Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献

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The structure of cooperation among organized crime groups: A network study of Merseyside, UK

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102348

Paolo Campana , Andrea Giovannetti

This study reconstructs the cooperation network among 134 organized crime groups (OCGs) operating in an urban setting by leveraging a dataset of 5239 police crime reports (January 2015 to March 2018). While 63 % of groups cooperated with at least another group (median 2.8, maximum 9), cooperation remains subject to constraints, with a maximum of 3.3 % of all possible ties being established, and there is a strong tendency towards clusterization.

Moving to the determinants of such structure, the study finds that only one type of revenue-generating criminal activity has a structuring effect on the OCG landscape: drug trafficking. This sets drug trafficking apart from acquisitive crime. Results also suggest that OCGs decrease risk by collaborating with groups that also collaborate with a partner OCG. This holds when controlling for spatial proximity. This work also shows that more central groups in the cooperation network tend to use violence more often.

This study points to two main implications. Firstly, it highlights the importance of considering self-organized groups of offenders as entities in their own right when developing interventions; secondly, it stresses the importance of group-level relational mapping and associated mechanisms. Methodologically, it emphasizes the importance of criminal groups as a unit of analysis.

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引用次数: 0

Law enforcement assisted diversion (LEAD) in North Carolina: A longitudinal analysis of criminal-legal outcomes

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102323

Allison R. Gilbert , Josie Caves Sivaraman , Reginald Lerebours , Michele M. Easter , Reah Siegel

引用次数: 0

Population growth and its paradox: An investigation into the correlates of four forms of violence in a rapidly expanding suburb

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102343

Michael S. Barton , Briana Anderson , Caitlin Charles , Matthew A. Valasik

Population growth and demographic changes were an important part of recent discourse about suburban areas, but research on the importance of rapid population growth for crime in suburban areas has been limited. A recent study found that rapid population growth in this city was not associated with changes in arrests for violent or property crime, which was counter to what was expected given the substantial body of research about increased violence in rapidly developing rural boomtowns. The findings of that study raised questions about whether rapid population growth was associated with changes in crime in all contexts and whether commonly assessed neighborhood level predictors of violence in urban and rural studies operated in the same fashion in suburban areas. The current study engages with this by examining the importance of population growth for changes in calls for service for four forms of violence in a rapidly growing suburban city. Findings indicate rapid population growth was not associated with an increase in violence overall, but that certain forms of violent behavior were more likely to increase. Further, the findings suggest neighborhood level population changes had different implications for changes in specific forms of violence.

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引用次数: 0

Co-offending among outlaw motorcycle gang members: The role of social and geographical proximity

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102340

Sjoukje van Deuren , Tomáš Diviák , Arjan Blokland

Members of outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCGs) have been shown to be disproportionally engaged in criminal behavior, including serious and organized crime. Fellow OMCG members have furthermore been found to facilitate this criminal behavior both indirectly, by providing a moral climate and opportunity structure conducive to crime, and directly, by acting as co-offenders. Although co-offending among OMCG members is prevalent, the driving factors in OMCG members' co-offender choice remain largely unknown. In the present study, we examine whether co-offending among OMCG members is best explained by social proximity, measured here as similarity in age and rank within the club, and shared club and chapter membership, or rather by geographical proximity, measure here as the distance (in kilometers) between chapters' clubhouses. To examine the driving factors of OMCG members' co-offending we apply the recently developed Poisson Quadratic Assignment Procedure regression on the officially registered co-offending data of a sample of 1096 members of four of the most notorious Dutch OMCGs. This study examines co-offending of OMCG members in general and for organized, violent and property crime in particular. The results show that in their choice of co-offenders, social rather than geographical proximity predicts the frequency of co-offending among OMCG members.

{"title":"Co-offending among outlaw motorcycle gang members: The role of social and geographical proximity","authors":"Sjoukje van Deuren , Tomáš Diviák , Arjan Blokland","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Members of outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCGs) have been shown to be disproportionally engaged in criminal behavior, including serious and organized crime. Fellow OMCG members have furthermore been found to facilitate this criminal behavior both indirectly, by providing a moral climate and opportunity structure conducive to crime, and directly, by acting as co-offenders. Although co-offending among OMCG members is prevalent, the driving factors in OMCG members' co-offender choice remain largely unknown. In the present study, we examine whether co-offending among OMCG members is best explained by social proximity, measured here as similarity in age and rank within the club, and shared club and chapter membership, or rather by geographical proximity, measure here as the distance (in kilometers) between chapters' clubhouses. To examine the driving factors of OMCG members' co-offending we apply the recently developed Poisson Quadratic Assignment Procedure regression on the officially registered co-offending data of a sample of 1096 members of four of the most notorious Dutch OMCGs. This study examines co-offending of OMCG members in general and for organized, violent and property crime in particular. The results show that in their choice of co-offenders, social rather than geographical proximity predicts the frequency of co-offending among OMCG members.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102340"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Beyond the collective: Personal networks in the study of street gang processes

