Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献_第10页

When insignificance is significant: Rethinking race, immigration, and the myth of victim reluctance to report to police and use victim services 当不重要是重要的：重新思考种族，移民，以及受害者不愿向警察报告和使用受害者服务的神话

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102511

Hyunjung Shim, Sarayu Cheemalapati

Public discourse often portrays victims of racial, ethnic, or immigrant minorities as more reluctant to engage in police or seek further help. Yet, this perception remains largely unexamined through empirical research. This study tests the correlates of police notification and victim service utilization among victims of violence, with particular focus on how race/ethnicity and immigration status—key components of sociostructural positioning—interact. Drawing on the Multilevel, Contextualized Help-Seeking Model, we analyzed data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) from 2017 to 2023. We estimate multilevel logistic models of police reporting and service use, while accounting for selection bias in the victim sample. Findings reveal that Black victims generally had higher odds of notifying police than White victims. However, this trend reverses for Black foreign-born citizens, who were significantly less likely to report. Asian non-citizens, conversely, were nearly ten times more likely to use victim services than White citizens. Weapon involvement was linked to higher odds of police reporting, while incident severity was associated with greater service use. Series-victimization was associated with lower odds of police reporting, but higher odds of service use. These results challenge the prevailing assumption that racial and ethnic minorities are uniformly less likely to seek help and suggest that targeted public policy solutions can effectively promote help-seeking, especially among immigrant populations.

公共话语经常将少数种族、族裔或移民的受害者描绘成更不愿意与警察接触或寻求进一步帮助的人。然而，这种看法在很大程度上仍未经实证研究检验。本研究测试了暴力受害者中警察通知和受害者服务利用之间的相关性，特别关注种族/民族和移民身份（社会结构定位的关键组成部分）如何相互作用。利用多层次情境化求助模型，我们分析了2017年至2023年国家犯罪受害调查（NCVS）的数据。我们估计了警察报告和服务使用的多层次逻辑模型，同时考虑了受害者样本中的选择偏差。调查结果显示，黑人受害者通常比白人受害者报告警察的几率更高。然而，在外国出生的黑人公民中，这一趋势正好相反，他们报告的可能性要低得多。相反，亚裔非公民使用受害者服务的可能性几乎是白人公民的10倍。使用武器与警察报告的几率较高有关，而事件严重程度与更多的服务使用有关。系列受害与警察报告的几率较低有关，但与服务使用的几率较高有关。这些结果挑战了普遍的假设，即种族和少数民族都不太可能寻求帮助，并表明有针对性的公共政策解决方案可以有效地促进寻求帮助，特别是在移民人群中。

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引用次数: 0

Program outcomes in a light-touch prosecutor-led misdemeanor diversion program 项目结果是由检察官主导的轻罪转移项目

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102498

Alexa Cinque , Matthew Epperson , Rachel Garthe , Hannah Lee , Leon Sawh

While misdemeanors are generally classified as less serious than felonies, misdemeanor convictions still carry significant collateral consequences. Prior scholarship has also documented the racial, economic, and spatial disparities inherent to misdemeanor enforcement. In recent years, prosecutors have pursued diversion programming as a strategy to reduce the negative harms of conviction and incarceration for individuals and communities. This study examines the program outcomes for a prosecutor-led misdemeanor diversion program (MDP) in a large, midwestern county and whether MDP completion is associated with reduced recidivism. Administrative data from 4,167 individuals enrolled in MDP between August 2012 and August 2018 were analyzed. Data on arrests and sentencing were obtained from a state criminal justice agency and matched with MDP records. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess post-program arrest and incarceration outcomes, including a subsample with three or more years of post-program data. Most participants completed MDP (86.2 %), leading to dismissal of charges. Completion was significantly associated with reduced odds of subsequent arrest (aOR = 0.27) and conviction (aOR = 0.25). Among those with at least three years of follow-up, MDP completion remained significantly associated with reduced arrests (aOR = 0.23) and incarceration (aOR = 0.28). This study also considers the benefits of implementing a light-touch, short-term diversion program for misdemeanors within the broader context of policing practices, racial disparities, and implications for public safety. Overall, MDP completion is associated with reductions in recidivism, suggesting that light-touch diversion programs may be one strategy for disrupting cycles of involvement in the criminal legal system.

