Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献_第10页

Honesty as a “communicative tool” in sentencing: A study of judges in the U.S. and Australia 诚信作为量刑中的“沟通工具”：对美国和澳大利亚法官的研究

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102575

Colleen M. Berryessa , Melissa de Vel-Palumbo , Carolina R. Caliman , Madison Baczuk

This study, drawing from interviews with trial court judges in the U.S. and Australia (N = 47), builds a theoretical qualitative model that illustrates the conceptualization, significance, and influence of a defendant's honesty as a “communicative tool” in punishment and sentencing practices for judges in these jurisdictions. A constant comparative analysis shows that judges from both jurisdictions generally believe that a defendant's honesty acts as a communicative tool during sentencing, and this can lead them to reconfigure their sentencing practices–which they view as representing the interests of victims and the community–to prioritize mercy as well as rehabilitative and reparative ideals. Further, judges look for defendants to communicate honesty in ways that enable them to develop a complete understanding of its weight during sentencing, with U.S. judges particularly focusing on body language and nonverbal indicators. Overall, this study not only represents the first known empirical examination of a defendant's honesty within the communicative theory of punishment framework but also assesses if and how it translates across national cultures and criminal-legal systems, as well as how judges believe guidelines and legislation limit sentencing decisions involving honesty in Australia and the U.S. Implications of this work for sentencing practices are discussed.

本研究通过对美国和澳大利亚初审法院法官的访谈（N = 47），构建了一个理论定性模型，该模型说明了被告诚实作为一种“沟通工具”在这些司法管辖区的惩罚和量刑实践中的概念化、意义和影响。一项持续的比较分析表明，来自两个司法管辖区的法官普遍认为，被告的诚实在量刑过程中起到了沟通的作用，这可能导致他们重新配置量刑实践——他们认为这代表了受害者和社区的利益——优先考虑仁慈以及康复和赔偿的理想。此外，法官希望被告能够以一种能够让他们在宣判过程中完全理解诚实的重要性的方式进行沟通，美国法官尤其关注肢体语言和非语言指标。总的来说，这项研究不仅代表了刑罚交际理论框架内被告诚实的第一个已知的实证检验，而且还评估了它是否以及如何在国家文化和刑事法律制度中转化，以及法官如何认为指导方针和立法限制了澳大利亚和美国涉及诚实的量刑决定。

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引用次数: 0

Pandemic, protests, and policing: Clearing crime in 2020 流行病、抗议和警务：2020年清除犯罪

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102570

Aki Roberts, John M. Roberts Jr.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the George Floyd murder and subsequent public reaction disrupted American policing in 2020. Because these socio-political events substantially affected agency practices and reduced citizen engagement in crime investigation, they may have been reflected in a key policing outcome, crime clearance by arrest. In survival analysis of 437,763 serious crime incidents from 131 police agencies in 2019 and 2020, drawn from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), we compared clearance hazard rates in periods of 2020 defined by the pandemic and George Floyd’s murder to those in corresponding periods of 2019, controlling for other agency/jurisdiction-level and incident-level factors. Results indicated slightly higher clearance in the initial pandemic period of 2020 than in the equivalent period of 2019. Following the Floyd killing, clearance was lower in 2020 than in the corresponding periods of 2019. Additional analyses separated incidents by city size and crime type and examined data for the early part of 2021. Pandemic-related changes in policing may not have been detrimental to arrest clearance, but a highly prominent police killing may have been. Policymakers and police leaders should closely examine pandemic-related organizational changes and consider whether continuing at least some would improve clearance rates and other policing outcomes. In addition to reducing incidents of police lethal violence, the police should focus on building legitimacy and fostering community engagement by consistently applying principles of procedural justice in everyday interactions with the public.

