Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献

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Exploring the association between income inequality, racial composition, and fatal police shootings in U.S. counties (2015–2022)

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102350

Hossein Zare , Danielle Gilmore , Shervin Assari , Michelle Spencer , Roland Jr Thorpe , Darrell Gaskin

The study determines whether income inequality and racial composition of counties influence the number of residents who have been fatally shot by police.

Mapping Police Violence and the Washington Post between 2015 and 2022 were used, including 7082 cases across 3126 counties. This data was linked with the American Community Survey. This county level analysis investigated the association between police shootings and counties' Gini Coefficient, a well-known index to measure income inequality range from 0 to 1. The negative binomial regression models (NBRG) were used controlling for demographic factors, population density, number of police officer per-capita, ratio of violent crimes, percentage of female officers and state and year fixed effects.

Moving from low to high-GC was associated with higher fatal police shootings, with 2.3× for Whites, 7.6× for Blacks, 7.8× for Hispanics, and 2.1× for other groups, and 3.6× overall increase. One unit increase in GC number of police fatal shooting was associated with a marginal effect of 3.496 (CI: 2.207–4.781), with a higher marginal effect in Black (1.032, CI: 0.504–1.562), and White (0.510, CI: 0.191–0.829) peoples.

The study emphasizes the need for comprehensive solutions to address income inequality and racial composition in addressing fatal police shootings.

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引用次数: 0

Policymaking and pretrial fairness: Evaluating Illinois' ban on cash bail beyond Chicago

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102354

Kaitlyn M. Sims

Over 400,000 people are incarcerated awaiting trial each day in the United States. Many of these individuals are held because they are unable to post cash bail, generating substantial economic inequality between those who are able to be released and those who must wait. Illinois's Pretrial Fairness Act (PFA) banned cash bail in 2023 to reduce economic inequity and remove judicial discretion in pretrial decisions. I use daily roster data from multiple suburban and rural Illinois jails and a regression-discontinuity-in-time (RDiT) approach to test for changes to jail composition after the law went into effect. Jail population sizes decreased, though less than might be expected relative to the total size of the jail. Individuals held in jail post-PFA are more likely to be held on violent offenses and less likely to be women. I find no change in the percentage of the jail roster comprised of people of color, suggesting that while fewer people of color were held pre-trial, the law did not accomplish its goal of reducing racial inequity in pretrial detention. These findings indicate that while banning cash bail did reduce jail populations, it was not a panacea for addressing inequity in the criminal-legal system.

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引用次数: 0

Vulnerable identities? Examining the association between disability with risk and consequences of identity theft

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102333

Cooper A. Maher , Brittany E. Hayes , Ráchael A. Powers

Persons with disabilities who represent the largest marginalized group in the United States, face a significant risk of violent victimization, and experience worse consequences when victimized. Yet, few works have examined whether these findings extend to forms of victimization that does not require the victim and offender converge, such as identity theft. The study seeks to determine whether 1) persons with disabilities face a greater risk of multiple forms of identity theft victimization than their counterparts, and 2) whether persons with disabilities face worse emotional and physical consequences following identity theft victimization than their counterparts. Using data from the 2021 NCVS-Identity Theft Supplement, a nationally representative sample, risk and consequences of identity theft were examined across disaggregated forms of disability. Persons with cognitive and physical disabilities faced greater risk of all forms of identity theft. Victims with cognitive disabilities experienced worse emotional and physical consequences. Findings indicate the need for evidence-based prevention policies that are tailored towards individuals with disabilities and targeted intervention strategies for individuals with cognitive disabilities.

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引用次数: 0

Prosecutorial discretion not to invoke the criminal process and its impact on firearm cases 检察官不援引刑事诉讼程序的酌处权及其对枪支案件的影响

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102313

Francesca A. Amaral , Charles E. Loeffler , Greg Ridgeway

Purpose

Using detailed case-level data on firearm arrests in Philadelphia, both before and after the formal adoption of progressive prosecution policies, this paper examines the multiple organizational channels through which progressive prosecution has been theorized to impact firearm prosecutions. These include direct policy impacts, indirect policy spillovers, returns from resource reallocation, and personnel changes.

Methods

To examine these effects throughout the life of a case, we combine descriptive and formal statistical models, including regression, proportional hazards models, and overlap indices.

