Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102589
Qassim Bolaji , Christi Metcalfe
The main goal of this study is to explore the temporal relationship between procedural justice, legitimacy, and self-identification. More specifically, we anticipated that changes in procedural justice and legitimacy perceptions may be linked to changes in various aspects of self-identification and criminal cognition over time, including moral disengagement, perceived personal rewards of crime, prosocial aspirations, and self-esteem. A consideration of this interrelationship is relevant given that changes in the cognition and self-identification of offenders often accompany desistance from crime. Relying on data from the Pathways to Desistance study, the current project adopted a longitudinal approach to investigate how within-individual changes in police legitimacy and procedural justice are tied to changes in self-identification among a sample of serious offenders. Results showed that positive changes in legitimacy attitudes and procedural justice were related to prosocial changes in self-identification and cognition These results matter for better understanding the role that legal attitudes and police-citizen interactions play in how offenders think about themselves and the law.
{"title":"Do interactions with the police correlate with identity formation? Examining the relationship between police legitimacy, procedural justice, and self-identification over time","authors":"Qassim Bolaji , Christi Metcalfe","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The main goal of this study is to explore the temporal relationship between procedural justice, legitimacy, and self-identification. More specifically, we anticipated that changes in procedural justice and legitimacy perceptions may be linked to changes in various aspects of self-identification and criminal cognition over time, including moral disengagement, perceived personal rewards of crime, prosocial aspirations, and self-esteem. A consideration of this interrelationship is relevant given that changes in the cognition and self-identification of offenders often accompany desistance from crime. Relying on data from the Pathways to Desistance study, the current project adopted a longitudinal approach to investigate how within-individual changes in police legitimacy and procedural justice are tied to changes in self-identification among a sample of serious offenders. Results showed that positive changes in legitimacy attitudes and procedural justice were related to prosocial changes in self-identification and cognition These results matter for better understanding the role that legal attitudes and police-citizen interactions play in how offenders think about themselves and the law.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102589"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102588
Alaina De Biasi , Jeff Rojek , Edmund McGarrell
This study uses ballistic evidence entered into the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) to examine near-repeat shooting patterns in Detroit, Michigan, drawing on 5487 incidents involving the discharge of one or more firearms between January 2021 and October 2022. Conducted within the context of the Detroit Crime Gun Intelligence Center, our study captures a broad view of gun violence, integrates NIBIN linkages to advance understanding of the nature of gun violence, and extends analysis beyond dyads to multi-incident shooting chains. To this end, we applied the Knox test to identify near-repeat patterns and then grouped shooting incidents into chains based on their spatiotemporal proximity. We used multinomial and mixed-effects logistic regression to distinguish between the observed patterns. Our results show that gun violence in Detroit clusters tightly in space and time and is linked to high-risk places as well as circulating, multi-use crime guns. We discuss the implications of these findings for guiding law enforcement in developing integrated strategies that combine place-based and network-focused interventions to prevent and reduce gun violence in communities.
{"title":"From cartridge cases to spatial patterns: Leveraging NIBIN to identify near-repeat shootings in Detroit","authors":"Alaina De Biasi , Jeff Rojek , Edmund McGarrell","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study uses ballistic evidence entered into the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) to examine near-repeat shooting patterns in Detroit, Michigan, drawing on 5487 incidents involving the discharge of one or more firearms between January 2021 and October 2022. Conducted within the context of the Detroit Crime Gun Intelligence Center, our study captures a broad view of gun violence, integrates NIBIN linkages to advance understanding of the nature of gun violence, and extends analysis beyond dyads to multi-incident shooting chains. To this end, we applied the Knox test to identify near-repeat patterns and then grouped shooting incidents into chains based on their spatiotemporal proximity. We used multinomial and mixed-effects logistic regression to distinguish between the observed patterns. Our results show that gun violence in Detroit clusters tightly in space and time and is linked to high-risk places as well as circulating, multi-use crime guns. We discuss the implications of these findings for guiding law enforcement in developing integrated strategies that combine place-based and network-focused interventions to prevent and reduce gun violence in communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102588"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-08DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102554
Auzeen Shariati , Fariba Allahyoorti Dehaghi , Ali Amini
We examined how the consequences of stalking victimization shape victims' help-seeking behaviors, using the 2019 National Crime Victimization Survey, Supplemental Victimization data. We analyzed three distinct help-seeking outcomes: (a) reporting to police, (b) help-seeking from victim-serving agencies, and (c) help-seeking from personal networks. Logistic regression models assessed the statistical significance of individual predictors, while our non-parametric Machine Learning approach evaluated their predictive power and captured non-linear patterns. Regression results revealed that substantial emotional distress significantly increased the likelihood of all three help-seeking behaviors. Health, social, and financial problems increased the likelihood of network help-seeking, while social problems were associated with lower odds of police reporting. Machine learning identified financial problems, emotional distress, and health problems as the most predictive features for police reporting, agency help-seeking, and network help-seeking, respectively. These findings underscore the multidimensional nature of victimization consequences and the value of combining traditional statistical inference with machine learning to better understand victim decision-making.
