Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献_第10页

Defund vs. refund: The role of funding in police reform in the U.S. 撤资与退款：资金在美国警察改革中的作用

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102550

Ahmet Guler , Sedat Kula , Kaan Boke

This study empirically investigates the socio-psychological, contextual, and demographic factors influencing individual support for defunding and refunding the police. Using survey data from the northeastern U.S., the study tests eight hypotheses within a structural equation modeling framework. The analysis finds that confidence in police is positively associated with support for refunding the police but is not significantly associated with support for defunding. Willingness to collaborate with police is negatively associated with support for defunding and positively associated with support for refunding. In addition, willingness to collaborate mediates the relationship between confidence in police and both defunding and refunding attitudes. Moreover, the perceived need for police reform mediates the relationship between confidence in police and support for defunding but does not mediate the relationship between confidence in police and support for refunding. Among demographic and contextual variables, age, education, household income, and television consumption significantly predict funding preferences, while political ideology, race, sex, newspaper readership, and social media usage do not. These findings highlight the complex interplay of individual perceptions and demographic factors in shaping public opinion on police reform through funding preferences. Policy implications and future research directions are discussed.

本研究实证调查了社会心理、背景和人口因素对警察撤资和退款的个人支持的影响。利用来自美国东北部的调查数据，该研究在结构方程模型框架内测试了8个假设。分析发现，对警察的信心与支持警察退款呈正相关，但与支持撤资不显着相关。与警方合作的意愿与支持撤资负相关，与支持退款正相关。此外，合作意愿调节了对警察的信心与撤资和退款态度之间的关系。此外，感知到的警察改革需要调解警察信心与支持撤资之间的关系，但不调解警察信心与支持撤资之间的关系。在人口统计和背景变量中，年龄、教育程度、家庭收入和电视消费显著地预测了资金偏好，而政治意识形态、种族、性别、报纸读者和社交媒体使用则没有。这些发现突出了个人观念和人口因素之间复杂的相互作用，影响了公众对通过资金偏好进行警察改革的看法。讨论了政策影响和未来的研究方向。

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引用次数: 0

More than just visitors? Distinguishing the criminogenic effects of casinos from general tourism 不仅仅是游客？区分赌场与一般旅游业的犯罪效应

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102548

Wenyi Wang , John L. Worrall , Yiyi Chen

Objective

The impact of casinos on crime has long been a subject of debate. A central challenge lies in the difficulty of disentangling the effects of casinos from those of the general tourism they generate. This study addresses this methodological issue by examining the specific channels through which a tourism-driven economy is associated with crime.

Methods

Using monthly time-series data (N = 117) from a casino-hosting city, including organized crime (loan sharking and unlawful imprisonment) and traditional property crime indicators, we employed Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the competing mediating effects of casino-specific activity against non-gambling business tourism and local unemployment.

Results

The findings revealed that gross gambling revenue, the indicator of casino-tourism, was the primary and most powerful criminogenic factor (β = 0.379, p < 0.001), independent of general tourism. Conversely, the path from convention and exhibition tourism to crime was not significant.

Implications

Our study supplies evidence that casinos are not merely passive attractors of visitors, but function as unique crime generators with their own distinctive criminogenic context—particularly in communities with multiple casinos. The findings have significant implications for both criminological theory and place-based policing strategies in entertainment and tourism districts.

赌场对犯罪的影响一直是争论的话题。一个核心挑战在于，很难将赌场的影响与其产生的一般旅游业的影响区分开来。本研究通过考察旅游驱动型经济与犯罪相关的具体渠道，解决了这一方法论问题。方法利用某赌场主办城市的月度时间序列数据（N = 117），包括有组织犯罪（放高利贷和非法监禁）和传统财产犯罪指标，采用偏最小二乘结构方程模型（PLS-SEM）来检验赌场特定活动对非赌博商业旅游和当地失业的竞争中介效应。结果研究发现，作为赌场旅游指标的博彩总收入是独立于一般旅游业的主要和最强大的犯罪因素（β = 0.379, p < 0.001）。相反，从会展旅游到犯罪的路径不显著。我们的研究提供了证据，表明赌场不仅仅是被动的吸引游客，而是作为独特的犯罪制造者，具有自己独特的犯罪背景——特别是在拥有多家赌场的社区。研究结果对娱乐和旅游区的犯罪学理论和基于地点的警务策略具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Generalized Gini coefficient, its statistical significance, and the local areas driving the global result 广义基尼系数，其统计显著性，以及局部地区驱动全球结果

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102524

Yichao Gao , Martin A. Andresen

Objectives

Review the Gini coefficient and how it has been tested for statistically significant concentrations. Discuss and implement baseline distribution for statistical testing. Identify where and how much local level change is needed to generate spatial concentrations.

