Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献_第5页

Business environment ecology and crime: A robust test across 182 cities 商业环境、生态与犯罪：182个城市的稳健测试

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102568

John R. Hipp , Cheyenne Hodgen

Studies assessing the question of how certain types of business establishments are related to the level of crime on blocks typically do not account for the general business context of those blocks. The present study extends one previous study that did so by using a large sample of blocks across 182 cities in the U.S. We assess whether measuring the general business context of blocks as three broad categories of businesses—consumer-facing businesses, blue-collar businesses, and white-collar businesses—along with the heterogeneity of consumer businesses on a block can explain where crime occurs. The study finds that these four measures explain much of the variation in crime due to businesses across blocks. Furthermore, whereas 12 specific types of businesses exhibit strong relationships with crime when not accounting for this business context, their relationships with crime greatly diminish, or completely evaporate, once accounting for the general business context. Finally, blocks with more consumer business heterogeneity have higher levels of crime, and this relationship is stronger in small population cities and in low population areas.

评估某些类型的商业机构与街区犯罪水平之间关系的研究通常没有考虑到这些街区的一般商业环境。目前的研究扩展了之前的一项研究，该研究使用了美国182个城市的大量街区样本。我们评估了将街区的一般商业环境作为三大类企业——面向消费者的企业、蓝领企业和白领企业——以及街区消费企业的异质性是否可以解释犯罪发生的地方。研究发现，这四项指标在很大程度上解释了街区间商业活动造成的犯罪差异。此外，尽管12种特定类型的企业在不考虑这种商业环境时与犯罪表现出强烈的关系，但一旦考虑到一般商业环境，它们与犯罪的关系就会大大减弱，甚至完全消失。最后，消费业务异质性越强的街区犯罪水平越高，这种关系在人口较少的城市和人口较少的地区更为明显。

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引用次数: 0

The relationship between crime information centers and crime: A micro-synthetic evaluation of a district-level policing strategy 犯罪信息中心与犯罪的关系：区级警务策略的微观综合评价

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102572

Daniel S. Lawrence, Bryce E. Peterson, Madison March

In 2018, the Baltimore Police Department established Baltimore City Intelligence Centers (BCICs) to strengthen criminal investigations and support more effective directed patrol operations. The BCICs were modeled after the Chicago Police Department's Strategic Decision Support Centers—more generically known as “crime information centers.” Like real-time crime centers (RTCCs), BCICs integrate technologies and intelligence to combat crime. However, while RTCCs are generally centralized within a jurisdiction, BCICs operate at the district level. This localized structure enables personnel to gather and disseminate intelligence tailored to specific geographic areas, supporting more targeted and proactive policing strategies. This study analyzes 10 years of Baltimore crime data (April 2013 to June, 2023) using micro-synthetic control models to evaluate the impact of four BCICs on crime levels. Findings reveal mixed effects across BCIC districts; however, the centers were generally associated with increases in recorded crime, particularly person crimes and incidents occurring outdoors. These findings likely reflect an improved capacity to detect and document crime that may have otherwise gone unreported.

2018年，巴尔的摩市警察局成立了巴尔的摩市情报中心，以加强刑事调查，支持更有效的定向巡逻行动。bcc模仿了芝加哥警察局的战略决策支持中心——通常被称为“犯罪信息中心”。与实时犯罪中心（rtcc）一样，BCICs集成了技术和情报来打击犯罪。然而，虽然区域合作中心一般集中在一个管辖范围内，但区域合作中心在地区一级运作。这种本地化结构使人员能够收集和传播针对特定地理区域的情报，支持更具针对性和前瞻性的警务战略。本研究分析了巴尔的摩10年（2013年4月至2023年6月）的犯罪数据，使用微合成控制模型来评估四种bcc对犯罪水平的影响。研究结果揭示了BCIC地区的混合效应；然而，这些中心通常与犯罪记录的增加有关，尤其是个人犯罪和户外事件。这些发现很可能反映了侦查和记录犯罪的能力有所提高，否则这些犯罪可能不会被报告。

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引用次数: 0

Pathways to sexual aggression according to modus operandi in male and female perpetrators: A systematic review 根据男性和女性犯罪者的作案手法，性侵犯的途径：系统回顾

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102567

Jean Proulx , Alexandre Gauthier , Etienne Garant , Stéphanie Langevin , Tamsin Higgs , Jonathan James , Frédéric Ouellet