{"title":"Help-seeking behaviors of stalking victims: Integrating machine learning and regression approaches to examine how victimization consequences shape victims' decisions","authors":"Auzeen Shariati , Fariba Allahyoorti Dehaghi , Ali Amini","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We examined how the consequences of stalking victimization shape victims' help-seeking behaviors, using the 2019 National Crime Victimization Survey, Supplemental Victimization data. We analyzed three distinct help-seeking outcomes: (a) reporting to police, (b) help-seeking from victim-serving agencies, and (c) help-seeking from personal networks. Logistic regression models assessed the statistical significance of individual predictors, while our non-parametric Machine Learning approach evaluated their predictive power and captured non-linear patterns. Regression results revealed that substantial emotional distress significantly increased the likelihood of all three help-seeking behaviors. Health, social, and financial problems increased the likelihood of network help-seeking, while social problems were associated with lower odds of police reporting. Machine learning identified financial problems, emotional distress, and health problems as the most predictive features for police reporting, agency help-seeking, and network help-seeking, respectively. These findings underscore the multidimensional nature of victimization consequences and the value of combining traditional statistical inference with machine learning to better understand victim decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102554"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145468872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-11-13DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102563
Yiwei Xia, Zijun Liu
Purpose
While the Law of Crime Concentration (LCC) has been widely validated in Western contexts, less is known about its applicability and structural determinants in other settings. This study examines whether the LCC holds across Chinese cities and whether variation in transportation networks help explain differences in spatial crime concentration.
Methods
A national dataset of 584,047 court-validated robbery, snatching, and theft cases from 2014 to 2019 was analyzed. Incidents were geocoded and aggregated to 1 km × 1 km grid cells across 333 prefectural-level units and 4 municipalities. Crime concentration was measured using generalized Gini coefficients and percentile indicators (P25/P50). Two-way fixedeffects models and lagged specifications were employed to assess both contemporaneous and delayed effects of transportation networks.
Results
The findings confirm a highly skewed and stable pattern of crime concentration, consistent with the LCC. This regularity persists across crime types, spatial resolutions, time periods, city hierarchies, alternative measurement strategies, and specific geographic locations. Denser and better-connected rail networks are significantly associated with lower levels of crime concentration in the contemporaneous year, while these effects weaken and become insignificant over longer lags. The pattern suggests that opportunity-diffusion effects operate more rapidly, whereas potential social-disorganization processes may take longer to materialize.
Conclusions
This study provides the first macro-level evidence on spatial crime concentration and its temporal dynamics in China. The findings highlight the significant role of transportation networks in shaping the spatial distribution of crime, underscoring the importance of considering where crime occurs, not just whether it occurs, when designing crime prevention strategies.