Methods

Calculation of Gini coefficients with simulations to generate non-rejection envelope for seven crime types. Employ local spatial statistics, Andresen's Dissimilarity Index, to identify where local level changes are driving global changes in Gini coefficients.

Results

We show that random sampling with replacement is the most appropriate baseline data generating process for testing the statistical significance of concentrations using the Gini coefficient. We also show, consistent with previous research, that apparent concentrations may appear under randomness and that a few places with high degrees of concentration are able to generate high levels of global concentrations measured using the Gini coefficient.

Conclusions

The Gini coefficient is an excellent metric for measuring concentration. Any testing for statistically significant concentrations should employ random sampling with replacement as the data generating process. High degrees of concentrations correspond to a relatively small number of places that have more events than expected.

目的回顾基尼系数，以及如何对具有统计意义的浓度进行检验。讨论并实施统计测试的基线分布。确定需要在哪里以及在多大程度上进行局部变化才能产生空间集中。方法模拟计算基尼系数，生成7种犯罪类型的非排斥包络。利用当地的空间统计数据，即安德森的不相似指数，来确定地方层面的变化在哪里推动了基尼系数的全球变化。结果使用基尼系数检验浓度的统计显著性，随机抽样替代是最合适的基线数据生成过程。我们还表明，与先前的研究一致，表面浓度可能出现在随机性下，并且少数高度浓度的地方能够产生使用基尼系数测量的高水平的全球浓度。结论基尼系数是一个很好的浓度测定指标。任何具有统计意义的浓度测试都应该采用随机抽样和替换作为数据生成过程。高度集中对应于相对较少的地方，这些地方的事件比预期的要多。

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引用次数: 0

The tangled history of social network analysis and gang research—A long way from Street Corner Society 社会网络分析和帮派研究的复杂历史——来自街角协会的漫漫长路

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102514

Jason Gravel , Martin Bouchard

This article traces the tangled history of social network analysis (SNA) and gang research, showing that relational thinking shaped the field since its origins –even when formal methods lagged behind. Through an analysis of classic studies, we demonstrate how early structural intuitions anticipated modern network concepts. We then synthesize modern classics and new contributions in this area of research, organizing research into six strands: 1) co-offending in the gang context, 2) policing and policy analysis, 3) territoriality and spatial dimensions of gang networks, 4) ego-networks and individual analyses of gang members, 5) group processes, organization, and composition, and 6) gang violence and conflicts. Across these strands, we highlight methodological and theoretical innovations, and policy implications of relational approaches to gangs. The history of SNA in gang research, we argue, reveals SNA as not simply a new shiny methodological toy but as a theoretical lens linking individual, group, and ecological explanations of gang behavior yielding actionable insights for prevention and intervention. Recent scholarship has cemented SNA as a critical asset to the gang scholar’s toolbox.

本文追溯了社会网络分析（SNA）和帮派研究的复杂历史，表明关系思维从一开始就塑造了这个领域——即使是在正式方法落后的时候。通过对经典研究的分析，我们论证了早期的结构直觉如何预测现代网络概念。然后，我们综合了这一研究领域的现代经典和新贡献，将研究分为六个方面：1)帮派背景下的共同犯罪，2)警务和政策分析，3)帮派网络的地域性和空间维度，4)帮派成员的自我网络和个体分析，5)群体过程、组织和组成，以及6)帮派暴力和冲突。在这些方面，我们强调了方法和理论的创新，以及关系方法对帮派的政策影响。我们认为，帮派研究中SNA的历史揭示了SNA不仅仅是一个新的闪亮的方法论玩具，而是一个理论视角，将帮派行为的个人、群体和生态解释联系起来，为预防和干预提供了可行的见解。最近的学术研究已经巩固了SNA作为帮派学者工具箱中的重要资产的地位。