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102338

Caterina G. Roman, Thuy-Trinh Nguyen

This manuscript discusses the integration of personal network research designs (PNRDs) into the study of street gangs, highlighting their potential to advance scholarly inquiry. PNRDs, which are designed to examine the local network surrounding a focal respondent, enable a rigorous examination of key constructs related to gang formation, identity, violence, and disengagement, and can overcome some of the limitations plaguing sociocentric network studies of gangs. The paper also describes the unique advantages of using PNRDs over traditional social science methods in gang studies. The paper concludes by putting forth sample research questions across various domains of gang processes that can be examined using PNRDs.

引用次数: 0

A multiplex network approach to understanding extremist organizations: A case study of the Proud Boys

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102353

Jack G.R. Wippell, Dana L. Haynie

Purpose

This paper explores the network dynamics of extremist organizations through a detailed case study of the Proud Boys. Using a multiplex network approach, informed by recent advances in research on gangs, we examine how various types of ties influence extremist behavior.

Method

We first describe three focal networks through which the Proud Boys operate – chapter affiliations, online connectivity through social media, and co-membership in other extremist groups – and the resultant multiplex network linking members across the organization. We then describe a fourth network of offline co-activism and use multiple regression with the quadratic assignment procedure (MRQAP) to assess how ties within different multiplex network layers are associated with co-activism.

Results

Findings indicate high variability in member connectivity across different types of ties, but certain metrics do reveal key figures within the organization. Each focal network is significantly associated with co-activism. Regional proximity and shared leadership roles also emerge as relevant factors, underscoring the potential influence of structural and organizational dynamics.

Conclusion

This study provides a nuanced understanding of the structure and linkages within an extremist organization, demonstrates the value of a gang-informed approach, and offers insight into the drivers of extremist mobilization.

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引用次数: 0

Understanding corrections fatigue and perceptions of natural landscaping at work: An exploratory study with staff at a corrections center for women

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102349

Barb Toews , Lindsay McCunn

Correctional employees face dangers inherent to correctional work which, when coupled with organizational and operational stressors, may converge into corrections fatigue (CF). Because such fatigue may relate to lower job commitment and fewer positive work behaviors, it is imperative to understand how staff cope with, and find respite from, their jobs. One such strategy may be engagement with the facility's natural environment. This quantitative and qualitative exploratory survey study measured 72 employees' perceptions and use of landscaped areas of a women's prison, and whether these data correlated with staffs' CF, affective organizational commitment (AOC), organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), and their ability to find respite on the job. Staff reported neutral levels of CF, low levels of AOC, an inability to relax, and high levels of OCBs. Overall, staff rarely used the landscaped areas around the facility and did not perceive those areas as beneficial to them. Those experiencing higher levels of fatigue and less ability to relax used the landscape less. Those with stronger AOC report more positive use and perceptions of the landscape. These findings provide preliminary support for efforts to design and build more landscaped areas to support prison staffs' personal and professional health.

{"title":"Understanding corrections fatigue and perceptions of natural landscaping at work: An exploratory study with staff at a corrections center for women","authors":"Barb Toews , Lindsay McCunn","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102349","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102349","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Correctional employees face dangers inherent to correctional work which, when coupled with organizational and operational stressors, may converge into corrections fatigue (CF). Because such fatigue may relate to lower job commitment and fewer positive work behaviors, it is imperative to understand how staff cope with, and find respite from, their jobs. One such strategy may be engagement with the facility's natural environment. This quantitative and qualitative exploratory survey study measured 72 employees' perceptions and use of landscaped areas of a women's prison, and whether these data correlated with staffs' CF, affective organizational commitment (AOC), organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs), and their ability to find respite on the job. Staff reported neutral levels of CF, low levels of AOC, an inability to relax, and high levels of OCBs. Overall, staff rarely used the landscaped areas around the facility and did not perceive those areas as beneficial to them. Those experiencing higher levels of fatigue and less ability to relax used the landscape less. Those with stronger AOC report more positive use and perceptions of the landscape. These findings provide preliminary support for efforts to design and build more landscaped areas to support prison staffs' personal and professional health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102349"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

How much does criminal history contribute to racial differences in arraignment outcomes?