目的：虽然犯罪集中定律（Law of Crime Concentration， LCC）在西方环境中得到了广泛的验证，但人们对其在其他环境中的适用性和结构决定因素知之甚少。本研究考察了LCC是否在中国城市中存在，以及交通网络的变化是否有助于解释空间犯罪集中度的差异。方法对2014 - 2019年经法院确认的584047起抢劫、抢夺和盗窃案件的国家数据集进行分析。对事件进行地理编码，并汇总到333个地级市和4个直辖市的1公里× 1公里网格单元。采用广义基尼系数和百分位指标（P25/P50）测量犯罪集中度。采用双向固定效应模型和滞后规范来评估交通网络的同期效应和延迟效应。研究结果证实了犯罪集中的高度倾斜和稳定的模式，与LCC一致。这种规律性贯穿于犯罪类型、空间分辨率、时间段、城市等级、替代测量策略和特定地理位置。在同一年份，更密集、连接更好的铁路网络与较低的犯罪集中度显著相关，而这些影响会减弱，并在较长时间后变得微不足道。这种模式表明，机会扩散效应运行得更快，而潜在的社会解体过程可能需要更长的时间才能实现。结论本研究首次提供了中国犯罪空间集中及其时间动态的宏观证据。研究结果强调了交通网络在塑造犯罪空间分布方面的重要作用，强调了在设计犯罪预防策略时考虑犯罪发生的地点，而不仅仅是是否发生的重要性。
{"title":"Testing the law of crime concentration in China: Do transportation networks matter?","authors":"Yiwei Xia, Zijun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>While the Law of Crime Concentration (LCC) has been widely validated in Western contexts, less is known about its applicability and structural determinants in other settings. This study examines whether the LCC holds across Chinese cities and whether variation in transportation networks help explain differences in spatial crime concentration.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A national dataset of 584,047 court-validated robbery, snatching, and theft cases from 2014 to 2019 was analyzed. Incidents were geocoded and aggregated to 1 km × 1 km grid cells across 333 prefectural-level units and 4 municipalities. Crime concentration was measured using generalized Gini coefficients and percentile indicators (P25/P50). Two-way fixedeffects models and lagged specifications were employed to assess both contemporaneous and delayed effects of transportation networks.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings confirm a highly skewed and stable pattern of crime concentration, consistent with the LCC. This regularity persists across crime types, spatial resolutions, time periods, city hierarchies, alternative measurement strategies, and specific geographic locations. Denser and better-connected rail networks are significantly associated with lower levels of crime concentration in the contemporaneous year, while these effects weaken and become insignificant over longer lags. The pattern suggests that opportunity-diffusion effects operate more rapidly, whereas potential social-disorganization processes may take longer to materialize.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study provides the first macro-level evidence on spatial crime concentration and its temporal dynamics in China. The findings highlight the significant role of transportation networks in shaping the spatial distribution of crime, underscoring the importance of considering <em>where</em> crime occurs, not just <em>whether</em> it occurs, when designing crime prevention strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102563"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145521074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the heterogeneity of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) perpetrators by distinguishing IPV specialists, whose violence is limited to partners, from IPV generalists, who also target non-partners, and comparing both to non-IPV violent offenders. Using comprehensive administrative records from Catalonia, we analyzed the complete criminal histories (1990–2019) of all individuals convicted of IPV between 2010 and 2015, alongside a 10 % sample of non-IPV violent offenders. A strict definition classified only one-quarter of IPV offenders as generalists, highlighting the impact of definitional choices on prevalence and offender profiles. Trajectory analyses identified five patterns of violent offending. IPV specialists were concentrated in late-onset, low-rate, short-duration trajectories, consistent with situational, relationship-bound violence. IPV generalists were more likely to follow early-onset, high-rate, long-duration trajectories resembling chronic violent offenders, but increasingly focused on partners with age. Differences in trajectories were only modestly explained by prior non-violent offending, suggesting that antisocial predispositions shape the target of violence more than its developmental pattern. Gender did not influence trajectory prevalence but strongly predicted the likelihood of targeting partners versus others, reflecting the interaction of patriarchal norms, situational factors, and individual predispositions in differentiating IPV specialists and generalists from other violent offenders. Overall, IPV perpetrators are heterogeneous in trajectories, offence patterns, persistence, and gender, underscoring the value of integrating typological and developmental perspectives and informing differentiated, context-sensitive interventions.