Over the last 40 years, studies have been carried out to investigate the pathways to sexual aggression. However, the heterogeneity of these pathways across studies remains unspecified, due to the use of diverse terminology. Consequently, the aim of the current systematic review was to investigate these pathways in various offender categories. A search of 21 online databases identified 29,218 candidate studies, of which 23 specifically examined pathways to sexual aggression. These pathways include developmental, personality, lifestyle, disinhibitor, and modus operandi characteristics. In the 23 studies, which used a variety of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, we found 7 prototypical pathways. Some are specific to one category of sexual aggressor (e.g., the sadistic pathway in adult male perpetrators having adult female victims) and others are found in all categories of aggressors (e.g., escaping negative mood). These results support the view that internal (e.g., psychopathy, deviant sexual fantasies) and external (e.g., victim resistance) constraints interact in a limited number of ways, and so give rise to only a limited number of prototypical pathways to sexual aggression.

在过去的40年里，人们进行了研究，调查性侵犯的途径。然而，由于使用了不同的术语，这些途径在研究中的异质性仍未明确。因此，目前系统审查的目的是调查这些途径在不同的罪犯类别。对21个在线数据库的搜索确定了29218个候选研究，其中23个专门研究了性侵犯的途径。这些途径包括发育、个性、生活方式、去抑制剂和作案手法特征。在使用各种定量和定性方法的23项研究中，我们发现了7种典型途径。有些特定于某一类性侵犯者（例如，成年男性犯罪者有成年女性受害者的虐待狂途径），而另一些则存在于所有类别的侵犯者中（例如，逃避负面情绪）。这些结果支持了这样一种观点，即内部约束（如精神病、异常性幻想）和外部约束（如受害者抵抗）以有限的方式相互作用，因此只能产生有限数量的性侵犯的典型途径。

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引用次数: 0

Force and fallout: Experimental evidence from a national test of the Community Expectations Standard 力量和影响：来自社区期望标准国家测试的实验证据

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102571

Christopher J. Marier , Conor Goodwin

A persistent “reasonableness divide” exists between the legal standards governing police use of force and the public’s expectations, producing “lawful but awful” uses of force. This study empirically tests the “Community Expectations Standard” (CES), a model that identifies five criteria the public uses to evaluate force: underlying governmental interest, avoidability, officer motivation, subject resistance, and the presence of a “highly dangerous” environment. Using a factorial survey experiment with a national sample of nearly 2000 U.S. adults, we analyzed responses to a hypothetical vignette depicting non-lethal force using t-tests and Bayesian linear regression models. The results show that underlying governmental interest and subject resistance—those factors with analogs in constitutional law—are the most powerful predictors of reasonableness judgments. In contrast, other CES factors were weaker, with their effects potentially filtered through the observer’s personal characteristics. Notably, political partisanship emerged as a more potent predictor of reasonableness appraisals than race or ethnicity, suggesting partisanship acts as a primary lens for interpreting police use of force. We conclude that the CES framework is a valuable tool but should be refined to distinguish between objective, event-based criteria and subjective, observer-based criteria. Bridging the reasonableness divide requires adjusting both law enforcement practices and public expectations.

在警察使用武力的法律标准和公众的期望之间存在着持续的“合理分歧”，导致了“合法但可怕”的武力使用。本研究对“社区期望标准”（CES）进行了实证检验，该模型确定了公众用来评估武力的五个标准：潜在的政府利益、可避免性、官员动机、主体抵抗和“高度危险”环境的存在。使用近2000名美国成年人的全国样本进行因子调查实验，我们使用t检验和贝叶斯线性回归模型分析了对描述非致命武力的假想小插图的反应。结果表明，潜在的政府利益和主体阻力——这些因素在宪法中有类似之处——是合理判断的最有力预测因素。相比之下，其他消费电子产品因素较弱，其影响可能通过观察者的个人特征过滤。值得注意的是，政治党派关系比种族或民族关系更能预测合理性评估，这表明党派关系是解释警察使用武力的主要视角。我们的结论是，CES框架是一个有价值的工具，但应加以改进，以区分客观的、基于事件的标准和主观的、基于观察者的标准。弥合合理的鸿沟需要调整执法实践和公众期望。

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引用次数: 0

The pursuit of gun safety in a new era: Exploring predictors of firearm storage practices among the public 新时代对枪支安全的追求：探索公众枪支储存行为的预测因素