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引用次数: 0

Does first arrest change perceptions of arrest risk? Evidence from a matched analysis of youth in the U.S. 第一次逮捕会改变对逮捕风险的看法吗？来自对美国年轻人的匹配分析的证据

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102515

Sunmin Hong , Wenyi Wang , Sungil Han

Deterrence theory assumes that legal sanctions increase perceived certainty of arrest, thereby discouraging future offending. However, little is known about how adolescents revise their perceptions following a first arrest, particularly across gender. This study examines whether a first arrest during adolescence alters perceived risk of arrest, using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997. A 2 × 2 difference-indifferences design with propensity score matching is employed to estimate the effect of first arrest on perceived risk of arrest. Results indicate no significant change in perceived risk of arrest for the overall sample, a significant decrease among females, and no significant effect among males. These findings contribute to an expanded understanding of specific deterrence by indicating that punitive contact may, for some youth, reduce rather than strengthen deterrent beliefs. Gender-responsive and developmentally informed policies are needed to ensure that justice interventions achieve their intended effects.

威慑理论认为，法律制裁增加了逮捕的确定性，从而阻止了未来的犯罪。然而，关于青少年在第一次被捕后如何改变他们的看法，尤其是跨性别的看法，我们知之甚少。本研究利用1997年全国青年纵向调查的数据，考察了青少年第一次被捕是否会改变对被捕风险的感知。采用倾向评分匹配的2 × 2差异-无差异设计来估计首次逮捕对逮捕感知风险的影响。结果表明，总体样本的感知被捕风险没有显著变化，女性显著降低，男性无显著影响。这些发现有助于扩大对特定威慑的理解，表明惩罚性接触可能会减少而不是加强某些青少年的威慑信念。需要有促进性别平等和了解发展情况的政策，以确保司法干预达到预期效果。

引用次数: 0

Fraud in the buckeye state: A geospatial and temporal analysis fraud victimization reports in Ohio, 2024 七叶树州的欺诈：俄亥俄州欺诈受害报告的地理空间和时间分析，2024

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102535

Cooper A. Maher , Timothy A. Engle , Matthew McGrath , Joseph L. Nedelec

Fraud is increasingly common, affecting millions of people annually, resulting in substantial consequences. While previous studies examining fraud have proliferated in recent years, it remains less clear whether there exist geospatial or temporal patterns in fraud victimization. The lack of research relating to these topics is consequential, given the potential for targeted victim support strategies to be formulated based upon deeper understandings of fraud concentration. The current study used data from the Better Business Bureau Scam Tracker Database (https://www.bbb.org/scamtracker) to geospatially analyze fraud trends in Ohio in 2024 (n = 3219). The findings suggest that fraud is unequally distributed around Ohio's major metropolitan areas, and that fraud occurred most frequently and with the highest dollar loss in January and July, respectively. The study illustrates the need for geographically and temporally targeted victim supports relating to online purchase fraud concentrated within Ohio's major metropolitan areas, and highlights the need for continued geospatial analyses of fraud.

欺诈越来越普遍，每年影响数百万人，造成严重后果。虽然过去对欺诈的研究近年来激增，但欺诈受害是否存在地理空间或时间模式仍然不太清楚。鉴于有可能根据对欺诈集中的更深入理解制定有针对性的受害者支持战略，缺乏与这些主题相关的研究是必然的。目前的研究使用了来自商业改善局诈骗跟踪数据库（https://www.bbb.org/scamtracker）的数据，对2024年俄亥俄州的欺诈趋势进行了地理空间分析（n = 3219）。调查结果表明，欺诈在俄亥俄州主要大都市地区分布不均，欺诈发生频率最高，损失金额最高的分别是1月和7月。该研究表明，需要在地理上和时间上针对俄亥俄州主要大都市地区的在线购物欺诈受害者提供支持，并强调需要继续对欺诈进行地理空间分析。

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引用次数: 0

Why we need juror education in rape and serious sexual offence cases 为什么我们需要在强奸和严重性侵犯案件中对陪审员进行教育

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102525

Fiona Leverick, James Chalmers, Eamon P.H. Keane, Jacqueline Kinghan

This paper sets out the evidence that jurors hold false beliefs about rape and rape victims (rape myths). It examines three main sources of evidence (attitude surveys, mock jury studies, and interviews with jurors who have sat on real sexual offence cases). The different research methods each have their own strengths and weaknesses, but taking the research base as a whole, the conclusion can be drawn that at least some jurors hold false beliefs about rape and rape victims. This is a cause for concern not only because these false beliefs may be preventing justified convictions in rape and serious sexual offence cases, but also because the legitimacy of the criminal justice system rests on the assumption that jurors determine cases free of false beliefs and biases.