Results

There is little evidence that high-profile progressive prosecution policies impacted initial charging decisions on gun prosecutions. Conversely, there is also no evidence that reprioritization away from non-violent offenses, at least in the short-term, increased the available resources to address gun cases. However, there is evidence that the arrival of progressive prosecution in Philadelphia led to a temporary decline in the experience of prosecutors working gun cases and that this change could at least partially explain an observed short-term increase in case dismissals and open cases.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest progressive prosecution, while not begun as an effort to impact gun prosecution, still may have impacted it, albeit to a much smaller extent than that observed for its focal priorities.

目的本文利用费城在正式采用渐进式起诉政策前后枪支逮捕案件的详细数据，研究了渐进式起诉理论对枪支起诉产生影响的多种组织渠道，包括直接的政策影响、间接的政策溢出效应、资源重新分配带来的回报以及人事变动。这些渠道包括直接的政策影响、间接的政策溢出效应、资源重新分配带来的回报以及人事变动。结果几乎没有证据表明，备受瞩目的渐进式起诉政策影响了最初的枪支起诉决定。相反，也没有证据表明，至少在短期内，重新确定非暴力犯罪的优先次序增加了处理枪支案件的可用资源。然而，有证据表明，费城渐进式起诉的到来导致检察官处理枪支案件的经验暂时下降，而这一变化至少可以部分解释所观察到的撤销案件和未决案件的短期增加。结论我们的研究结果表明，渐进式起诉虽然不是作为影响枪支起诉的努力而开始的，但仍可能对枪支起诉产生了影响，尽管影响程度远小于其重点优先事项的影响程度。

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引用次数: 0

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102316

Adam Lankford , Jason R. Silva

Background

Although an important subset of mass shooters has admitted copying previous shooters, there has been almost no empirical research on the similarities between mass shooting role models and their copycats. Such analysis is essential for understanding who is most susceptible to the influence of high-profile mass shooters and what behaviors they are likely to copy.

Methods

We first compiled all documented instances we could find globally of public mass shooters and active shooters becoming a role model for a copycat from 1966 to 2022 (n = 205) and calculated how often their risk profiles and behaviors were similar. Next, we ran simulated matches (n = 2000) and used binary logistic regression to test whether copycats were significantly more similar to their role models than to a random shooter.

Findings

Compared to a random shooter, copycat attackers were significantly closer to their role models in age and more likely to share the same sex, race, country, incident location type, and offender outcome. Nearly 80% of copycats attacked more than one year after their role model, and the average temporal gap was approximately eight years. Copycats averaged significantly fewer victims killed and wounded than their role models.

Conclusions

The risk that high-profile mass shooters influence copycat attackers persists for many years, with the most susceptible individuals sharing characteristics of the role model shooters themselves. These findings could be used to make media coverage of mass shootings safer and to inform triage and case prioritization for threat assessment and violence prevention.

背景尽管大规模枪杀案中的一个重要子集承认模仿过以前的枪手，但几乎没有关于大规模枪杀案榜样和模仿者之间相似性的实证研究。这种分析对于了解哪些人最容易受到高知名度的大规模枪击案凶手的影响以及他们有可能模仿哪些行为至关重要。我们首先汇编了从 1966 年到 2022 年全球范围内我们能找到的所有公开大规模枪击案凶手和主动枪击案凶手成为模仿者榜样的有据可查的事例（n = 205），并计算了他们的风险特征和行为相似的频率。接下来，我们进行了模拟匹配（n = 2000），并使用二元逻辑回归来检验模仿者与其榜样的相似程度是否明显高于随机枪手。研究结果与随机枪手相比，模仿者在年龄上明显更接近其榜样，更有可能具有相同的性别、种族、国家、事件地点类型和犯罪结果。近 80% 的模仿者在其榜样案发一年后才发动袭击，平均时间差约为八年。结论高知名度的大规模枪击案凶手影响模仿攻击者的风险持续多年，最易受影响的个人与榜样凶手本身具有相同的特征。这些发现可用于使媒体对大规模枪击事件的报道更加安全，并为威胁评估和暴力预防的分流和案件优先顺序提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Correlates of victim services for fraud and identity theft among victim service providers 受害者服务提供者为欺诈和身份盗窃受害者提供服务的相关因素