2020年，新冠肺炎大流行、乔治·弗洛伊德谋杀案以及随后的公众反应扰乱了美国的警务工作。由于这些社会政治事件严重影响了机构的做法，减少了公民对犯罪调查的参与，因此它们可能反映在一个关键的警务成果上，即通过逮捕清除犯罪。在对2019年和2020年来自131个警察机构的437,763起严重犯罪事件的生存分析中，我们从国家事件报告系统（NIBRS）中提取数据，将2020年期间由大流行和乔治·弗洛伊德谋杀案定义的清除危险率与2019年同期的清除危险率进行了比较，控制了其他机构/管辖级别和事件级别的因素。结果显示，2020年大流行初期的清除率略高于2019年同期。在弗洛伊德被杀之后，2020年的清除率低于2019年同期。其他分析按城市规模和犯罪类型对事件进行了分类，并检查了2021年初的数据。与大流行病有关的警务变化可能不会对逮捕许可造成不利影响，但一项极为突出的警察杀人事件可能会造成不利影响。政策制定者和警察领导人应密切审查与大流行有关的组织变革，并考虑是否继续至少一些改革会提高清除率和其他警务成果。除了减少警察致命暴力事件外，警察还应通过在与公众的日常互动中始终坚持应用程序正义原则，专注于建立合法性和促进社区参与。

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引用次数: 0

The effects of police vehicle presence on calls for service and police visibility: A multi-site field study at shopping malls in Canada 警车存在对服务呼叫和警察能见度的影响：加拿大购物中心的多地点实地研究

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102569

Rylan Simpson , Madison Charman , Rich Johnston , Michelle Brander , Nick Bell , Katherine Hancock , Patrick Ruzage

Purpose

Shopping malls are significant hubs for people and social activities. Shopping malls are also often the sites of much crime. As part of the present research, we employed a field study paradigm to empirically assess the effects of police vehicle presence on calls for service and police visibility at shopping malls in Canada.

Methods

During the intervention period, we parked randomly assigned police vehicles outside of shopping malls in three different cities during specified hours. We then compared the volume of calls for service received by the police during the intervention period to the weeks immediately before and after such period. We also compared self-reported sightings of police vehicles by mall patrons across periods.

Results

Our analyses revealed little effect of the presence of the police vehicle on calls for service at the shopping malls. However, our analyses did reveal some effects for police visibility: with variation in reported sightings of police vehicles by mall patrons across the study period.

Conclusions

Policing the volume of activity at shopping malls – especially during the busy holiday shopping season – can present challenges for the police. Here we find that police vehicle presence impacts police visibility more than the number of calls for service received at a mall. We discuss the results from our multi-site, researcher-practitioner collaboration with respect to both policing research and practice.

购物中心是人们和社会活动的重要中心。购物中心也是犯罪频发的地方。作为本研究的一部分，我们采用实地研究范式来实证评估警车存在对加拿大购物中心服务呼叫和警察能见度的影响。方法在干预期间，我们在指定时间将随机分配的警车停在三个不同城市的购物中心外。然后，我们将警方在干预期间接到的服务电话数量与干预前后的几周进行了比较。我们还比较了不同时期购物中心顾客自我报告的警车目击情况。结果我们的分析显示，警车的存在对购物中心的服务呼叫影响不大。然而，我们的分析确实揭示了对警察能见度的一些影响：在整个研究期间，商场顾客报告的警车目击事件有所不同。对购物中心的活动量进行监控，尤其是在繁忙的假日购物季，对警方来说是一项挑战。在这里，我们发现警车的存在比在商场收到的服务电话数量更能影响警察的可见度。我们讨论的结果，从我们的多站点，研究者和实践者合作，就警务研究和实践。

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引用次数: 0

Correlates of non-suicidal self-injury in South Korean juvenile detention facilities: A general strain theory perspective 韩国青少年拘留所非自杀性自伤的相关因素：一般应变理论视角

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102573

Hyeseon Noh , Youngoh Jo

This study applies General Strain Theory (GST) to examine the relationship between strain, negative emotional responses, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among detained youth in South Korea. The analysis focused on how parental abuse, perceived social exclusion, goal blockage, and institutional strain influence the likelihood of NSSI, and whether anger and depression mediate these associations. Results reveal that depression functioned as a significant mediator and direct predictor of NSSI, whereas anger did not mediate strain to NSSI pathways despite showing a direct effect. Specifically, depression fully mediated the effects of parental abuse, goal blockage, and general institutional strain, and partially mediated the effect of perceived social exclusion. Perceived social exclusion emerged as a strong predictor, operating through both depression-mediated and direct pathways. Additionally, negative relationships with correctional officers demonstrated direct effects on NSSI independent of emotional mediation. Female juveniles and those in longer-term detention showed elevated NSSI risk. These findings contribute to theoretical advancements of GST in institutionalized populations and provide practical guidance for juvenile justice policy and correctional mental health interventions.