There is a clear link between scores on RMA (rape myth acceptance) scales and individual verdict choices, but the influence that individual jurors who hold false beliefs will have on the overall verdict might still be questioned. It is argued here that we cannot be confident that the deliberation process will cause individual jurors to change their views. This might not matter if, on any given jury, jurors who hold false beliefs are in a very small minority. However, even a small number of prejudiced jurors – or a single prejudiced juror – could be sufficient to prevent a justified conviction, especially in a system that requires unanimity or near unanimity for conviction.

本文列举了陪审员对强奸和强奸受害者持有错误信念（强奸神话）的证据。它考察了三个主要的证据来源（态度调查、模拟陪审团研究和对参与过真实性犯罪案件的陪审员的采访）。不同的研究方法各有优缺点，但从整体的研究基础来看，可以得出结论，至少有一部分陪审员对强奸和强奸受害者持有错误的信念。这是一个令人担忧的问题，不仅因为这些错误的信念可能会妨碍对强奸和严重性犯罪案件的合理定罪，而且还因为刑事司法制度的合法性建立在陪审员决定案件时不存在错误信念和偏见的假设之上。在RMA（强奸神话接受度）量表上的分数和个人的判决选择之间有明显的联系，但是持有错误信念的陪审员对整体判决的影响可能仍然存在疑问。这里的论点是，我们不能确信审议过程会使个别陪审员改变他们的观点。如果在任何给定的陪审团中，持有错误信念的陪审员只占极少数，那么这可能无关紧要。然而，即使是少数有偏见的陪审员-或一个有偏见的陪审员-也足以阻止合理的定罪，特别是在一个需要全体一致或接近全体一致才能定罪的制度中。

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引用次数: 0

Temporal analyses of American Indian disadvantage 美洲印第安人劣势的时间分析

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102520

Erica N. Redner-Vera

Federal sentencing research examining disadvantages has mainly focused on Black and Latino defendants. More recently, attention has been given to how American Indians are treated and sentenced in the federal criminal justice system. However, additional research is needed to understand the nuances of American Indian disadvantage, particularly related to sentencing decisions over time. The current study examines sentencing decisions for years 1994 to 2012 using the focal concerns perspective. Data is analyzed using the U.S. Census and the Federal Justice Statistics Program Data Series. Theory, research, and policy implications are considered.

联邦量刑研究主要集中在黑人和拉丁裔被告身上。最近，人们开始关注美国印第安人在联邦刑事司法系统中的待遇和判决。然而，需要进一步的研究来了解美洲印第安人劣势的细微差别，特别是与判刑决定有关的时间。本研究使用焦点关注视角考察了1994年至2012年的量刑决定。数据分析使用美国人口普查和联邦司法统计程序数据系列。考虑理论、研究和政策影响。

引用次数: 0

Income and gender as predictors of violent offending in childhood: Testing for interactive effects 收入和性别作为儿童暴力犯罪的预测因素：相互作用的检验

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102539

Thomas Wojciechowski

Boys are at greater risk for involvement in violent offending than girls and low income is also a risk factor for violent offending. However, there remain gaps in our understanding of these relationships. There is limited work which has examined the relevance of these factors as predictors of early involvement in violence in childhood. There has yet to be any study examining the interaction between gender and income for predicting violent offending in childhood. This study sought to address these gaps in the literature. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development dataset was analyzed. This dataset was comprised of 2422 youth aged 9–10 at baseline (Boys = 52.31 %, N = 1267; Girls = 47.69 %, N = 1155). Negative binomial regression was used to test for the direct and interactive effects of gender and income on violent offending variety. Direct of income and gender and moderated effects were both statistically significant prior to inclusion of control covariates. Findings indicated that low income was a risk factor for greater violent offending variety and boys reported significantly greater violent offending variety than girls. The interaction between gender and violent offending just missed the threshold for statistical significance (p < .053). Additional analyses indicated that there were no gender differences in violent offending variety at lower income. There was a protective effect of higher income for boys and girls, but this protective effect was significantly greater for girls. Findings indicated that programming to address poor socioeconomic conditions may aid in mitigating risk of violence among youth, but these effects may be especially effective for young girls.

