Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献

英文中文

The pursuit of gun safety in a new era: Exploring predictors of firearm storage practices among the public 新时代对枪支安全的追求：探索公众枪支储存行为的预测因素

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102566

Christina Mancini , Sarah Koon-Magnin , Patrick Wells

Given rising concerns about gun violence and the extent of parental liability, we examine firearm storage practices among the public. Using a subsample of respondents with guns in their households (n = 525) drawn from a nationally representative survey (N = 1271), we address two key research questions. First, to what extent do gun-owners engage in potentially unsafe firearm storage (e.g., keeping firearms unlocked, loaded, or with ammunition in reach)? Second, what factors are associated with these risky practices among the public? Overall, our findings suggest that prior use of guns within one's profession, personal experiences with firearms (e.g., victimization, having witnessed gun violence), living in a child-free household, and other socio-demographic factors, particularly gender, are tied with the likelihood of engaging in risky storage habits. The implications of study findings are discussed.

鉴于对枪支暴力和父母责任程度的日益关注，我们调查了公众的枪支储存做法。使用从全国代表性调查（n = 1271）中抽取的家庭中有枪的受访者的子样本（n = 525），我们解决了两个关键的研究问题。首先，枪支拥有者在多大程度上参与了可能不安全的枪支储存（例如，不上锁、上膛或将弹药放在触手可及的地方）？其次，哪些因素与公众的这些风险行为有关？总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，在一个人的职业中，以前使用过枪支，个人使用枪支的经历（例如，受害，目睹枪支暴力），生活在一个没有孩子的家庭，以及其他社会人口因素，特别是性别，都与从事危险储存习惯的可能性有关。讨论了研究结果的含义。

引用次数: 0

Public opinion and the immediate entry dilemma: A factorial survey experiment on active shooter response 民意与即刻进入困境：主动枪手反应的析因调查实验

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102578

M. Hunter Martaindale , Peter T. Tanksley

Active shooter events remain a critical public safety concern, with public expectations often centered on how quickly police intervene to stop the threat. While recent studies have examined how law enforcement officers view their role in these events, no research has directly measured citizen perceptions of officer actions. This study addresses that gap by using a quasi-experimental factorial survey with two national samples of U.S. adults. Respondents (n = 767, n = 827) each evaluated 10 randomly assigned vignettes depicting officer decisions during active shooter scenarios, resulting in more than 15,800 vignette assessments. Results show that citizens' judgments of appropriateness were driven less by situational “driving forces,” such as gunfire or wounded victims, and more by symbolic features of the event, particularly the location. Citizens strongly supported immediate entry in schools and parades, while support was lower in large malls where waiting for backup was viewed as more acceptable. These findings contrast with prior officer-focused research, which found that police judgments are primarily influenced by threat cues. The divergence underscores that public legitimacy cannot be fully understood through officer perspectives alone. Law enforcement policy and training may not be guided by public preferences, but citizen perceptions shape legitimacy, accountability, and trust following high-profile events. Future research should continue to explore how public expectations intersect with professional practices under conditions of extreme uncertainty.

活跃的枪手事件仍然是一个重要的公共安全问题，公众的期望往往集中在警方如何迅速干预以阻止威胁。虽然最近的研究调查了执法人员如何看待他们在这些事件中的角色，但没有研究直接衡量公民对官员行为的看法。本研究通过对两个美国成年人样本进行准实验因子调查来解决这一差距。受访者（n = 767, n = 827）每人评估了10个随机分配的小片段，这些小片段描述了活跃枪手场景下的警官决策，得出了超过15,800个小片段评估。结果表明，公民对适当性的判断较少受到情景“驱动力”的影响，如枪声或受伤的受害者，更多地受到事件的象征性特征，特别是地点的影响。市民强烈支持立即进入学校和游行，而在大型购物中心的支持率较低，在那里等待后援被认为是更可以接受的。这些发现与先前以警察为中心的研究形成对比，后者发现警察的判断主要受到威胁线索的影响。这种分歧强调，仅从官员的角度不能完全理解公共合法性。执法政策和培训可能不会以公众偏好为导向，但在高调事件发生后，公民的看法会影响合法性、问责制和信任。未来的研究应该继续探索在极端不确定的条件下，公众期望与专业实践是如何交叉的。