{"title":"Generalists or specialists? Unpacking crime trajectories of intimate partner violence offenders","authors":"Jorge Rodríguez-Menés , Dimitris Pavlopoulos , Martí Rovira , Maike van Damme","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the heterogeneity of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) perpetrators by distinguishing IPV specialists, whose violence is limited to partners, from IPV generalists, who also target non-partners, and comparing both to non-IPV violent offenders. Using comprehensive administrative records from Catalonia, we analyzed the complete criminal histories (1990–2019) of all individuals convicted of IPV between 2010 and 2015, alongside a 10 % sample of non-IPV violent offenders. A strict definition classified only one-quarter of IPV offenders as generalists, highlighting the impact of definitional choices on prevalence and offender profiles. Trajectory analyses identified five patterns of violent offending. IPV specialists were concentrated in late-onset, low-rate, short-duration trajectories, consistent with situational, relationship-bound violence. IPV generalists were more likely to follow early-onset, high-rate, long-duration trajectories resembling chronic violent offenders, but increasingly focused on partners with age. Differences in trajectories were only modestly explained by prior non-violent offending, suggesting that antisocial predispositions shape the target of violence more than its developmental pattern. Gender did not influence trajectory prevalence but strongly predicted the likelihood of targeting partners versus others, reflecting the interaction of patriarchal norms, situational factors, and individual predispositions in differentiating IPV specialists and generalists from other violent offenders. Overall, IPV perpetrators are heterogeneous in trajectories, offence patterns, persistence, and gender, underscoring the value of integrating typological and developmental perspectives and informing differentiated, context-sensitive interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"102 ","pages":"Article 102584"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102545
Rachael M. Rief, Alessa S. Juárez
This study examines how female representation in law enforcement affects victim-centric policies and cooperation, whether agencies with more female officers are more likely to have victim services and domestic violence units and reduce exceptional clearance due to victim non-cooperation. Using Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics datasets and the 2020 National Incident Based Reporting System dataset, we analyzed whether agency characteristics predicted victim non-cooperation in a sample of incidents involving nearly 1,000,000 assault and rape victims and about 2700 agencies. Logistic regression results show that agencies with 30 % or more female officers are significantly more likely to have victim services and domestic violence units than agencies with less than 30 %. However, multi-level logistic regression reveals that higher female presence may not impact victim cooperation when considering other victim and agency characteristics. Findings suggest increased female representation provide tangible benefits for victim-centric policies and practices but fall short of affecting victim cooperation.
{"title":"Effects of female representation in law enforcement on victim-centered practices and victim cooperation","authors":"Rachael M. Rief, Alessa S. Juárez","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines how female representation in law enforcement affects victim-centric policies and cooperation, whether agencies with more female officers are more likely to have victim services and domestic violence units and reduce exceptional clearance due to victim non-cooperation. Using Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics datasets and the 2020 National Incident Based Reporting System dataset, we analyzed whether agency characteristics predicted victim non-cooperation in a sample of incidents involving nearly 1,000,000 assault and rape victims and about 2700 agencies. Logistic regression results show that agencies with 30 % or more female officers are significantly more likely to have victim services and domestic violence units than agencies with less than 30 %. However, multi-level logistic regression reveals that higher female presence may not impact victim cooperation when considering other victim and agency characteristics. Findings suggest increased female representation provide tangible benefits for victim-centric policies and practices but fall short of affecting victim cooperation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102545"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-09-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102511
Hyunjung Shim, Sarayu Cheemalapati
Public discourse often portrays victims of racial, ethnic, or immigrant minorities as more reluctant to engage in police or seek further help. Yet, this perception remains largely unexamined through empirical research. This study tests the correlates of police notification and victim service utilization among victims of violence, with particular focus on how race/ethnicity and immigration status—key components of sociostructural positioning—interact. Drawing on the Multilevel, Contextualized Help-Seeking Model, we analyzed data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) from 2017 to 2023. We estimate multilevel logistic models of police reporting and service use, while accounting for selection bias in the victim sample. Findings reveal that Black victims generally had higher odds of notifying police than White victims. However, this trend reverses for Black foreign-born citizens, who were significantly less likely to report. Asian non-citizens, conversely, were nearly ten times more likely to use victim services than White citizens. Weapon involvement was linked to higher odds of police reporting, while incident severity was associated with greater service use. Series-victimization was associated with lower odds of police reporting, but higher odds of service use. These results challenge the prevailing assumption that racial and ethnic minorities are uniformly less likely to seek help and suggest that targeted public policy solutions can effectively promote help-seeking, especially among immigrant populations.