男孩参与暴力犯罪的风险比女孩大，低收入也是暴力犯罪的一个风险因素。然而，我们对这些关系的理解仍然存在差距。研究这些因素作为儿童早期参与暴力的预测因素的相关性的工作有限。目前还没有任何关于性别和收入在预测儿童暴力犯罪方面的相互作用的研究。本研究试图解决这些空白的文献。分析青少年大脑认知发展数据集。该数据集由2422名基线时9-10岁的青少年组成（男孩= 52.31%,N = 1267；女孩= 47.69%,N = 1155）。采用负二项回归检验性别和收入对暴力犯罪多样性的直接和交互影响。在纳入对照协变量之前，收入和性别的直接效应和调节效应在统计学上都是显著的。研究结果表明，低收入是暴力犯罪种类较多的危险因素，男孩报告的暴力犯罪种类明显多于女孩。性别与暴力犯罪之间的相互作用刚好没有达到统计显著性的阈值（p < .053）。进一步的分析表明，在低收入家庭中，暴力犯罪的种类没有性别差异。高收入对男孩和女孩都有保护作用，但对女孩的保护作用明显更大。研究结果表明，解决贫困社会经济条件的规划可能有助于减轻青年中的暴力风险，但这些影响可能对年轻女孩特别有效。

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引用次数: 0

Social network analysis as a tool for understanding mass shooting prevention: A case study of the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting 社会网络分析作为理解大规模枪击案预防的工具：以马乔里·斯通曼·道格拉斯高中枪击案为例

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102540

Emily A. Greene-Colozzi , Jaclyn Schildkraut , Lucia Arrigo , Lauryn Krebs , Brent R. Klein

This study presents a social network analysis of the pre-incident social and behavioral environment surrounding the perpetrator of the 2018 shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas (MSD) High School in Parkland, Florida. Social network analysis is a valuable tool for visualizing and understanding social ties and relations among entities and has been applied across social science disciplines to study deviant and legitimate social groups. We developed an ego network for the MSD perpetrator to understand who comprised his social network and the warning signs these network members both observed and reported. Results indicate that nearly all network members observed at least one type of concerning behavior, but only about half reported them to authorities. Gun-related behaviors and physical aggression and violence were predominantly observed. The network itself was sparse and had little cohesion, and influential actors within the network may have restricted the flow of information rather than facilitated its sharing. These findings suggest several directions for future research aimed at preventative policy, including development of centralized reporting systems, specialized awareness training for families, students, and teachers, and continued exploration of the egocentric social networks of mass public shooters and plotters to uncover the attributes of successfully prevented cases.

本研究对2018年佛罗里达州帕克兰市马乔里·斯通曼·道格拉斯（MSD）高中枪击案肇事者的社会和行为环境进行了社会网络分析。社会网络分析是可视化和理解实体之间的社会联系和关系的宝贵工具，已在社会科学学科中应用于研究越轨和合法的社会群体。我们为MSD犯罪者开发了一个自我网络，以了解谁组成了他的社会网络，以及这些网络成员观察和报告的警告信号。结果表明，几乎所有的网络成员都观察到至少一种令人担忧的行为，但只有大约一半的人向当局报告。主要观察到与枪支有关的行为和身体攻击和暴力。网络本身是稀疏的，缺乏凝聚力，网络中有影响力的行动者可能限制了信息的流动，而不是促进了信息的共享。这些发现为未来预防政策的研究提出了几个方向，包括开发集中报告系统，对家庭、学生和教师进行专门的意识培训，以及继续探索大规模公共枪击者和策划者的自我中心社会网络，以揭示成功预防案件的属性。

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引用次数: 0