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引用次数: 0

Force and fallout: Experimental evidence from a national test of the Community Expectations Standard 力量和影响：来自社区期望标准国家测试的实验证据

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102571

Christopher J. Marier , Conor Goodwin

A persistent “reasonableness divide” exists between the legal standards governing police use of force and the public’s expectations, producing “lawful but awful” uses of force. This study empirically tests the “Community Expectations Standard” (CES), a model that identifies five criteria the public uses to evaluate force: underlying governmental interest, avoidability, officer motivation, subject resistance, and the presence of a “highly dangerous” environment. Using a factorial survey experiment with a national sample of nearly 2000 U.S. adults, we analyzed responses to a hypothetical vignette depicting non-lethal force using t-tests and Bayesian linear regression models. The results show that underlying governmental interest and subject resistance—those factors with analogs in constitutional law—are the most powerful predictors of reasonableness judgments. In contrast, other CES factors were weaker, with their effects potentially filtered through the observer’s personal characteristics. Notably, political partisanship emerged as a more potent predictor of reasonableness appraisals than race or ethnicity, suggesting partisanship acts as a primary lens for interpreting police use of force. We conclude that the CES framework is a valuable tool but should be refined to distinguish between objective, event-based criteria and subjective, observer-based criteria. Bridging the reasonableness divide requires adjusting both law enforcement practices and public expectations.

在警察使用武力的法律标准和公众的期望之间存在着持续的“合理分歧”，导致了“合法但可怕”的武力使用。本研究对“社区期望标准”（CES）进行了实证检验，该模型确定了公众用来评估武力的五个标准：潜在的政府利益、可避免性、官员动机、主体抵抗和“高度危险”环境的存在。使用近2000名美国成年人的全国样本进行因子调查实验，我们使用t检验和贝叶斯线性回归模型分析了对描述非致命武力的假想小插图的反应。结果表明，潜在的政府利益和主体阻力——这些因素在宪法中有类似之处——是合理判断的最有力预测因素。相比之下，其他消费电子产品因素较弱，其影响可能通过观察者的个人特征过滤。值得注意的是，政治党派关系比种族或民族关系更能预测合理性评估，这表明党派关系是解释警察使用武力的主要视角。我们的结论是，CES框架是一个有价值的工具，但应加以改进，以区分客观的、基于事件的标准和主观的、基于观察者的标准。弥合合理的鸿沟需要调整执法实践和公众期望。

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引用次数: 0

Is it a self-fulfilling prophecy?: Examining how parental and youth perceptions of future system involvement predict early adulthood criminal involvement 这是一个自我实现的预言吗？研究父母和青少年对未来系统参与的看法如何预测成年早期的犯罪参与

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102586

Tova A. Cohen , Ian A. Silver

Informal labeling, or unofficial labels imposed by oneself and others, has been linked to criminal legal involvement. However, it is still unclear whether self or familial labeling is more criminogenic. Using a subset of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) (N = 2980), the current study examines the association between self-perception and parental perception of incarceration by age 20, as well as criminal legal system involvement from ages 18–20 and 21–41. Results suggest that self-perception of incarceration by age 20 was positively associated with the number of arrests between 18 and 20 and after 20, while parental perception of incarceration by age 20 appeared to be associated with the number of months incarcerated from 18 to 20 and after 20. These results, overall, highlight that self and familial labeling could have distinct effects on future involvement in the criminal legal system, but both could be criminogenic.