虽然轻罪通常被归类为没有重罪严重，但轻罪定罪仍然会带来严重的附带后果。先前的学术研究也记录了在轻罪执法中固有的种族、经济和空间差异。近年来，检察官一直在推行转移计划，作为一种策略，以减少定罪和监禁对个人和社区的负面伤害。本研究考察了中西部一个大县由检察官主导的轻罪转移项目（MDP）的项目结果，以及MDP的完成是否与减少再犯有关。分析了2012年8月至2018年8月期间参加MDP的4167人的管理数据。逮捕和量刑的数据是从国家刑事司法机构获得的，并与民主党的记录相匹配。多变量逻辑回归用于评估项目后的逮捕和监禁结果，包括项目后三年或更长时间数据的子样本。大多数参与者完成了MDP(86.2%)，导致了指控的撤销。完成治疗与随后被捕（aOR = 0.27）和定罪（aOR = 0.25）的几率降低显著相关。在随访至少3年的患者中，完成MDP仍与减少逮捕（aOR = 0.23）和监禁（aOR = 0.28）显著相关。本研究还考虑了在更广泛的警务实践、种族差异和公共安全影响的背景下，对轻罪实施轻触式短期转移计划的好处。总体而言，MDP的完成与再犯的减少有关，这表明轻触式转移计划可能是破坏刑事法律系统中参与循环的一种策略。

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引用次数: 0

Guns do kill people: Novel global evidence on the cross-national relationship between gun ownership and (gun) homicide 枪支确实会杀人：关于拥有枪支和（枪支）杀人之间跨国关系的最新全球证据

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102512

Tibor Rutar

Despite recent advances, the existing macro-social, cross-national research on whether gun ownership exacerbates (gun) homicide remains unsettled. Studies report positive, negative, and null results. This is in part due to pervasive methodological issues like small sample sizes, inappropriate modelling and sparse controls for confounding, crude measures of gun ownership, and not differentiating between gun homicide and total homicide rates. This paper presents a novel estimation strategy performed on a new cross-national dataset covering more than 100 countries and spanning 2000–2019, which is by far the largest global sample to date. Using the validated proxy of gun ownership (percentage of gun suicides), both simple cross-sectional as well as Mundlak-corrected, correlated random-effects models – which are robust to time-invariant, country-specific heterogeneity – consistently show evidence of a statistically significant, positive, and sizable effect on gun homicide. This result survives a battery of robustness tests, different controls, and an alternative measure of gun ownership. However, I find no support for the existence of a significant relationship between gun ownership and the total homicide rate.

尽管最近取得了进展，现有的宏观社会，跨国研究是否枪支所有权加剧（枪支）杀人仍然悬而未决。研究报告阳性、阴性和无效结果。这在一定程度上是由于普遍存在的方法问题，比如样本量小、建模不当、对枪支拥有率的混淆和粗糙测量的控制稀疏，以及没有区分涉枪杀人和总杀人率。本文提出了一种新的估计策略，该策略基于一个新的跨国数据集，涵盖100多个国家，跨越2000-2019年，这是迄今为止最大的全球样本。使用有效的枪支拥有率（枪支自杀的百分比），无论是简单的横截面模型，还是蒙德拉克校正的相关随机效应模型——这些模型对时间不变的、特定国家的异质性都是稳健的——都一致显示出统计上显著的、积极的、相当大的对枪支杀人的影响。这一结果经受住了一系列的稳健性测试、不同的控制措施和另一种枪支所有权衡量标准的考验。然而，我没有发现任何证据支持枪支拥有率和总凶杀率之间存在显著关系。

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引用次数: 0

Mobility-based neighborhood disadvantage and crime in Houston 基于流动性的社区劣势和休斯顿的犯罪率

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102508

Ling Wu , Claire Seungeun Lee , Chunwu Zhu

Objectives

This study examines the relationship between complex human mobility patterns, neighborhood disadvantage, and crime levels. It operates on the premise that a neighborhood's well-being is shaped not only by static socioeconomic factors but also by the dynamic movement of urban residents. These mobility patterns link neighborhoods to the conditions of both the places their residents visit and those visited by others, forming an interconnected network of influences.

