Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献_第4页

The relationship between crime information centers and crime: A micro-synthetic evaluation of a district-level policing strategy 犯罪信息中心与犯罪的关系：区级警务策略的微观综合评价

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102572

Daniel S. Lawrence, Bryce E. Peterson, Madison March

In 2018, the Baltimore Police Department established Baltimore City Intelligence Centers (BCICs) to strengthen criminal investigations and support more effective directed patrol operations. The BCICs were modeled after the Chicago Police Department's Strategic Decision Support Centers—more generically known as “crime information centers.” Like real-time crime centers (RTCCs), BCICs integrate technologies and intelligence to combat crime. However, while RTCCs are generally centralized within a jurisdiction, BCICs operate at the district level. This localized structure enables personnel to gather and disseminate intelligence tailored to specific geographic areas, supporting more targeted and proactive policing strategies. This study analyzes 10 years of Baltimore crime data (April 2013 to June, 2023) using micro-synthetic control models to evaluate the impact of four BCICs on crime levels. Findings reveal mixed effects across BCIC districts; however, the centers were generally associated with increases in recorded crime, particularly person crimes and incidents occurring outdoors. These findings likely reflect an improved capacity to detect and document crime that may have otherwise gone unreported.

2018年，巴尔的摩市警察局成立了巴尔的摩市情报中心，以加强刑事调查，支持更有效的定向巡逻行动。bcc模仿了芝加哥警察局的战略决策支持中心——通常被称为“犯罪信息中心”。与实时犯罪中心（rtcc）一样，BCICs集成了技术和情报来打击犯罪。然而，虽然区域合作中心一般集中在一个管辖范围内，但区域合作中心在地区一级运作。这种本地化结构使人员能够收集和传播针对特定地理区域的情报，支持更具针对性和前瞻性的警务战略。本研究分析了巴尔的摩10年（2013年4月至2023年6月）的犯罪数据，使用微合成控制模型来评估四种bcc对犯罪水平的影响。研究结果揭示了BCIC地区的混合效应；然而，这些中心通常与犯罪记录的增加有关，尤其是个人犯罪和户外事件。这些发现很可能反映了侦查和记录犯罪的能力有所提高，否则这些犯罪可能不会被报告。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the mobility-crime dynamics across various stages of a Global Health crisis: Temporal evidence from 25 cities in the United States 探索全球健康危机不同阶段的流动性-犯罪动态：来自美国25个城市的时间证据

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102553

Xinge Jia, Hua Zhong

Contemporary global crises have intensified the conditions of a risk society. In response to perceived risks, human mobility, which refers to physical movement across locations such as stores and schools, has changed. Routine Activity Theory (RAT) posits that such mobility changes can influence crime by affecting the interactions among potential offenders, suitable targets, and capable guardianship. Until now, limited research has examined the long-term mobility-crime dynamics. This study addresses this gap by investigating the temporal associations between mobility patterns across six location types and eight common offense types in 25 major U.S. cities in a risk society exemplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive analyses reveal divergent crime trajectories: persistent declines in drug offenses, residential burglary, and robbery, while a sustained rise in motor vehicle theft. Using Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality tests, we find the strongest associations between mobility and crime in the initial stage, with varying relationships across locations and crime types. Mobility shows a greater influence on violent crime than the reverse, whereas bidirectional associations are more common in property crimes. These findings underscore the global health crisis's lasting effects on mobility-crime dynamics and provide insights for targeted crime prevention and effective urban planning strategies in a risk-oriented society.

当代全球危机加剧了风险社会的状况。为了应对感知到的风险，人类流动性（指在商店和学校等地点之间的物理移动）发生了变化。常规活动理论（RAT）认为，这种移动性的变化可以通过影响潜在罪犯、合适的目标和有能力的监护之间的相互作用来影响犯罪。到目前为止，有限的研究已经考察了长期的流动性-犯罪动态。本研究通过调查以COVID-19大流行为例的风险社会中美国25个主要城市的6种地点类型和8种常见犯罪类型的流动模式之间的时间关联，解决了这一差距。描述性分析揭示了不同的犯罪轨迹：毒品犯罪、住宅盗窃和抢劫持续下降，而机动车盗窃持续上升。利用Toda-Yamamoto Granger因果检验，我们发现流动性与犯罪之间的关联在初始阶段最强，在不同的地点和犯罪类型之间存在不同的关系。流动性对暴力犯罪的影响大于流动性对暴力犯罪的影响，而双向关联在财产犯罪中更为常见。这些发现强调了全球卫生危机对流动-犯罪动态的持久影响，并为在风险导向的社会中有针对性地预防犯罪和有效的城市规划战略提供了见解。