{"title":"When insignificance is significant: Rethinking race, immigration, and the myth of victim reluctance to report to police and use victim services","authors":"Hyunjung Shim, Sarayu Cheemalapati","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Public discourse often portrays victims of racial, ethnic, or immigrant minorities as more reluctant to engage in police or seek further help. Yet, this perception remains largely unexamined through empirical research. This study tests the correlates of police notification and victim service utilization among victims of violence, with particular focus on how race/ethnicity and immigration status—key components of sociostructural positioning—interact. Drawing on the Multilevel, Contextualized Help-Seeking Model, we analyzed data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) from 2017 to 2023. We estimate multilevel logistic models of police reporting and service use, while accounting for selection bias in the victim sample. Findings reveal that Black victims generally had higher odds of notifying police than White victims. However, this trend reverses for Black foreign-born citizens, who were significantly less likely to report. Asian non-citizens, conversely, were nearly ten times more likely to use victim services than White citizens. Weapon involvement was linked to higher odds of police reporting, while incident severity was associated with greater service use. Series-victimization was associated with lower odds of police reporting, but higher odds of service use. These results challenge the prevailing assumption that racial and ethnic minorities are uniformly less likely to seek help and suggest that targeted public policy solutions can effectively promote help-seeking, especially among immigrant populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102511"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-10-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102528
Robert E. Worden , Sarah J. McLean , Sara G. Fiegl
Workplace mentoring is widely regarded as vital for professional development in private and public organizations, and may be especially valuable in policing, which uniquely entails the discretionary application of coercive authority. Workplace mentoring can be informal and spontaneous or formal and structured by the organization. This paper explores the patterns of informal mentoring within the New York State Police. It is based on a mixed-methods study that included semi-structured interviews with 27 troopers, 60 sergeants, and 30 lieutenants and captains (commissioned officers), and surveys of 886 troopers, 414 sergeants and 141 lieutenants and captains. Framing the questions with reference to an expansive literature based largely on research in private sector organizations, we describe the characteristics of mentoring relationships, the mentoring functions performed, and the benefits experienced by the protégés. We also examine how informal mentoring relationships were influenced by the characteristics of the protégés. We found that while mentoring was provided widely, and with few and small distributional disparities, mentoring functions appear to have been performed at fairly modest levels. We conclude that elevating the level of mentoring beyond that found in these data would likely require some formalization, and that a number of options could be pursued.
{"title":"Patterns of informal mentorship in policing: A case study","authors":"Robert E. Worden , Sarah J. McLean , Sara G. Fiegl","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102528","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102528","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Workplace mentoring is widely regarded as vital for professional development in private and public organizations, and may be especially valuable in policing, which uniquely entails the discretionary application of coercive authority. Workplace mentoring can be informal and spontaneous or formal and structured by the organization. This paper explores the patterns of informal mentoring within the New York State Police. It is based on a mixed-methods study that included semi-structured interviews with 27 troopers, 60 sergeants, and 30 lieutenants and captains (commissioned officers), and surveys of 886 troopers, 414 sergeants and 141 lieutenants and captains. Framing the questions with reference to an expansive literature based largely on research in private sector organizations, we describe the characteristics of mentoring relationships, the mentoring functions performed, and the benefits experienced by the protégés. We also examine how informal mentoring relationships were influenced by the characteristics of the protégés. We found that while mentoring was provided widely, and with few and small distributional disparities, mentoring functions appear to have been performed at fairly modest levels. We conclude that elevating the level of mentoring beyond that found in these data would likely require some formalization, and that a number of options could be pursued.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102528"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102521
Sara Yamini, Hossein Dabiriyan Tehrani, Alexander T. Vazsonyi
The present study sought to test whether classroom-level composition at schools of native versus immigrant adolescents explains variability in three measures of violence perpetration (lifetime violence perpetration, recent [past 12 months], and age of first violence perpetration), with a consideration of known individual-level correlates (i.e., age, sex, SES, immigrant status, low self-control, parental closeness, parental monitoring, discrimination, trauma, and neighborhood bonding) as well as school-level correlates (i.e., school climate, type of school, school location of [size of city], and school disorganization). Nationally representative data were collected as part of the Second International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2) from 28 cultures, from seventh, eighth, and ninth-grade adolescents (N = 66,859). The current study employed multilevel or hierarchical linear modeling (MLM/HLM) to test this question of person-context interactions, to better understand the extent to which classroom immigrant composition at schools was associated with violence perpetration among adolescents. Results provided evidence that a higher proportion of immigrant students across schools was associated with lower levels of lifetime and recent (past 12 months) violence perpetration and with a delayed age of first violence perpetration; at the same time, they also showed that within schools, immigrant youth were at greater risk for violence perpetration vis-à-vis their native peers. Findings underscore the need for addressing the complex interplay between both individual- and school-level contextual factors, as well as their interactions, to better understand and address violence perpetration among youth.