Methods

This study leverages large-scale geocoded cell phone tracking data, along with socioeconomic and crime data, to measure mobility-based neighborhood disadvantage and examine its relationship with violent and property crimes in Houston.

Results

The findings indicate that mobility-based disadvantage is a significant independent predictor of violent and property crimes, even after controlling for residential socioeconomic factors and spatial proximity measures of neighborhood disadvantage.

Conclusions

This highlights the significant impact of structural mobility patterns on neighborhood well-being, with potential implications that extend beyond crime to areas such as community capacity and inequality.

目的本研究探讨了复杂的人类流动模式、社区劣势和犯罪水平之间的关系。它的运作前提是，一个社区的福祉不仅受到静态社会经济因素的影响，还受到城市居民动态流动的影响。这些流动模式将社区与其居民访问的地方和其他人访问的地方的条件联系起来，形成一个相互关联的影响网络。本研究利用大规模地理编码的手机跟踪数据，以及社会经济和犯罪数据，来衡量基于流动性的社区劣势，并研究其与休斯顿暴力和财产犯罪的关系。结果研究结果表明，即使在控制了居住社会经济因素和邻里劣势的空间邻近度量之后，基于流动性的劣势仍然是暴力和财产犯罪的重要独立预测因子。这突出了结构性流动模式对社区福祉的重大影响，其潜在影响超出了犯罪，延伸到社区能力和不平等等领域。

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引用次数: 0

Justice by privilege? Social inequality in waivers of prosecution among youth. 特权正义？在青少年中放弃起诉的社会不平等。

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102497

Anna Kahlmeter, Olof Bäckman

While equality before the law is a fundamental democratic principle, some disparities in justice delivery are intentional. For example, the sentencing of young offenders has long been the subject of special consideration in the Swedish criminal justice system. This study investigates social inequality based on socioeconomic status in Swedish youths´ access to a waiver of prosecution before and after a youth justice reform, which, among other things, aimed to increase waivers of prosecution. It further explores how socioeconomic status, gender and ethnic background interact and how this relates to youths' chances of being processed with minimal intervention. Findings demonstrate that youths with highly educated parents are more likely to have their cases diverted from a sanction. Still, inequality only appeared after the 2007 youth justice reform. While diversion away from penal sanctions increased for all youths after the reform, the increase was more substantial for youths whose parents had higher levels of education. This suggests that justice-response disparities arose as a knock-on effect of the youth policy reform. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the influence of parental socioeconomic status is more substantial for girls and youths with Western backgrounds. These findings are discussed in relation to theories of sentencing decisions, intersectionality and a resource perspective.

虽然法律面前人人平等是一项基本的民主原则，但司法执行中的一些差异是有意为之。例如，对年轻罪犯的判决长期以来一直是瑞典刑事司法系统特别考虑的问题。本研究调查了基于社会经济地位的瑞典青年在青年司法改革之前和之后获得起诉豁免的社会不平等现象，该改革除其他外，旨在增加起诉豁免。它进一步探讨了社会经济地位、性别和种族背景如何相互作用，以及这与青少年在最少干预的情况下被处理的机会有何关系。调查结果表明，父母受过高等教育的年轻人更有可能将他们的案件转移到制裁之外。然而，不平等现象是在2007年青年司法改革之后才出现的。虽然改革后所有青少年逃避刑事制裁的行为都有所增加，但对于父母受教育程度较高的青少年来说，这种增加更为显著。这表明，司法反应差异的出现是青年政策改革的连锁反应。此外，研究结果表明，父母社会经济地位对西方背景的女孩和青少年的影响更大。这些发现讨论了量刑决定的理论，交叉性和资源的观点。