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引用次数: 0

The effects of police vehicle presence on calls for service and police visibility: A multi-site field study at shopping malls in Canada 警车存在对服务呼叫和警察能见度的影响：加拿大购物中心的多地点实地研究

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102569

Rylan Simpson , Madison Charman , Rich Johnston , Michelle Brander , Nick Bell , Katherine Hancock , Patrick Ruzage

Purpose

Shopping malls are significant hubs for people and social activities. Shopping malls are also often the sites of much crime. As part of the present research, we employed a field study paradigm to empirically assess the effects of police vehicle presence on calls for service and police visibility at shopping malls in Canada.

Methods

During the intervention period, we parked randomly assigned police vehicles outside of shopping malls in three different cities during specified hours. We then compared the volume of calls for service received by the police during the intervention period to the weeks immediately before and after such period. We also compared self-reported sightings of police vehicles by mall patrons across periods.

Results

Our analyses revealed little effect of the presence of the police vehicle on calls for service at the shopping malls. However, our analyses did reveal some effects for police visibility: with variation in reported sightings of police vehicles by mall patrons across the study period.

Conclusions

Policing the volume of activity at shopping malls – especially during the busy holiday shopping season – can present challenges for the police. Here we find that police vehicle presence impacts police visibility more than the number of calls for service received at a mall. We discuss the results from our multi-site, researcher-practitioner collaboration with respect to both policing research and practice.

购物中心是人们和社会活动的重要中心。购物中心也是犯罪频发的地方。作为本研究的一部分，我们采用实地研究范式来实证评估警车存在对加拿大购物中心服务呼叫和警察能见度的影响。方法在干预期间，我们在指定时间将随机分配的警车停在三个不同城市的购物中心外。然后，我们将警方在干预期间接到的服务电话数量与干预前后的几周进行了比较。我们还比较了不同时期购物中心顾客自我报告的警车目击情况。结果我们的分析显示，警车的存在对购物中心的服务呼叫影响不大。然而，我们的分析确实揭示了对警察能见度的一些影响：在整个研究期间，商场顾客报告的警车目击事件有所不同。对购物中心的活动量进行监控，尤其是在繁忙的假日购物季，对警方来说是一项挑战。在这里，我们发现警车的存在比在商场收到的服务电话数量更能影响警察的可见度。我们讨论的结果，从我们的多站点，研究者和实践者合作，就警务研究和实践。

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引用次数: 0

“Not all convenience stores are equal”. An analysis of the criminogenic role of corner Stores in Newark, NJ “不是所有的便利店都是一样的”。新泽西州纽瓦克街角商店致犯罪作用分析

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102552

Marco Dugato , Alejandro Giménez-Santana , Adriana Santos , Joel M. Caplan , Leslie W. Kennedy

This study investigates the spatial relationship between corner stores and crime in Newark, New Jersey, to assess whether these venues play a distinct criminogenic role compared to other businesses. Although previous literature has often treated convenience stores as a homogeneous risk category, we hypothesize that corner stores exert a unique influence on crime patterns. Using crime data for 2022, this paper aims to investigate how the distribution of gun violence, robberies, and aggravated assaults is spatially connected to proximity to corner stores in comparison with other similar venues, like convenience stores, pharmacies, retail stores, restaurants, or gas stations, and how these associations are influenced by neighborhood characteristics and temporal variables. Our findings reveal that crime is significantly concentrated around corner stores, and that this association is stronger for gun violence and aggravated assaults than for robberies. Interaction effects suggest that neighborhood characteristics shape the degree and nature of crime around these stores. Further, crime persists around corner stores during both day and night, implying mechanisms beyond mere business hours. The study underscores the need to disaggregate place-based risk assessments and to differentiate interventions considering both micro-place features and broader contexts. These insights have implications for crime prevention, urban planning, and community safety policies.