非正式标签，或自己和他人强加的非正式标签，与刑事法律参与有关。然而，目前尚不清楚是自我标签还是家族标签更容易导致犯罪。本研究利用1997年全国青年纵向调查（NLSY97）（N = 2980）的一个小样本，考察了自我认知与父母在20岁时对监禁的认知之间的关系，以及18-20岁和21-41岁时刑事司法系统的参与。结果表明，20岁时对监禁的自我感知与18岁至20岁之间和20岁之后的被捕次数呈正相关，而父母对20岁时监禁的感知似乎与18岁至20岁之间和20岁之后的监禁月数相关。总的来说，这些结果强调了自我标签和家族标签对未来参与刑事法律体系可能有不同的影响，但两者都可能是犯罪的。

引用次数: 0

Cyberstalking perpetration by college students: The effects of low self-control and prior victimization 大学生网络跟踪犯罪：低自我控制和先前受害的影响

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102556

Ryan Randa , Ashley K. Fansher , Bradford W. Reyns

The present study addresses the determinants of cyberstalking perpetration within a sample of college students. Using self-report survey data collected from a large Southern university in fall 2016, a final sample of 1127 respondents were asked to report their history of both cyberstalking perpetration as well as cyberstalking victimization. This study explores cyberstalking perpetration, through the lens of low self-control, cyberstalking victimization experience, sexual compulsivity, sexual deception, and relationship status through logistic regression analyses and marginal effects. Findings suggest a relationship between cyberstalking perpetration and cyberstalking victimization across levels of self-control, where the strongest connection is among those the poorest self-control. Additionally, we explore differences between male and female respondents in their likelihood to engage in cyberstalking behavior, finding that women are more likely to offend particularly when exhibiting low self-control.

本研究在大学生样本中探讨了网络跟踪行为的决定因素。利用2016年秋季从南方一所大型大学收集的自我报告调查数据，最终样本为1127名受访者，他们被要求报告自己的网络跟踪犯罪史和网络跟踪受害者史。本研究通过logistic回归分析和边际效应分析，从自我控制程度低、网络缠扰受害经历、性强迫、性欺骗、关系状态等角度探讨网络缠扰犯罪行为。研究结果表明，网络跟踪犯罪和网络跟踪受害者之间的关系跨越了自我控制的水平，其中最强烈的联系是那些自我控制最差的人。此外，我们探讨了男性和女性受访者在参与网络跟踪行为的可能性方面的差异，发现女性在表现出较低的自制力时更有可能冒犯他人。

引用次数: 0

Police de-escalation training and its effects on communication: Evidence from an experimental evaluation 警察降级训练及其对沟通的影响：来自实验评估的证据

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102598

Kyle McLean , Trey Bussey , Justin Nix , Jeffrey Rojek , Geoffrey P. Alpert

Evaluations of police de-escalation training programs have provided mixed results on the effectiveness of these programs in reducing the use of force. These programs rely on a causal logic model that suggests training improves intermediary behaviors, such as communication tactics or empathy, which decrease the likelihood of force being necessary in interactions with citizens. In this paper, we present the results of a randomized-controlled trial of a police de-escalation training curriculum. We employ systematic social observation of body-worn camera footage to examine these intermediary behaviors and analyze administrative use of force records to assess use of force as an outcome. The analyses demonstrate that the program is successful in improving intermediary behaviors but does not reduce use of force incidents. Considering these results in combination with the growing body of literature on police de-escalation training programs, we suggest that de-escalation training programs are largely successful in improving intermediary behaviors but that those behaviors are not as closely linked to use of force rates as theorized. Accordingly, we suggest that scholars and policymakers consider de-escalation training as a method for improving interpersonal skills for police officers but look for other methods to reduce the use of force.