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引用次数: 0

Male single-victim sexual homicide arrestees in the U.S.: An exploratory latent class analysis 美国男性单一受害者性杀人被捕者：一种探索性潜在阶级分析

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102500

Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan , Wade C. Myers

Sexual homicide offenders (SHOs) have been widely acknowledged to be a heterogenous offender population, including those male offenders who perpetrated against only one single victim. Since 2010, to our knowledge, 13 empirically-derived offender classifications of nonserial or single-victim (SV) male SHOs have been identified. The present study has two objectives: (1) to provide a review of these offender classifications for context, and (2) to develop a statistical classification of male SV SHOs using the U.S. FBI's Supplementary Homicide Reports database that spanned over a 47-year period (1976–2022). A latent class analysis (LCA) was computed to detect subtypes of male SHOs in a large sample of 3204 offenders. Findings of the LCA identified six unique classes of male SHOs: (1) young victim sexual murderers, (2) homosexual sexual murderers, (3) older victim sexual murderers, (4) female young adult victim sexual murderers, (5) White intra-racial sexual murderers, and (6) Black intra-racial sexual murderers. The distinguishing features of these six classes were the offender's racial group and weapon used; the victim's sex, age, and racial groups; the victim-offender relationship; and the geographical urbanness level of crime location. This empirically-derived offender classification can be informative for law enforcement and other investigative and security professionals.

性杀人罪犯（SHOs）被广泛认为是一个异质的罪犯群体，包括那些只对一个受害者实施犯罪的男性罪犯。自2010年以来，据我们所知，已经确定了13种非连环或单一受害者（SV）男性SHOs的经验衍生罪犯分类。本研究有两个目的：(1)为背景提供这些罪犯分类的回顾；(2)利用美国联邦调查局的补充杀人报告数据库，在47年期间（1976-2022）建立男性SV SHOs的统计分类。在3204名犯罪者的大样本中，计算了潜在类分析（LCA）来检测男性SHOs亚型。LCA的研究结果确定了六种不同类型的男性SHOs:(1)年轻的性谋杀受害者，(2)同性恋性谋杀受害者，(3)年长的性谋杀受害者，(4)年轻的女性性谋杀受害者，(5)种族内的白人性谋杀者，(6)种族内的黑人性谋杀者。这六个类别的显著特征是罪犯的种族和使用的武器；受害者的性别、年龄和种族；被害人-罪犯关系；以及犯罪地点的地理城市化程度。这种经验衍生的罪犯分类可以为执法和其他调查和安全专业人员提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Does time heal all? Evaluating the effect of time since conviction on employability 时间能治愈一切吗？评估定罪后的时间对就业能力的影响

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102496

Chae M. Jaynes, Mateus Rennó Santos, Danielle M. Thomas, Katelyn N. Smith

This study evaluates whether a longer time since conviction improves managers' willingness to callback (WCB) job applicants with a criminal record. We surveyed hiring managers and implemented a vignette experiment, manipulating time since conviction and offense type. We also presented managers with redemption research evidence that time since conviction reduces recidivism risk. We found a positive association between time since conviction and WCB. However, there were nuances by crime type where time had a positive effect for applicants who committed unspecified or non-violent crimes but did not have an effect for violent offenses. Exposure to redemption research had a positive impact on managers' WCB, an effect which was strongest for a violent offense. Cumulatively, these findings indicate that time and exposure to research evidence can reduce barriers to employment for those with a record. Findings highlight the importance of translational criminology. Policy implications and future directions are discussed.