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102318

Cooper A. Maher, Rachel M. Corsello, Timothy A. Engle, James D. Kuhlman, Joseph L. Nedelec

Victim service providers assist thousands of victims of crime in the United States each year. However, little is known about the extent to which these organizations serve victims of crime often perpetrated online, such as identity theft and financial fraud. Moreover, absent from the literature is an empirical assessment of what factors predict the inclusion of services for victims of these crimes. Using a sample from the 2019 National Survey of Victim Service Providers (n = 1649) the current study investigated factors related to the provision of services for victims of financial fraud and identity theft, and the number of victims served for each of these crime types. Findings suggested that certain organizational services such as providing restitution claim assistance and document replacement services were associated with greater odds providing services to financial fraud and identity theft victims. Organizational characteristics, such as having a hotline/chatline, the number of external partnerships, and the number of volunteers also predicted providing those services. The findings suggest the importance of logistical constraints on providing these services and are discussed in light of previous research on the topic, as well as policy implications and limitations.

在美国，受害者服务提供者每年为成千上万的犯罪受害者提供帮助。然而，对于这些组织在多大程度上为经常在网上实施的犯罪（如身份盗用和金融欺诈）的受害者提供服务，人们知之甚少。此外，文献中也没有对哪些因素可以预测这些犯罪的受害者是否接受服务进行实证评估。本研究利用 2019 年受害者服务提供者全国调查（n = 1649）的样本，调查了为金融欺诈和身份盗用受害者提供服务的相关因素，以及为每种犯罪类型提供服务的受害者人数。研究结果表明，某些组织服务（如提供归还索赔援助和文件更换服务）与为金融欺诈和身份盗窃受害者提供服务的几率更大相关。拥有热线/聊天室、外部合作伙伴数量和志愿者人数等组织特征也预示着提供这些服务的可能性。研究结果表明了提供这些服务的后勤限制因素的重要性，并结合以往有关该主题的研究以及政策影响和局限性进行了讨论。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Quantifying the impact: From prevalence to harm in evaluating police misconduct” [Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 93 (2024) 1–13]

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102285

Lisa M. Dario, Gabriel T. Cesar, Kristina Jalbert, Frank de la Torre

引用次数: 0

Evaluating the impact of sexual assault training on police officers: A systematic review and meta-analysis 评估性侵犯培训对警官的影响：系统回顾和荟萃分析

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102321

David S. Lapsey Jr , Bradley A. Campbell , Amanda Goodson , Gennaro F. Vito , Alondra D. Garza , Cortney A. Franklin

Purpose

We evaluated and summarized the current literature on police sexual assault training. To do so, we examined the overall effects of police sexual assault training and assessed for potential moderating factors impacting training effectiveness.

Methods

We conducted a meta-analysis using robust variance estimation (RVE) to estimate the mean effects sizes and assess for potential moderating factors. Our sample included 294 effect sizes, 31 studies, and 22 independent datasets.

Results

Sexual assault training had a substantial impact across all outcomes, and was positively associated with improvements in officers' perceptions, hypothetical case processing decisions, content knowledge, and police behaviors. Analysis of long-term follow-up data found training effects remained robust and significant over time. In addition, training effects remained stable across moderator analyses.

Discussion

Findings reveal that sexual assault training programs of varying duration/dosage can significantly improve police perceptions, knowledge, and behavior. Evaluation research should continue to assess training through the use of rigorous research designs and with measures of police behavior. Ultimately, training has considerable utility for enhancing police response to sexual assault.

目的我们评估并总结了当前有关警察性侵犯培训的文献。为此，我们考察了警察性侵犯培训的总体效果，并评估了影响培训效果的潜在调节因素。方法我们使用稳健方差估计法（RVE）进行了一项荟萃分析，以估计平均效果大小并评估潜在的调节因素。我们的样本包括 294 个效应大小、31 项研究和 22 个独立数据集。结果性侵犯培训对所有结果都产生了重大影响，并与警官认知、假设案件处理决策、内容知识和警察行为的改善呈正相关。对长期跟踪数据的分析发现，随着时间的推移，培训效果依然稳健且显著。讨论结果表明，不同持续时间/剂量的性侵犯培训项目可以显著改善警察的认知、知识和行为。评估研究应继续通过使用严格的研究设计和警察行为措施来评估培训。最终，培训对于提高警察应对性侵犯的能力具有相当大的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Head injury, sleep disturbance, and delinquent offending: Evidence from a longitudinal sample of juvenile detainees 头部受伤、睡眠障碍和违法犯罪：来自青少年被拘留者纵向样本的证据