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102566

Christina Mancini , Sarah Koon-Magnin , Patrick Wells

Given rising concerns about gun violence and the extent of parental liability, we examine firearm storage practices among the public. Using a subsample of respondents with guns in their households (n = 525) drawn from a nationally representative survey (N = 1271), we address two key research questions. First, to what extent do gun-owners engage in potentially unsafe firearm storage (e.g., keeping firearms unlocked, loaded, or with ammunition in reach)? Second, what factors are associated with these risky practices among the public? Overall, our findings suggest that prior use of guns within one's profession, personal experiences with firearms (e.g., victimization, having witnessed gun violence), living in a child-free household, and other socio-demographic factors, particularly gender, are tied with the likelihood of engaging in risky storage habits. The implications of study findings are discussed.

鉴于对枪支暴力和父母责任程度的日益关注，我们调查了公众的枪支储存做法。使用从全国代表性调查（n = 1271）中抽取的家庭中有枪的受访者的子样本（n = 525），我们解决了两个关键的研究问题。首先，枪支拥有者在多大程度上参与了可能不安全的枪支储存（例如，不上锁、上膛或将弹药放在触手可及的地方）？其次，哪些因素与公众的这些风险行为有关？总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，在一个人的职业中，以前使用过枪支，个人使用枪支的经历（例如，受害，目睹枪支暴力），生活在一个没有孩子的家庭，以及其他社会人口因素，特别是性别，都与从事危险储存习惯的可能性有关。讨论了研究结果的含义。

引用次数: 0

Cyberstalking perpetration by college students: The effects of low self-control and prior victimization 大学生网络跟踪犯罪：低自我控制和先前受害的影响

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102556

Ryan Randa , Ashley K. Fansher , Bradford W. Reyns

The present study addresses the determinants of cyberstalking perpetration within a sample of college students. Using self-report survey data collected from a large Southern university in fall 2016, a final sample of 1127 respondents were asked to report their history of both cyberstalking perpetration as well as cyberstalking victimization. This study explores cyberstalking perpetration, through the lens of low self-control, cyberstalking victimization experience, sexual compulsivity, sexual deception, and relationship status through logistic regression analyses and marginal effects. Findings suggest a relationship between cyberstalking perpetration and cyberstalking victimization across levels of self-control, where the strongest connection is among those the poorest self-control. Additionally, we explore differences between male and female respondents in their likelihood to engage in cyberstalking behavior, finding that women are more likely to offend particularly when exhibiting low self-control.

本研究在大学生样本中探讨了网络跟踪行为的决定因素。利用2016年秋季从南方一所大型大学收集的自我报告调查数据，最终样本为1127名受访者，他们被要求报告自己的网络跟踪犯罪史和网络跟踪受害者史。本研究通过logistic回归分析和边际效应分析，从自我控制程度低、网络缠扰受害经历、性强迫、性欺骗、关系状态等角度探讨网络缠扰犯罪行为。研究结果表明，网络跟踪犯罪和网络跟踪受害者之间的关系跨越了自我控制的水平，其中最强烈的联系是那些自我控制最差的人。此外，我们探讨了男性和女性受访者在参与网络跟踪行为的可能性方面的差异，发现女性在表现出较低的自制力时更有可能冒犯他人。

引用次数: 0

What’s sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander? Near-repeat victimization across different urban morphologies: Evidence from Almaty, Kazakhstan 鹅的酱汁是什么？公鹅的酱汁是什么？不同城市形态的近重复受害：来自哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图的证据

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102551

Dmitrii Serebrennikov , Sanzhar Kalkanbay

Near repeat victimization (NRV) is a well-documented phenomenon, yet little is known about how it operates not across cities as a whole but within homogeneous urban morphologies. This study analyzes spatial and temporal patterns of property crime incidents from 2023 across urban morphology belts in Almaty, Kazakhstan. We use both the Knox test and interpretable machine learning (XGBoost with SHAP values) to predict victimization risk across three urban built environments (multi-level apartments, low-income detached houses, and high-income detached houses) based on prior incidents within spatio-temporal windows. The results show that although we observe partial evidence of the “Law of Crime Concentration”, overall NRV effects appear weak in Almaty. The machine learning approach further indicates that close-proximity crimes do not change recurrence risk, whereas more distant events in space and time are linked to higher odds of reoccurrence. Instead of a conventional “near repeat,” we observe a form of “distant repeat” victimization. This pattern suggests a specific type of crime displacement, where the most attractive target is not the site of a prior offence, but one that draws less attention from law enforcement. In addition, the morphology clusters do not differ substantially from one another — the key divide is not between grid-like and organic layouts per se, but between the high-class detached areas in the foothills and the rest of the city. These findings underscore the need to evaluate NRV in non-Western contexts using diverse methodological approaches, with explicit consideration of the urban morphology in which crimes occur.