本研究调查了新泽西州纽瓦克街角商店与犯罪之间的空间关系，以评估这些场所与其他商业相比是否起着独特的犯罪作用。虽然以前的文献经常将便利店视为同质的风险类别，但我们假设街角商店对犯罪模式产生独特的影响。利用2022年的犯罪数据，本文旨在调查与便利店、药店、零售店、餐馆或加油站等其他类似场所相比，枪支暴力、抢劫和严重袭击的分布在空间上如何与街角商店的邻近性联系起来，以及这些联系如何受到社区特征和时间变量的影响。我们的研究结果表明，犯罪主要集中在街角的商店附近，而且这种关联在枪支暴力和严重袭击事件中比在抢劫中更强。互动效应表明，社区特征决定了这些商店周围犯罪的程度和性质。此外，无论白天还是晚上，街角商店附近的犯罪活动都在持续，这意味着犯罪活动超出了营业时间。该研究强调需要分解基于地方的风险评估，并区分考虑微观地方特征和更广泛背景的干预措施。这些见解对预防犯罪、城市规划和社区安全政策具有启示意义。

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引用次数: 0

Are sentencing disparities unavoidable? Lessons from centralized judicial training 量刑差异是不可避免的吗？集中司法培训的经验教训

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102582

Andrzej Uhl , Kamil Mamak

Sentencing disparities arise when judges impose different penalties in similar cases. Fundamentally unjust, such disparities have been a persistent target of reform. Instead of adopting numerical guidelines, Poland chose to centralize training and assessment of its judiciary in an effort to harmonize sentences. To measure the extent of sentencing disparities under the new system, we analyze sentences issued by trainee judges during a high-stakes judicial exam. This naturalistic approach allows us to mitigate the validity threats present in both observational and experimental vignette studies on sentencing disparities. Under controlled conditions, each trainee judge (n = 248) spent six hours drafting a judgment based on an identical 100-page case file concerning a single offender charged with two counts. Despite receiving the same centralized training over the preceding three years, judges imposed markedly different penalties in the same case – ranging sixfold from four to 24 months. Sentences followed a distinctly multimodal distribution, with clusters of most common dosages, typically round numbers of months. Defying ordinal deserts, judges showed little agreement on which of the two counts deserves a harsher penalty. They also differed in how they combined penalties for two counts, in whether they applied ancillary orders, such as victim compensation, and in the extent of compliance with the prosecutorial sentence recommendation. This first evaluation of sentencing disparities after the reform yields disappointing results. Without structured guidelines, judges may continue to impose highly idiosyncratic sentences.

当法官对类似案件判处不同刑罚时，就会出现量刑差异。这种根本不公平的差距一直是改革的目标。波兰没有采用数字准则，而是选择对其司法机构进行集中培训和评估，以努力统一量刑。为了衡量新制度下量刑差异的程度，我们分析了在高风险的司法考试中，实习法官发布的判决。这种自然主义的方法使我们能够减轻在量刑差异的观察和实验小插图研究中存在的效度威胁。在受控条件下，每位实习法官（n = 248）花了6个小时根据一份相同的100页案件文件起草判决，该案件涉及一名被控两项罪名的罪犯。尽管在前三年接受了同样的集中培训，但法官对同一案件施加的处罚明显不同——从4个月到24个月不等，刑罚是原来的6倍。句子遵循明显的多模态分布，最常见的剂量聚集在一起，通常是月的整数。法官们无视惯例，对两项罪名中哪一项应该受到更严厉的惩罚几乎没有达成一致。它们在如何对两项罪名合并处罚、是否适用辅助命令（如受害者赔偿）以及在多大程度上遵守检察官的量刑建议方面也存在差异。改革后对量刑差异的首次评估结果令人失望。如果没有结构化的指导方针，法官可能会继续施加非常特殊的判决。

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引用次数: 0

Through the survivor’s lens: How focal concerns theory shapes decisions to report sexual violence 通过幸存者的镜头：焦点关注理论如何影响报告性暴力的决定