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102310

Kristina Block , Eric J. Connolly

Juvenile youth are disproportionately more likely to experience head injury (HI), and HI is associated with reoffending. Yet, little is currently known about the extent to which common symptoms of HI – such as sleep disturbance – condition this relationship. The current study uses prospective data to investigate within-individual changes in HI and reoffending and the moderating role of sleep disturbance on these associations across males and females. Data are drawn from the Northwestern Juvenile Project (NJP), a longitudinal sample of previously adjudicated juveniles. Random intercept cross-lagged models are estimated to assess within-individual changes in HI, violent offending, and nonviolent offending over a two-year period as well as the moderating role of sleep disturbance. Findings indicate that within-individual increases in HI are associated with within-individual increases in violent, but not nonviolent offending. The relation between HI and violent offending is stronger at higher levels of sleep disturbance for males, but not females. Taken together, the results suggest that relations between HI and offending are complex, with different mechanisms likely explaining associations across males and females.

青少年头部受伤（HI）的几率过高，而头部受伤又与重新犯罪有关。然而，目前人们对头部损伤的常见症状（如睡眠障碍）在多大程度上影响这种关系还知之甚少。本研究利用前瞻性数据，调查 HI 和重新犯罪在个体内部的变化，以及睡眠障碍对男性和女性之间这些关联的调节作用。数据来自西北青少年项目（NJP），该项目是对曾被判刑的青少年的纵向抽样调查。通过随机截距交叉滞后模型的估计，评估了两年内HI、暴力犯罪和非暴力犯罪的个体内部变化以及睡眠障碍的调节作用。研究结果表明，健康指数的个体内部增长与暴力犯罪的个体内部增长有关，但与非暴力犯罪无关。在睡眠障碍水平较高的情况下，男性 HI 与暴力犯罪之间的关系更为密切，而女性则不然。总之，研究结果表明，睡眠障碍与犯罪之间的关系是复杂的，可能有不同的机制来解释男性和女性之间的关系。

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引用次数: 0

Examining the connection between mental illness and recidivism for persons on parole 研究精神病与假释人员累犯之间的联系

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102315

D. Michael Applegarth

Mental illness (MI) is prevalent among people who are incarcerated and under community supervision. Despite this, the nature of the relationship between MI and recidivism is yet to be fully understood. Using an administrative dataset from the state of Georgia (n = 24,046), this study examined the extent to which individuals with MI on parole have a greater likelihood of rearrest – over a three-year period – than individuals without MI. Across the sample, increased assessed risk (OR = 1.14, 95 % CI [1.12–1.16]) and increased positive drug tests (OR = 1.64, 95 % CI [1.42–1.91]) predicted a greater likelihood of rearrest. Increased time employed reduced the likelihood of rearrest (OR = 0.39, 95 % CI [0.35–0.44]). MI was associated with increased odds of being rearrested (OR = 1.17, 95 % CI [1.07–1.27]). MI was also found to moderate the relationships between both substance use and employment with being rearrested.

精神病（MI）在被监禁和接受社区监管的人群中十分普遍。尽管如此，人们对精神疾病与累犯之间关系的性质仍未充分了解。本研究利用佐治亚州的行政数据集（n = 24,046），研究了假释期间患有精神分裂症的人比没有精神分裂症的人在三年内再次被逮捕的可能性有多大。在所有样本中，评估风险的增加（OR = 1.14，95 % CI [1.12-1.16]）和毒品检测阳性率的增加（OR = 1.64，95 % CI [1.42-1.91]）预示着再次被捕的可能性更大。就业时间的增加会降低再次被捕的可能性（OR = 0.39，95 % CI [0.35-0.44]）。MI 与再次被捕的几率增加有关（OR = 1.17，95 % CI [1.07-1.27]）。研究还发现，吸毒和就业与再次被捕之间的关系中，不良嗜好也有缓和作用。

引用次数: 0

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