本研究运用一般应变理论（GST）来研究韩国被拘留青少年的应变、负面情绪反应和非自杀式自伤（NSSI）之间的关系。分析的重点是父母虐待、感知到的社会排斥、目标阻碍和制度压力如何影响自伤的可能性，以及愤怒和抑郁是否介导了这些关联。结果表明，抑郁是自伤的重要中介和直接预测因子，而愤怒虽然有直接影响，但没有调节应激对自伤通路的影响。具体而言，抑郁完全介导了父母虐待、目标阻碍和一般制度压力的影响，部分介导了感知社会排斥的影响。感知到的社会排斥是一个强有力的预测因素，通过抑郁介导和直接途径发挥作用。此外，与狱警的负性关系对自伤有直接影响，不依赖于情绪调节。女性青少年和那些被长期拘留的青少年表现出较高的自伤风险。这些研究结果有助于在制度化人群中进行GST的理论研究，并为青少年司法政策和惩教心理健康干预提供实践指导。

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引用次数: 0

Business environment ecology and crime: A robust test across 182 cities 商业环境、生态与犯罪：182个城市的稳健测试

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102568

John R. Hipp , Cheyenne Hodgen

Studies assessing the question of how certain types of business establishments are related to the level of crime on blocks typically do not account for the general business context of those blocks. The present study extends one previous study that did so by using a large sample of blocks across 182 cities in the U.S. We assess whether measuring the general business context of blocks as three broad categories of businesses—consumer-facing businesses, blue-collar businesses, and white-collar businesses—along with the heterogeneity of consumer businesses on a block can explain where crime occurs. The study finds that these four measures explain much of the variation in crime due to businesses across blocks. Furthermore, whereas 12 specific types of businesses exhibit strong relationships with crime when not accounting for this business context, their relationships with crime greatly diminish, or completely evaporate, once accounting for the general business context. Finally, blocks with more consumer business heterogeneity have higher levels of crime, and this relationship is stronger in small population cities and in low population areas.

评估某些类型的商业机构与街区犯罪水平之间关系的研究通常没有考虑到这些街区的一般商业环境。目前的研究扩展了之前的一项研究，该研究使用了美国182个城市的大量街区样本。我们评估了将街区的一般商业环境作为三大类企业——面向消费者的企业、蓝领企业和白领企业——以及街区消费企业的异质性是否可以解释犯罪发生的地方。研究发现，这四项指标在很大程度上解释了街区间商业活动造成的犯罪差异。此外，尽管12种特定类型的企业在不考虑这种商业环境时与犯罪表现出强烈的关系，但一旦考虑到一般商业环境，它们与犯罪的关系就会大大减弱，甚至完全消失。最后，消费业务异质性越强的街区犯罪水平越高，这种关系在人口较少的城市和人口较少的地区更为明显。

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引用次数: 0

The relationship between crime information centers and crime: A micro-synthetic evaluation of a district-level policing strategy 犯罪信息中心与犯罪的关系：区级警务策略的微观综合评价

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102572

Daniel S. Lawrence, Bryce E. Peterson, Madison March

In 2018, the Baltimore Police Department established Baltimore City Intelligence Centers (BCICs) to strengthen criminal investigations and support more effective directed patrol operations. The BCICs were modeled after the Chicago Police Department's Strategic Decision Support Centers—more generically known as “crime information centers.” Like real-time crime centers (RTCCs), BCICs integrate technologies and intelligence to combat crime. However, while RTCCs are generally centralized within a jurisdiction, BCICs operate at the district level. This localized structure enables personnel to gather and disseminate intelligence tailored to specific geographic areas, supporting more targeted and proactive policing strategies. This study analyzes 10 years of Baltimore crime data (April 2013 to June, 2023) using micro-synthetic control models to evaluate the impact of four BCICs on crime levels. Findings reveal mixed effects across BCIC districts; however, the centers were generally associated with increases in recorded crime, particularly person crimes and incidents occurring outdoors. These findings likely reflect an improved capacity to detect and document crime that may have otherwise gone unreported.