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102583

B.L. Acquaviva , C.L. Gullion , K.A. Meeker , A.D. Garza

Sexual violence remains one of the most underreported crimes, with survivors often facing disbelief, blame, and systemic barriers when considering disclosure to formal authorities. While focal concerns theory (FCT) has been widely applied to understand legal actors' decision-making, little is known about how survivors themselves perceive these focal concerns and how such perceptions shape reporting decisions. This study addresses this gap by examining the perspectives of female survivors of sexual violence in the United States. Drawing on 58 semi-structured interviews, a phenomenological approach was employed to explore survivors' interpretations of the three core components of FCT—blameworthiness, community protection, practical constraints, and perceptual shorthand. Findings highlight that survivors frequently internalized concerns related to blameworthiness. Additionally, participants cited community protection as a motivator, particularly the desire to prevent future harm, while practical constraints such as fear of secondary victimization, financial and logistical burdens, and mistrust of police further deterred reporting. These findings lend support for the FCT by demonstrating its extended use to explore survivor decision making. Finally, theoretical and practical implications are further discussed.

性暴力仍然是最未被报道的犯罪之一，幸存者在考虑向正式当局披露时往往面临怀疑、指责和系统性障碍。虽然焦点关注理论（FCT）已被广泛应用于理解法律行为者的决策，但人们对幸存者自己如何看待这些焦点关注以及这些感知如何影响报告决策知之甚少。本研究通过考察美国性暴力女性幸存者的观点来解决这一差距。利用58个半结构化访谈，采用现象学方法来探索幸存者对fct责备性、社区保护、实际约束和感知速记的三个核心组成部分的解释。研究结果强调，幸存者经常将与受责备有关的担忧内化。此外，与会者指出，社区保护是一个激励因素，特别是防止未来伤害的愿望，而诸如担心第二次受害、财政和后勤负担以及对警察的不信任等实际限制因素进一步阻碍了报告。这些发现通过证明FCT在探索幸存者决策方面的广泛应用，为FCT提供了支持。最后，进一步讨论了理论和实践意义。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Do interactions with the police correlate with identity formation? Examining the relationship between police legitimacy, procedural justice, and self-identification over time” [JCJ 102 (2026) 1–11/102589] “与警察的互动是否与身份形成有关？”警察合法性、程序正义与自我认同的关系研究[j] .司法学报，2002(2):1-11/102589。

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102592

Qassim Bolaji , Christi Metcalfe

引用次数: 0

Police bias units and hate crime reporting: Insights from the geocoded version of the National Crime Victimization Survey 警察偏见单位和仇恨犯罪报告：来自国家犯罪受害调查地理编码版本的见解

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102581

Sylwia J. Piatkowska, Brendan Lantz, Jack M. Mills

This study examines the role of police bias units as a factor in hate crime reporting. We use a series of survey logistic regression models to analyze a restricted version of the National Crime Victimization Survey, which we merge with data on the presence of police bias units. The results indicate that the greater presence of police bias units is positively associated with an increased likelihood of hate crime reporting. Notably, with an initial increase in police bias units, hate crime victimization aligns more closely with official hate crime statistics. The effect of police bias units is also conditioned by community characteristics. These findings carry important policy implications, underscoring the vital role of police bias units in enhancing hate crime reporting and identifying communities where their effects are most pronounced.

本研究考察了警察偏见单位在仇恨犯罪报告中的作用。我们使用一系列调查逻辑回归模型来分析国家犯罪受害调查的限制版本，我们将其与警察偏见单位存在的数据合并。结果表明，警察偏见单位的存在与仇恨犯罪报告的可能性增加呈正相关。值得注意的是，随着警察偏见单位的最初增加，仇恨犯罪受害情况与官方仇恨犯罪统计数据更加吻合。警察偏见单位的效果也受到社区特征的制约。这些发现具有重要的政策意义，强调了警察偏见部门在加强仇恨犯罪报告和确定其影响最明显的社区方面的重要作用。

引用次数: 0

Safe in segregation? Prison officers' perceptions of safety in solitary confinement 隔离安全吗？监狱官员对单独监禁的安全感