{"title":"Does classroom composition of immigrant versus non-immigrant adolescents explain violence perpetration? A cross-cultural study","authors":"Sara Yamini, Hossein Dabiriyan Tehrani, Alexander T. Vazsonyi","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102521","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102521","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study sought to test whether classroom-level composition at schools of native versus immigrant adolescents explains variability in three measures of violence perpetration (lifetime violence perpetration, recent [past 12 months], and age of first violence perpetration), with a consideration of known individual-level correlates (i.e., age, sex, SES, immigrant status, low self-control, parental closeness, parental monitoring, discrimination, trauma, and neighborhood bonding) as well as school-level correlates (i.e., school climate, type of school, school location of [size of city], and school disorganization). Nationally representative data were collected as part of the Second International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2) from 28 cultures, from seventh, eighth, and ninth-grade adolescents (<em>N</em> = 66,859). The current study employed multilevel or hierarchical linear modeling (MLM/HLM) to test this question of person-context interactions, to better understand the extent to which classroom immigrant composition at schools was associated with violence perpetration among adolescents. Results provided evidence that a higher proportion of immigrant students across schools was associated with lower levels of lifetime and recent (past 12 months) violence perpetration and with a delayed age of first violence perpetration; at the same time, they also showed that within schools, immigrant youth were at greater risk for violence perpetration vis-à-vis their native peers. Findings underscore the need for addressing the complex interplay between both individual- and school-level contextual factors, as well as their interactions, to better understand and address violence perpetration among youth.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102521"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145267227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-01Epub Date: 2025-10-31DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102547
Makayla Butler , Lucas M. Alward , Ashley Lockwood , Jill Viglione
Purpose
This study examined the sources of PPOs' feelings of occupational stress and burnout during the pandemic, including whether their stress and burnout levels changed over time.
Methods
Using three waves of semi-structured qualitative interviews with American PPOs, the current study examined: 1) the main sources of PPO stress and burnout, including how officers' experiences changed over time, and 2) the strategies or coping mechanisms PPOs used to manage their well-being over time.
Results
Findings from thematic analysis revealed that most PPOs were not initially stressed during the onset of the pandemic; however, inconsistent messaging and limited organizational support contributed to the rise of stress and burnout over time. Findings also indicated that when agencies implemented policies that supported PPOs' ability to work from home, such adjustments served as key coping mechanisms.
Conclusions
This study highlights the potential of remote policies and organizational support, facilitated through communication and technology assistance, to mitigate supervisory duties and enhance officer well-being.
{"title":"A longitudinal qualitative analysis of probation and parole officer stress and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"Makayla Butler , Lucas M. Alward , Ashley Lockwood , Jill Viglione","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This study examined the sources of PPOs' feelings of occupational stress and burnout during the pandemic, including whether their stress and burnout levels changed over time.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using three waves of semi-structured qualitative interviews with American PPOs, the current study examined: 1) the main sources of PPO stress and burnout, including how officers' experiences changed over time, and 2) the strategies or coping mechanisms PPOs used to manage their well-being over time.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Findings from thematic analysis revealed that most PPOs were not initially stressed during the onset of the pandemic; however, inconsistent messaging and limited organizational support contributed to the rise of stress and burnout over time. Findings also indicated that when agencies implemented policies that supported PPOs' ability to work from home, such adjustments served as key coping mechanisms.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study highlights the potential of remote policies and organizational support, facilitated through communication and technology assistance, to mitigate supervisory duties and enhance officer well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102547"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145415642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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