2018年，巴尔的摩市警察局成立了巴尔的摩市情报中心，以加强刑事调查，支持更有效的定向巡逻行动。bcc模仿了芝加哥警察局的战略决策支持中心——通常被称为“犯罪信息中心”。与实时犯罪中心（rtcc）一样，BCICs集成了技术和情报来打击犯罪。然而，虽然区域合作中心一般集中在一个管辖范围内，但区域合作中心在地区一级运作。这种本地化结构使人员能够收集和传播针对特定地理区域的情报，支持更具针对性和前瞻性的警务战略。本研究分析了巴尔的摩10年（2013年4月至2023年6月）的犯罪数据，使用微合成控制模型来评估四种bcc对犯罪水平的影响。研究结果揭示了BCIC地区的混合效应；然而，这些中心通常与犯罪记录的增加有关，尤其是个人犯罪和户外事件。这些发现很可能反映了侦查和记录犯罪的能力有所提高，否则这些犯罪可能不会被报告。

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引用次数: 0

Pathways to sexual aggression according to modus operandi in male and female perpetrators: A systematic review 根据男性和女性犯罪者的作案手法，性侵犯的途径：系统回顾

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102567

Jean Proulx , Alexandre Gauthier , Etienne Garant , Stéphanie Langevin , Tamsin Higgs , Jonathan James , Frédéric Ouellet

Over the last 40 years, studies have been carried out to investigate the pathways to sexual aggression. However, the heterogeneity of these pathways across studies remains unspecified, due to the use of diverse terminology. Consequently, the aim of the current systematic review was to investigate these pathways in various offender categories. A search of 21 online databases identified 29,218 candidate studies, of which 23 specifically examined pathways to sexual aggression. These pathways include developmental, personality, lifestyle, disinhibitor, and modus operandi characteristics. In the 23 studies, which used a variety of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, we found 7 prototypical pathways. Some are specific to one category of sexual aggressor (e.g., the sadistic pathway in adult male perpetrators having adult female victims) and others are found in all categories of aggressors (e.g., escaping negative mood). These results support the view that internal (e.g., psychopathy, deviant sexual fantasies) and external (e.g., victim resistance) constraints interact in a limited number of ways, and so give rise to only a limited number of prototypical pathways to sexual aggression.

在过去的40年里，人们进行了研究，调查性侵犯的途径。然而，由于使用了不同的术语，这些途径在研究中的异质性仍未明确。因此，目前系统审查的目的是调查这些途径在不同的罪犯类别。对21个在线数据库的搜索确定了29218个候选研究，其中23个专门研究了性侵犯的途径。这些途径包括发育、个性、生活方式、去抑制剂和作案手法特征。在使用各种定量和定性方法的23项研究中，我们发现了7种典型途径。有些特定于某一类性侵犯者（例如，成年男性犯罪者有成年女性受害者的虐待狂途径），而另一些则存在于所有类别的侵犯者中（例如，逃避负面情绪）。这些结果支持了这样一种观点，即内部约束（如精神病、异常性幻想）和外部约束（如受害者抵抗）以有限的方式相互作用，因此只能产生有限数量的性侵犯的典型途径。

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引用次数: 0

Force and fallout: Experimental evidence from a national test of the Community Expectations Standard 力量和影响：来自社区期望标准国家测试的实验证据

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102571

Christopher J. Marier , Conor Goodwin

A persistent “reasonableness divide” exists between the legal standards governing police use of force and the public’s expectations, producing “lawful but awful” uses of force. This study empirically tests the “Community Expectations Standard” (CES), a model that identifies five criteria the public uses to evaluate force: underlying governmental interest, avoidability, officer motivation, subject resistance, and the presence of a “highly dangerous” environment. Using a factorial survey experiment with a national sample of nearly 2000 U.S. adults, we analyzed responses to a hypothetical vignette depicting non-lethal force using t-tests and Bayesian linear regression models. The results show that underlying governmental interest and subject resistance—those factors with analogs in constitutional law—are the most powerful predictors of reasonableness judgments. In contrast, other CES factors were weaker, with their effects potentially filtered through the observer’s personal characteristics. Notably, political partisanship emerged as a more potent predictor of reasonableness appraisals than race or ethnicity, suggesting partisanship acts as a primary lens for interpreting police use of force. We conclude that the CES framework is a valuable tool but should be refined to distinguish between objective, event-based criteria and subjective, observer-based criteria. Bridging the reasonableness divide requires adjusting both law enforcement practices and public expectations.