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102352

Catherine A. Grodensky, Ian A. Silver, Matthew DeMichele

Differences based on race are prevalent across multiple processes and outcomes in the US criminal legal system, and one potential driver is the greater likelihood of Black individuals to possess a criminal history. Decisions made at arraignment about whether to detain an individual pretrial and require bail are typically influenced by judges' perceptions of their culpability and danger to society, which are influenced by criminal history. The current study employs a Structural Equation Model (SEM) to assess the extent to which criminal history mediates the association between race and arraignment outcomes in a sample of >15,000 cases in a large Southeastern county. Findings show that the sample of cases is disproportionately Black when compared with the surrounding population (85 % vs. 45 %, respectively), and that Black individuals are significantly more likely to be detained pretrial than White individuals (24 % vs. 21 %, respectively). SEM results indicate that criminal history accounts for all racial differences in pretrial detention and predicts pretrial detention more strongly among White than Black individuals. Neither criminal history nor race was significantly associated with assignment of bail. Strategies to reduce racial differences in pretrial detention may need to target how past criminal history informs pretrial release decisions at arraignment.

{"title":"How much does criminal history contribute to racial differences in arraignment outcomes?","authors":"Catherine A. Grodensky, Ian A. Silver, Matthew DeMichele","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102352","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102352","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Differences based on race are prevalent across multiple processes and outcomes in the US criminal legal system, and one potential driver is the greater likelihood of Black individuals to possess a criminal history. Decisions made at arraignment about whether to detain an individual pretrial and require bail are typically influenced by judges' perceptions of their culpability and danger to society, which are influenced by criminal history. The current study employs a Structural Equation Model (SEM) to assess the extent to which criminal history mediates the association between race and arraignment outcomes in a sample of >15,000 cases in a large Southeastern county. Findings show that the sample of cases is disproportionately Black when compared with the surrounding population (85 % vs. 45 %, respectively), and that Black individuals are significantly more likely to be detained pretrial than White individuals (24 % vs. 21 %, respectively). SEM results indicate that criminal history accounts for all racial differences in pretrial detention and predicts pretrial detention more strongly among White than Black individuals. Neither criminal history nor race was significantly associated with assignment of bail. Strategies to reduce racial differences in pretrial detention may need to target how past criminal history informs pretrial release decisions at arraignment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"96 ","pages":"Article 102352"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143146306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The impact of incarceration on reoffending: A period-to-period analysis of Canadian youth followed into adulthood

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102335

Evan C. McCuish , Shawn Bushway , Patrick Lussier , Kelsey Gushue

Several theories and policies on punishment describe within-person processes whereby an increase in the number of days a person spends incarcerated decreases their likelihood of reoffending. Contradicting these perspectives, meta-analyses report universal consensus that incarceration has either a null or crime-inducing impact on reoffending. However, studies included in this meta-analytic work relied on between-group analyses. Within-person analyses more closely align with how theories and policies describe the relationship between incarceration and reoffending and have the additional benefit of addressing the selection bias problem of between-group analyses. Using longitudinal data from the Incarcerated Serious and Violent Young Offender Study in British Columbia, Canada (n = 1719), a first-differenced fixed-effect estimator modeled the relationship between year-over-year change in the number of days spent incarcerated and future year-over-year change in number of convictions. Between ages 12–25, year-over-year increases in days spent incarcerated prospectively influenced year-over-year decreases in convictions. This finding was consistent across types of convictions, age-stages, ethnicity, gender, birth cohort, and exposure to different youth justice legislation. It is unclear whether reductions in convictions resulted from incarceration having a deterrent effect or a rehabilitative effect. It would be a mistake to interpret findings as support for expanding the use of incarceration or that Canada's correctional system should maintain the status quo.

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the association between income inequality, racial composition, and fatal police shootings in U.S. counties (2015–2022)

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102350

Hossein Zare , Danielle Gilmore , Shervin Assari , Michelle Spencer , Roland Jr Thorpe , Darrell Gaskin

The study determines whether income inequality and racial composition of counties influence the number of residents who have been fatally shot by police.

Mapping Police Violence and the Washington Post between 2015 and 2022 were used, including 7082 cases across 3126 counties. This data was linked with the American Community Survey. This county level analysis investigated the association between police shootings and counties' Gini Coefficient, a well-known index to measure income inequality range from 0 to 1. The negative binomial regression models (NBRG) were used controlling for demographic factors, population density, number of police officer per-capita, ratio of violent crimes, percentage of female officers and state and year fixed effects.

Moving from low to high-GC was associated with higher fatal police shootings, with 2.3× for Whites, 7.6× for Blacks, 7.8× for Hispanics, and 2.1× for other groups, and 3.6× overall increase. One unit increase in GC number of police fatal shooting was associated with a marginal effect of 3.496 (CI: 2.207–4.781), with a higher marginal effect in Black (1.032, CI: 0.504–1.562), and White (0.510, CI: 0.191–0.829) peoples.

The study emphasizes the need for comprehensive solutions to address income inequality and racial composition in addressing fatal police shootings.

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Journal of Criminal Justice

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