对警察冲突降级培训项目的评估显示，这些项目在减少使用武力方面的效果好坏参半。这些项目依赖于一个因果逻辑模型，该模型表明，培训可以改善中介行为，如沟通策略或同理心，从而减少与公民互动时使用武力的可能性。在本文中，我们提出了一个警察降级培训课程的随机对照试验的结果。我们采用系统的社会观察，对随身携带的摄像机镜头来检查这些中介行为，并分析行政使用武力的记录，以评估使用武力的结果。分析表明，该计划在改善中介行为方面取得了成功，但并没有减少使用武力事件。考虑到这些结果，结合越来越多的关于警察降级培训计划的文献，我们认为降级培训计划在很大程度上成功地改善了中介行为，但这些行为并不像理论上那样与使用武力率密切相关。因此，我们建议学者和政策制定者将降级培训作为提高警察人际交往能力的一种方法，同时寻找其他方法来减少武力的使用。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of social motives of clients and staff on the social climate of secure settings 顾客和员工的社会动机对安全环境社会氛围的影响

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102538

Andrea Canel , Marc Graf , Christian Huber , Jérôme Endrass , Nathalie Brackmann

The social climate of secure settings plays a critical role in correctional rehabilitation, yet little is known about how interpersonal dynamics between clients and staff shape these environments. This study investigated the influence of interpersonal motives on perceptions of social climate in correctional facilities and forensic psychiatric hospitals in Switzerland. Interpersonal motives are preferences for certain interpersonal outcomes or modes of reactions along the dimensions of dominance and affiliation. Data were collected from 442 participants (369 clients, 73 staff) across six institutions using validated self-report and observer-rated measures. Multilevel modeling was used to assess individual and institutional-level predictors of three key social climate dimensions: Experienced Safety, Resident Cohesion, and Therapeutic Hold. For clients, higher levels of affiliative motives, both self-reported and perceived in staff, consistently predicted more positive perceptions of the social climate across all dimensions. In contrast, dominance-related motives showed no significant associations. Staff members' perceptions of social climate were more strongly shaped by institutional context, though perceiving clients as affiliative was linked to higher ratings of Resident Cohesion and the social climate overall. Individual affiliative motives also predicted stronger perceptions of Therapeutic Hold among staff. These findings underscore the relevance of everyday relational dynamics—particularly affiliative behaviors—in promoting safe, cohesive, and rehabilitative environments. The study highlights the reciprocal nature of staff-client relationships and the need to train and support frontline staff in cultivating prosocial, compassionate interactions. Understanding how interpersonal motives shape climate perceptions provides valuable insights for improving correctional outcomes and working conditions in secure settings.

安全环境的社会氛围在矫正康复中起着至关重要的作用，但很少有人知道客户和员工之间的人际动态如何塑造这些环境。本研究调查了人际动机对瑞士惩教设施和法医精神病院社会气候感知的影响。人际动机是对某些人际结果的偏好或沿支配和隶属维度的反应模式。使用有效的自我报告和观察者评价措施，从六个机构的442名参与者（369名客户，73名员工）中收集数据。多层模型用于评估个人和机构层面的三个关键社会气候维度的预测因素：经验安全、居民凝聚力和治疗Hold。对于客户而言，更高水平的隶属动机（无论是自我报告的还是员工感知的）始终预示着在所有维度上对社会氛围的更积极的看法。相比之下，与优势相关的动机没有显著的关联。工作人员对社会气候的看法更强烈地受到制度背景的影响，尽管认为客户具有从属关系与居民凝聚力和整体社会气候的较高评级有关。员工的个人附属动机也预示着更强的治疗Hold观念。这些发现强调了日常关系动态——尤其是附属行为——在促进安全、凝聚力和康复环境中的相关性。该研究强调了员工与客户关系的互惠性质，以及培训和支持一线员工培养亲社会、富有同情心的互动的必要性。了解人际动机如何影响气候感知，为改善安全环境中的惩教结果和工作条件提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

The Other perspectives on the development and life course of offending 犯罪发展与生命历程的其他视角

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102577

Laura Bui , Kofi Boakye

引用次数: 0

Lethal violence in a Tourist City of the global south: Evidence from Recife, Brazil 全球南部旅游城市的致命暴力：来自巴西累西腓的证据