这项研究评估了定罪后较长的时间是否会提高管理者召回有犯罪记录的求职者的意愿。我们调查了招聘经理，并实施了一个小插曲实验，操纵了定罪和犯罪类型的时间。我们还向管理人员提供了赎罪研究证据，证明定罪后的时间会降低再犯风险。我们发现定罪后的时间与WCB呈正相关。然而，不同的犯罪类型有细微差别，时间对犯下未指明罪行或非暴力罪行的申请人有积极影响，但对暴力罪行没有影响。参与赎回研究对管理者的WCB有正向影响，对暴力犯罪的影响最大。总的来说，这些发现表明，时间和接触研究证据可以减少有案底者的就业障碍。研究结果强调了翻译犯罪学的重要性。讨论了政策影响和未来方向。

引用次数: 0

Child sexual abuse in the catholic church: A scoping review of characteristics, prevalence, and explanatory factors 天主教会中的儿童性虐待：特征、流行程度和解释因素的范围审查

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102499

Edoardo Cocco , Yuji Z. Hashimoto , Julien Chopin

This scoping review examines the academic literature on child sexual abuse (CSA) within the Catholic Church. Although clerical CSA has received significant global attention through media reports and public inquiries, scholarly research remains fragmented across disciplines and regions. This review synthesizes 50 peer-reviewed articles published between 1985 and 2023. Its goals are to trace the evolution of academic interest, identify dominant research themes, and analyze the disciplinary and methodological characteristics of existing studies. Findings indicate a noticeable increase in publications following major scandals in the early 2000s, particularly in North America, Australia, and Western Europe. The literature is dominated by legal, historical, and psychological approaches, with growing attention to victims' experiences and institutional responses. However, key gaps persist—especially regarding international comparisons, the evaluation of prevention policies, and the inclusion of survivor perspectives from non-Western settings. Quantitative and mixed-methods research remains limited, restricting the development of generalizable insights. This review highlights the need for more interdisciplinary and empirically grounded work, incorporating criminological, sociological, and public health perspectives. By providing a comprehensive synthesis of current academic knowledge, it helps define future research priorities and encourages more systematic, inclusive, and globally informed approaches to institutional CSA in religious contexts.

这一范围审查审查了天主教会关于儿童性虐待（CSA）的学术文献。虽然神职人员的CSA已经通过媒体报道和公众调查获得了全球的广泛关注，但学术研究仍然在学科和地区之间分散。这篇综述综合了1985年至2023年间发表的50篇同行评议文章。其目标是追溯学术兴趣的演变，确定主要的研究主题，并分析现有研究的学科和方法特征。调查结果表明，在21世纪初的重大丑闻之后，出版物明显增加，特别是在北美、澳大利亚和西欧。文献以法律、历史和心理学方法为主，越来越多地关注受害者的经历和制度反应。然而，关键的差距仍然存在，特别是在国际比较、预防政策的评估以及包括来自非西方环境的幸存者观点方面。定量和混合方法的研究仍然有限，限制了可推广见解的发展。这篇综述强调需要更多的跨学科和基于经验的工作，结合犯罪学、社会学和公共卫生的观点。通过提供当前学术知识的全面综合，它有助于确定未来的研究重点，并鼓励对宗教背景下的机构CSA采取更系统、包容和全球知情的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and violent offending among Belizean male offenders: The mediating role of gang affiliation 不良童年经历与伯利兹男性罪犯的暴力犯罪：帮派关系的中介作用

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-08-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102495

Karina M. Garbutt , Song-Lih Huang , Wen-Hsu Lin

Violent crime, largely driven by gang-related activity, represents a major public health challenge in Belize. This study examines the impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) on violent criminal behavior, with a specific focus on the mediating role of gang affiliation. Data were collected from 200 incarcerated males (violent = 103; non-violent = 97) through structured interviews and official prison records. Variables measured included ACEs, gang affiliation, and criminal history. A path analysis using a probit model with bootstrapping (3000 draws) tested for mediation. A Bayesian sensitivity analysis was also conducted to confirm robustness. Initial models showed that ACEs were significantly associated with both violent offending (β = 0.16, p < .05) and gang affiliation (β = 0.14, p < .01). However, the direct effect of ACEs on violent offending became nonsignificant when gang affiliation was included. The indirect effect of ACEs on violent offending via gang affiliation was significant (β = 0.16, 95 % CI [0.05, 0.25]). Bayesian analysis yielded consistent estimates (β = 0.44, p < .01). These findings underscore the importance of addressing early adversity and social-contextual risk factors in violence prevention. Interventions targeting trauma and gang involvement may help reduce violent offending among high-risk populations.