近重复受害（NRV）是一种有案可查的现象，但很少有人知道它是如何在整个城市中运作的，而是在同质城市形态中运作的。本研究分析了2023年哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图城市形态带的财产犯罪事件时空格局。我们使用Knox测试和可解释性机器学习（带有SHAP值的XGBoost）来预测三个城市建筑环境（多层公寓、低收入独立住宅和高收入独立住宅）基于时空窗口内的先前事件的受害风险。结果表明，虽然我们观察到“犯罪集中规律”的部分证据，但阿拉木图的总体NRV效应较弱。机器学习方法进一步表明，近距离犯罪不会改变再次发生的风险，而在空间和时间上更遥远的事件与更高的再次发生几率有关。而不是传统的“近重复”，我们观察到一种形式的“远重复”受害。这种模式表明了一种特殊类型的犯罪转移，其中最吸引人的目标不是先前犯罪的地点，而是执法部门较少关注的地方。此外，形态集群彼此之间并没有本质上的区别——关键的区别不是网格状和有机布局本身，而是山麓和城市其他地方的高级独立区域。这些发现强调了在非西方背景下使用不同的方法方法评估NRV的必要性，并明确考虑犯罪发生的城市形态。

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引用次数: 0

Testing the law of crime concentration in China: Do transportation networks matter? 中国犯罪集中规律的检验：交通网络重要吗？

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102563

Yiwei Xia, Zijun Liu

Purpose

While the Law of Crime Concentration (LCC) has been widely validated in Western contexts, less is known about its applicability and structural determinants in other settings. This study examines whether the LCC holds across Chinese cities and whether variation in transportation networks help explain differences in spatial crime concentration.

Methods

A national dataset of 584,047 court-validated robbery, snatching, and theft cases from 2014 to 2019 was analyzed. Incidents were geocoded and aggregated to 1 km × 1 km grid cells across 333 prefectural-level units and 4 municipalities. Crime concentration was measured using generalized Gini coefficients and percentile indicators (P25/P50). Two-way fixedeffects models and lagged specifications were employed to assess both contemporaneous and delayed effects of transportation networks.

Results

The findings confirm a highly skewed and stable pattern of crime concentration, consistent with the LCC. This regularity persists across crime types, spatial resolutions, time periods, city hierarchies, alternative measurement strategies, and specific geographic locations. Denser and better-connected rail networks are significantly associated with lower levels of crime concentration in the contemporaneous year, while these effects weaken and become insignificant over longer lags. The pattern suggests that opportunity-diffusion effects operate more rapidly, whereas potential social-disorganization processes may take longer to materialize.

Conclusions

This study provides the first macro-level evidence on spatial crime concentration and its temporal dynamics in China. The findings highlight the significant role of transportation networks in shaping the spatial distribution of crime, underscoring the importance of considering where crime occurs, not just whether it occurs, when designing crime prevention strategies.

目的：虽然犯罪集中定律（Law of Crime Concentration， LCC）在西方环境中得到了广泛的验证，但人们对其在其他环境中的适用性和结构决定因素知之甚少。本研究考察了LCC是否在中国城市中存在，以及交通网络的变化是否有助于解释空间犯罪集中度的差异。方法对2014 - 2019年经法院确认的584047起抢劫、抢夺和盗窃案件的国家数据集进行分析。对事件进行地理编码，并汇总到333个地级市和4个直辖市的1公里× 1公里网格单元。采用广义基尼系数和百分位指标（P25/P50）测量犯罪集中度。采用双向固定效应模型和滞后规范来评估交通网络的同期效应和延迟效应。研究结果证实了犯罪集中的高度倾斜和稳定的模式，与LCC一致。这种规律性贯穿于犯罪类型、空间分辨率、时间段、城市等级、替代测量策略和特定地理位置。在同一年份，更密集、连接更好的铁路网络与较低的犯罪集中度显著相关，而这些影响会减弱，并在较长时间后变得微不足道。这种模式表明，机会扩散效应运行得更快，而潜在的社会解体过程可能需要更长的时间才能实现。结论本研究首次提供了中国犯罪空间集中及其时间动态的宏观证据。研究结果强调了交通网络在塑造犯罪空间分布方面的重要作用，强调了在设计犯罪预防策略时考虑犯罪发生的地点，而不仅仅是是否发生的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the mobility-crime dynamics across various stages of a Global Health crisis: Temporal evidence from 25 cities in the United States 探索全球健康危机不同阶段的流动性-犯罪动态：来自美国25个城市的时间证据