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102585

Samantha S. Plummer

Research on solitary confinement foregrounds its deleterious effects on incarcerated people's mental and physical health. Little research, by contrast, has examined the experiences of prison staff who work in solitary confinement units and whose use of discretion largely determines the quality of life for people held there. This article explores how a non-representative sample of 21 officers who work in solitary confinement units in a large maximum-security prison experience and understand their work. I find that this sample of officers prefers working in solitary confinement to general population because they view it as safer. Treating safety as multi-faceted and inclusive of matters of health and stress, I analyze which elements of safety officers emphasize and which they minimize as well as the implications of their orientations to safety for incarcerated people. I find that officers highlight how the isolation and incapacitation of incarcerated people in solitary confinement lessen their fears of physical violence. Yet, these conditions also threaten officers' safety by exposing them to health hazards and forcing incarcerated people into an extremely dependent state that is a source of conflict, potential violence, and stress. When conflicts do arise, officers tend to blame them on upper managements' attempts to ameliorate some of the pains of imprisonment. Together, these findings suggest that the same conditions that lead to harm and distress for staff and incarcerated people alike, also seem to be why officers who work in solitary confinement units prefer to do so.

对单独监禁的研究揭示了其对被监禁者身心健康的有害影响。相比之下，很少有研究调查在单独监禁单位工作的监狱工作人员的经历，他们的自由裁量权的使用在很大程度上决定了在那里被关押的人的生活质量。本文探讨了21名在大型最高安全监狱单独监禁单元工作的警官的非代表性样本，他们如何体验和理解他们的工作。我发现这些警官更喜欢在单独监禁中工作而不是在普通人群中因为他们认为这样更安全。将安全视为多方面的，包括健康和压力问题，我分析了安全官员强调哪些因素，最小化哪些因素，以及他们对被监禁人员安全取向的影响。我发现，官员们强调，被单独监禁的人被隔离和丧失行为能力，减轻了他们对身体暴力的恐惧。然而，这些条件也威胁到警察的安全，使他们面临健康危害，迫使被监禁的人处于一种极度依赖的状态，这是冲突、潜在暴力和压力的来源。当冲突发生时，警官们倾向于将其归咎于上级管理人员试图减轻监禁带来的一些痛苦。综上所述，这些发现表明，导致工作人员和被监禁者受到伤害和痛苦的相同条件，似乎也是在单独监禁单位工作的官员更愿意这样做的原因。

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引用次数: 0

Honesty as a “communicative tool” in sentencing: A study of judges in the U.S. and Australia 诚信作为量刑中的“沟通工具”：对美国和澳大利亚法官的研究

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102575

Colleen M. Berryessa , Melissa de Vel-Palumbo , Carolina R. Caliman , Madison Baczuk

This study, drawing from interviews with trial court judges in the U.S. and Australia (N = 47), builds a theoretical qualitative model that illustrates the conceptualization, significance, and influence of a defendant's honesty as a “communicative tool” in punishment and sentencing practices for judges in these jurisdictions. A constant comparative analysis shows that judges from both jurisdictions generally believe that a defendant's honesty acts as a communicative tool during sentencing, and this can lead them to reconfigure their sentencing practices–which they view as representing the interests of victims and the community–to prioritize mercy as well as rehabilitative and reparative ideals. Further, judges look for defendants to communicate honesty in ways that enable them to develop a complete understanding of its weight during sentencing, with U.S. judges particularly focusing on body language and nonverbal indicators. Overall, this study not only represents the first known empirical examination of a defendant's honesty within the communicative theory of punishment framework but also assesses if and how it translates across national cultures and criminal-legal systems, as well as how judges believe guidelines and legislation limit sentencing decisions involving honesty in Australia and the U.S. Implications of this work for sentencing practices are discussed.

本研究通过对美国和澳大利亚初审法院法官的访谈（N = 47），构建了一个理论定性模型，该模型说明了被告诚实作为一种“沟通工具”在这些司法管辖区的惩罚和量刑实践中的概念化、意义和影响。一项持续的比较分析表明，来自两个司法管辖区的法官普遍认为，被告的诚实在量刑过程中起到了沟通的作用，这可能导致他们重新配置量刑实践——他们认为这代表了受害者和社区的利益——优先考虑仁慈以及康复和赔偿的理想。此外，法官希望被告能够以一种能够让他们在宣判过程中完全理解诚实的重要性的方式进行沟通，美国法官尤其关注肢体语言和非语言指标。总的来说，这项研究不仅代表了刑罚交际理论框架内被告诚实的第一个已知的实证检验，而且还评估了它是否以及如何在国家文化和刑事法律制度中转化，以及法官如何认为指导方针和立法限制了澳大利亚和美国涉及诚实的量刑决定。

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引用次数: 0