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102579

Duan Vilela Ferreira , Vania Aparecida Ceccato , Caroline Maria de Miranda Mota

The objective of this article is to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of homicides in Recife, a major tourist destination in northeastern Brazil. We begin by analysing the distribution of homicides in relation to periods to assess later how different types of urban land uses, including leisure-related facilities, affect lethal violence using negative binomial regression models, over the period from 2017 to 2022. The findings indicate that some leisure-related areas, not all, contribute to shaping the spatial distribution of homicides. Yet lethal violence in Recife's impoverished neighbourhoods remains chronically high throughout the year. These results highlight the dual challenge faced by the city: managing seasonal risks linked to tourism while addressing persistent structural violence rooted in social inequality and organised crime.

本文的目的是调查累西腓凶杀案的时空模式，累西腓是巴西东北部的一个主要旅游目的地。我们首先分析凶杀案在不同时期的分布，然后使用负二项回归模型评估2017年至2022年期间不同类型的城市土地利用（包括休闲相关设施）如何影响致命暴力。研究结果表明，一些与休闲有关的地区，而不是所有地区，都有助于形成凶杀案的空间分布。然而，累西腓贫困社区的致命暴力事件全年仍居高不下。这些结果凸显了城市面临的双重挑战：管理与旅游业相关的季节性风险，同时解决植根于社会不平等和有组织犯罪的持续结构性暴力。

引用次数: 0

Pandemic, protests, and policing: Clearing crime in 2020 流行病、抗议和警务：2020年清除犯罪

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102570

Aki Roberts, John M. Roberts Jr.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the George Floyd murder and subsequent public reaction disrupted American policing in 2020. Because these socio-political events substantially affected agency practices and reduced citizen engagement in crime investigation, they may have been reflected in a key policing outcome, crime clearance by arrest. In survival analysis of 437,763 serious crime incidents from 131 police agencies in 2019 and 2020, drawn from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), we compared clearance hazard rates in periods of 2020 defined by the pandemic and George Floyd’s murder to those in corresponding periods of 2019, controlling for other agency/jurisdiction-level and incident-level factors. Results indicated slightly higher clearance in the initial pandemic period of 2020 than in the equivalent period of 2019. Following the Floyd killing, clearance was lower in 2020 than in the corresponding periods of 2019. Additional analyses separated incidents by city size and crime type and examined data for the early part of 2021. Pandemic-related changes in policing may not have been detrimental to arrest clearance, but a highly prominent police killing may have been. Policymakers and police leaders should closely examine pandemic-related organizational changes and consider whether continuing at least some would improve clearance rates and other policing outcomes. In addition to reducing incidents of police lethal violence, the police should focus on building legitimacy and fostering community engagement by consistently applying principles of procedural justice in everyday interactions with the public.

2020年，新冠肺炎大流行、乔治·弗洛伊德谋杀案以及随后的公众反应扰乱了美国的警务工作。由于这些社会政治事件严重影响了机构的做法，减少了公民对犯罪调查的参与，因此它们可能反映在一个关键的警务成果上，即通过逮捕清除犯罪。在对2019年和2020年来自131个警察机构的437,763起严重犯罪事件的生存分析中，我们从国家事件报告系统（NIBRS）中提取数据，将2020年期间由大流行和乔治·弗洛伊德谋杀案定义的清除危险率与2019年同期的清除危险率进行了比较，控制了其他机构/管辖级别和事件级别的因素。结果显示，2020年大流行初期的清除率略高于2019年同期。在弗洛伊德被杀之后，2020年的清除率低于2019年同期。其他分析按城市规模和犯罪类型对事件进行了分类，并检查了2021年初的数据。与大流行病有关的警务变化可能不会对逮捕许可造成不利影响，但一项极为突出的警察杀人事件可能会造成不利影响。政策制定者和警察领导人应密切审查与大流行有关的组织变革，并考虑是否继续至少一些改革会提高清除率和其他警务成果。除了减少警察致命暴力事件外，警察还应通过在与公众的日常互动中始终坚持应用程序正义原则，专注于建立合法性和促进社区参与。

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