。本文提供了一些粮食主权运动的主要原则的批评。它认识到许多发展中国家可能希望在全球粮食危机的背景下追求自给自足的目标,并认识到促进社会平等和民主选择是重要的。然而,总的来说,粮食主权愿景的关键特征之间可能存在严重矛盾,例如国家和地方粮食自给自足的目标之间;在推广粮食作物和农民自由选择耕种程度、种植何种作物以及如何种植之间;加强家庭农业与实现性别平等之间的关系;在集体权利和个人权利之间,特别是在土地所有权方面。本文还思考了在不牺牲个人选择自由的情况下,通过创新的制度变革更好地实现某些粮食主权目标的方式。
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引用次数: 254
The government of poverty and the arts of survival: mobile and recombinant strategies at the margins of the South African economy 贫困政府和生存艺术:南非经济边缘的流动和重组战略
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2014-09-03 DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2014.894910
A. du Toit, D. Neves
The paper is concerned with marginal populations affected by the ‘truncated agrarian transitions’ of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries: people displaced out of land-based employment without reasonable prospects for accumulation in the non-farm economy. It analyses the forms of economic agency of people living in the migrant routes and networks connecting the shantytowns of Cape Town and the rural Eastern Cape in South Africa. It describes the artful and hybrid nature of their livelihood strategies – strategies that involve the integration from ‘below’ of urban and rural spaces, formal and informal income, and which simultaneously take shape outside the regulatory spaces conferred by the state, and make use of the rights and opportunities created by law and formality. Far from being reduced to the ‘outcast’ condition of ‘bare life’, marginalized and poor people in South Africa pursue inventive strategies on uneven terrain, cutting across the dichotomies of official discourse and teleological analysis. This allows a more nuanced analysis of the nature and specificity of the agrarian transition in South Africa.
这篇论文关注的是受20世纪和21世纪“截断式农业转型”影响的边缘人口:人们失去了以土地为基础的就业,没有在非农业经济中积累的合理前景。它分析了生活在连接开普敦棚户区和南非东开普省农村的移民路线和网络上的人们的经济代理形式。它描述了他们的生计策略的巧妙和混合性质——这些策略涉及从“下面”整合城市和农村空间、正式和非正式收入,同时在国家授予的监管空间之外形成,并利用法律和形式创造的权利和机会。南非的边缘化和贫困人口远没有沦落到“被抛弃”的“赤裸裸的生活”状态,而是在不平坦的地形上追求创造性的策略,跨越官方话语和目的论分析的二分法。这使得对南非农业转型的性质和特殊性进行更细致的分析成为可能。
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引用次数: 63
‘Like gold with yield’: evolving intersections between farmland and finance “像黄金一样有收益”:农田和金融之间不断演变的交叉点
IF 5.1 1区 社会学 Q1 ANTHROPOLOGY Pub Date : 2014-09-03 DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2013.873977
Madeleine Fairbairn
Since 2007, capital markets have acquired a newfound interest in agricultural land as a portfolio investment. This phenomenon is examined through the theoretical lens of financialization. On the surface the trend resembles a sort of financialization in reverse – many new investments involve agricultural production in addition to land ownership. Farmland also fits well into current financial discourses, which emphasize getting the right kind of exposure to long-term agricultural trends and ‘value investing’ in genuinely productive companies. However, capital markets' current affinity for farmland also represents significant continuity with the financialization era, particularly in the treatment of land as a financial asset. Capital gains are central to current farmland investments, both as a source of inflation hedging growth and of potentially large speculative profits. New types of farmland investment management organizations (FIMOs) are emerging, including from among large farmland operators that formerly valued land primarily as a productive asset. Finally, the first tentative steps toward the securitization of farmland demonstrate the potential for a much more complete financialization of farmland in the future.
自2007年以来,资本市场对农业用地作为一种组合投资产生了新的兴趣。这一现象是通过金融化的理论视角来审视的。从表面上看,这种趋势类似于一种相反的金融化——除了土地所有权之外,许多新的投资还涉及农业生产。农田也非常符合当前的金融话语,这些话语强调对长期农业趋势进行适当的投资,并对真正有生产力的公司进行“价值投资”。然而,资本市场目前对农田的亲和力也代表了与金融化时代的重大连续性,特别是在将土地视为金融资产方面。资本收益是当前农田投资的核心,既是通胀对冲增长的来源,也是潜在的巨额投机利润的来源。新型农田投资管理组织(FIMOs)正在兴起,其中包括以前主要将土地视为生产性资产的大型农田经营者。最后,农地证券化的初步试探性步骤显示了未来农地更完全金融化的潜力。
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引用次数: 304
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Journal of Peasant Studies
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