在警察使用武力的法律标准和公众的期望之间存在着持续的“合理分歧”，导致了“合法但可怕”的武力使用。本研究对“社区期望标准”（CES）进行了实证检验，该模型确定了公众用来评估武力的五个标准：潜在的政府利益、可避免性、官员动机、主体抵抗和“高度危险”环境的存在。使用近2000名美国成年人的全国样本进行因子调查实验，我们使用t检验和贝叶斯线性回归模型分析了对描述非致命武力的假想小插图的反应。结果表明，潜在的政府利益和主体阻力——这些因素在宪法中有类似之处——是合理判断的最有力预测因素。相比之下，其他消费电子产品因素较弱，其影响可能通过观察者的个人特征过滤。值得注意的是，政治党派关系比种族或民族关系更能预测合理性评估，这表明党派关系是解释警察使用武力的主要视角。我们的结论是，CES框架是一个有价值的工具，但应加以改进，以区分客观的、基于事件的标准和主观的、基于观察者的标准。弥合合理的鸿沟需要调整执法实践和公众期望。

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引用次数: 0

The pursuit of gun safety in a new era: Exploring predictors of firearm storage practices among the public 新时代对枪支安全的追求：探索公众枪支储存行为的预测因素

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102566

Christina Mancini , Sarah Koon-Magnin , Patrick Wells

Given rising concerns about gun violence and the extent of parental liability, we examine firearm storage practices among the public. Using a subsample of respondents with guns in their households (n = 525) drawn from a nationally representative survey (N = 1271), we address two key research questions. First, to what extent do gun-owners engage in potentially unsafe firearm storage (e.g., keeping firearms unlocked, loaded, or with ammunition in reach)? Second, what factors are associated with these risky practices among the public? Overall, our findings suggest that prior use of guns within one's profession, personal experiences with firearms (e.g., victimization, having witnessed gun violence), living in a child-free household, and other socio-demographic factors, particularly gender, are tied with the likelihood of engaging in risky storage habits. The implications of study findings are discussed.

鉴于对枪支暴力和父母责任程度的日益关注，我们调查了公众的枪支储存做法。使用从全国代表性调查（n = 1271）中抽取的家庭中有枪的受访者的子样本（n = 525），我们解决了两个关键的研究问题。首先，枪支拥有者在多大程度上参与了可能不安全的枪支储存（例如，不上锁、上膛或将弹药放在触手可及的地方）？其次，哪些因素与公众的这些风险行为有关？总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，在一个人的职业中，以前使用过枪支，个人使用枪支的经历（例如，受害，目睹枪支暴力），生活在一个没有孩子的家庭，以及其他社会人口因素，特别是性别，都与从事危险储存习惯的可能性有关。讨论了研究结果的含义。

引用次数: 0

Cyberstalking perpetration by college students: The effects of low self-control and prior victimization 大学生网络跟踪犯罪：低自我控制和先前受害的影响

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102556

Ryan Randa , Ashley K. Fansher , Bradford W. Reyns

The present study addresses the determinants of cyberstalking perpetration within a sample of college students. Using self-report survey data collected from a large Southern university in fall 2016, a final sample of 1127 respondents were asked to report their history of both cyberstalking perpetration as well as cyberstalking victimization. This study explores cyberstalking perpetration, through the lens of low self-control, cyberstalking victimization experience, sexual compulsivity, sexual deception, and relationship status through logistic regression analyses and marginal effects. Findings suggest a relationship between cyberstalking perpetration and cyberstalking victimization across levels of self-control, where the strongest connection is among those the poorest self-control. Additionally, we explore differences between male and female respondents in their likelihood to engage in cyberstalking behavior, finding that women are more likely to offend particularly when exhibiting low self-control.

本研究在大学生样本中探讨了网络跟踪行为的决定因素。利用2016年秋季从南方一所大型大学收集的自我报告调查数据，最终样本为1127名受访者，他们被要求报告自己的网络跟踪犯罪史和网络跟踪受害者史。本研究通过logistic回归分析和边际效应分析，从自我控制程度低、网络缠扰受害经历、性强迫、性欺骗、关系状态等角度探讨网络缠扰犯罪行为。研究结果表明，网络跟踪犯罪和网络跟踪受害者之间的关系跨越了自我控制的水平，其中最强烈的联系是那些自我控制最差的人。此外，我们探讨了男性和女性受访者在参与网络跟踪行为的可能性方面的差异，发现女性在表现出较低的自制力时更有可能冒犯他人。

引用次数: 0