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102553

Xinge Jia, Hua Zhong

Contemporary global crises have intensified the conditions of a risk society. In response to perceived risks, human mobility, which refers to physical movement across locations such as stores and schools, has changed. Routine Activity Theory (RAT) posits that such mobility changes can influence crime by affecting the interactions among potential offenders, suitable targets, and capable guardianship. Until now, limited research has examined the long-term mobility-crime dynamics. This study addresses this gap by investigating the temporal associations between mobility patterns across six location types and eight common offense types in 25 major U.S. cities in a risk society exemplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive analyses reveal divergent crime trajectories: persistent declines in drug offenses, residential burglary, and robbery, while a sustained rise in motor vehicle theft. Using Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality tests, we find the strongest associations between mobility and crime in the initial stage, with varying relationships across locations and crime types. Mobility shows a greater influence on violent crime than the reverse, whereas bidirectional associations are more common in property crimes. These findings underscore the global health crisis's lasting effects on mobility-crime dynamics and provide insights for targeted crime prevention and effective urban planning strategies in a risk-oriented society.

当代全球危机加剧了风险社会的状况。为了应对感知到的风险，人类流动性（指在商店和学校等地点之间的物理移动）发生了变化。常规活动理论（RAT）认为，这种移动性的变化可以通过影响潜在罪犯、合适的目标和有能力的监护之间的相互作用来影响犯罪。到目前为止，有限的研究已经考察了长期的流动性-犯罪动态。本研究通过调查以COVID-19大流行为例的风险社会中美国25个主要城市的6种地点类型和8种常见犯罪类型的流动模式之间的时间关联，解决了这一差距。描述性分析揭示了不同的犯罪轨迹：毒品犯罪、住宅盗窃和抢劫持续下降，而机动车盗窃持续上升。利用Toda-Yamamoto Granger因果检验，我们发现流动性与犯罪之间的关联在初始阶段最强，在不同的地点和犯罪类型之间存在不同的关系。流动性对暴力犯罪的影响大于流动性对暴力犯罪的影响，而双向关联在财产犯罪中更为常见。这些发现强调了全球卫生危机对流动-犯罪动态的持久影响，并为在风险导向的社会中有针对性地预防犯罪和有效的城市规划战略提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

Trajectories of control: Exposure to punitive social control over time and its associated consequences 控制轨迹：长期暴露于惩罚性社会控制及其相关后果

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102555

Abigail Novak

Existing research suggests exposure to punitive control in childhood may impact youth outcomes; however, research is largely limited to one-time examinations of control, ignoring potential patterns of punitive social control throughout childhood and adolescence. The purpose of this study was to identify trajectories of punitive social control in childhood and adolescence and examine how patterns of exposure affect justice-related outcomes including arrest and probation and incarceration. This study also examined risk factors for group membership, as well as differences in justice-related outcomes by youth race/ethnicity and gender. Results identified multiple patterns of control exposure. Differences by race/ethnicity and gender were also detected. According to results, prioritizing alternative policy responses that reduce exposure to punitive systems of control may help reduce experiences of punitive control and may ultimately help to reduce justice system involvement.

现有研究表明，童年时期受到惩罚性控制可能会影响青年时期的发展；然而，研究主要局限于一次性的控制检查，忽视了整个童年和青春期惩罚性社会控制的潜在模式。本研究的目的是确定儿童和青少年惩罚性社会控制的轨迹，并研究暴露模式如何影响与司法相关的结果，包括逮捕、缓刑和监禁。这项研究还检查了群体成员的风险因素，以及青年种族/民族和性别在司法相关结果方面的差异。结果确定了多种对照暴露模式。还发现了种族/民族和性别之间的差异。根据结果，优先考虑减少对惩罚性控制系统的暴露的替代政策反应可能有助于减少惩罚性控制的经历，并可能最终有助于减少司法系统的参与。

引用次数: 0