暴力犯罪主要是由与帮派有关的活动造成的，是伯利兹面临的一项重大公共卫生挑战。本研究探讨不良童年经历（ace）对暴力犯罪行为的影响，特别关注帮派关系的中介作用。通过结构化访谈和官方监狱记录，从200名在押男性（暴力= 103；非暴力= 97）中收集数据。测量的变量包括ace、帮派关系和犯罪历史。路径分析使用概率模型与引导（3000绘制）进行中介测试。还进行了贝叶斯敏感性分析以确认稳健性。初始模型显示，ace与暴力犯罪（β = 0.16, p < 0.05）和帮派关系（β = 0.14, p < 0.01）显著相关。然而，当包括帮派关系时，ace对暴力犯罪的直接影响不显著。不良经历对帮派暴力犯罪的间接影响显著（β = 0.16, 95% CI[0.05, 0.25]）。贝叶斯分析得出了一致的估计（β = 0.44, p < 0.01）。这些发现强调了解决早期逆境和社会环境风险因素在预防暴力中的重要性。针对创伤和帮派参与的干预措施可能有助于减少高危人群中的暴力犯罪。

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引用次数: 0

Incarcerated as a child, reentering as an adult: The unique reentry experiences and needs of juvenile lifers 童年被监禁，成年再入：少年犯独特的再入经历和需求

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102494

Tierney K. Huppert , Natalia Covan-Rodriguez , Tristin Faust , Tarika Daftary-Kapur

Following the 2016 Supreme Court decision mandating the resentencing of individuals sentenced to mandatory life without parole as children, over 1000 former juvenile lifers have been released. To understand their needs and experiences, we interviewed 47 of them about their early life experiences, time incarcerated, and release and reentry. None of those we interviewed had been arrested post-release, further supporting that juvenile lifers are low-risk releasees. Six themes emerged regarding reentry challenges, three of which were unique to those who grew up in prison: interpersonal relationships, reentry as an adult, and lifetime parole. These challenges included relationship difficulties with both family and romantic partners; adjusting to the fast pace of modern life; and navigating the burden of lifetime parole. These findings provide insight into the challenges faced by individuals incarcerated as children and released decades later. Correctional facilities could ease this transition by increasing the availability of technology-related classes or virtual reality training to simulate real-world experiences and improve reentry preparedness. Given juvenile lifers' low-risk status and high rates of successful reentry, policymakers may reconsider the utility of lifetime parole, as it may functionally be an unnecessary burden that does little to enhance public safety or assist in quality-of-life post-release.

2016年，最高法院做出判决，要求将被判处强制性终身监禁不得假释的人作为儿童重新审判，此后，1000多名前少年犯被释放。为了了解他们的需求和经历，我们采访了其中47人，了解他们的早期生活经历、被监禁的时间、获释和重返社会。我们采访的这些人都没有在释放后被捕，这进一步支持了少年犯是低风险释放者的观点。关于重返社会的挑战，出现了六个主题，其中三个是在监狱中长大的人所特有的：人际关系、成年后重返社会和终身假释。这些挑战包括与家人和恋人的关系困难；适应现代生活的快节奏；还要承受终身假释的负担。这些发现让我们深入了解了儿童时期被监禁、几十年后被释放的人所面临的挑战。惩教机构可以通过增加与技术相关的课程或虚拟现实培训的可用性来缓解这种过渡，以模拟现实世界的经历并改善重返社会的准备工作。考虑到少年犯的低风险状态和高再入成功率，政策制定者可能会重新考虑终身假释的效用，因为它在功能上可能是一种不必要的负担，对提高公共安全或帮助出狱后的生活质量几乎没有帮助。

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引用次数: 0