Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献

Purpose

The journey to crime is well-researched in criminology. Fundamental to many of these studies is the offending probability by distance function, a distribution comprised of two key components – distance decay and the buffer zone. However, it is difficult to measure this relationship accurately because of intensive data requirements. Here, we explore this challenge in detail and quantify data requirements.

Methods

We define and describe the buffer zone and outline two proposed explanations. Using this framework, four critical research considerations that avoid the ecological fallacy are identified, and a testing procedure proposed. Finally, we conduct simulation analyses to establish minimum data requirements.

Results

We conclude 50 or more observations are needed to reliably determine the shape of an offender's travel distribution, a number much higher than used in previous studies. Two empirical case studies of prolific predatory offenders support these findings.

Conclusion

Understanding crime journeys is relevant for both theory and practice. Crime travel is central to routine activity and crime pattern theories, and a critical factor in offender decision-making, target choice, spatial displacement, crime scripts, geographic profiling, crime prevention, and risk assessments. The relationship between distance and offending probability must be accurately measured to be properly understood.

Purpose

While parental incarceration (PI) is consistently associated with offspring offending, less is known about possible heterogeneity in the association. We examined associations between PI and offspring crime considering possible moderating factors related to parent's criminality and sociodemographic background.

Methods

Using Finnish total population data of children born in 1987–2003 (N = 1,017,072), we conducted Cox regression models for PI by age 18 and offspring's crime up to age 33. We compared full siblings to further test whether differences in the age and total length of exposure to PI were differentially associated with offending while accounting for unmeasured familial heterogeneity.

Results

Both paternal and maternal incarceration were associated with an elevated risk of offspring criminality, but there was significant heterogeneity in the associations. The associations were weaker among offspring of parents with more criminal history and stronger among offspring with longer co-residence with the parent. The associations were typically stronger for maternal as compared to paternal incarceration, and among girls compared to boys. No clear evidence for differential risks related to the age or total length of exposure to PI was found in the sibling analyses.

Conclusions

PI is differently associated with offspring crime depending on the parent's criminal and sociodemographic background.

Frequent utilizers of the criminal justice system heavily strain local resources due to their ongoing interactions with criminal justice agencies and their disproportionate need for social and behavioral health services. We first identify and compare frequent utilizers ‘demographic and legal characteristics to first-time and repeat offenders by analyzing two years of prosecution data from three counties in a large Florida jurisdiction. Ordinal regression is then employed to evaluate the impact of first-time offenders, repeat offenders, and frequent utilizers on filed charge severity and the harshness of punitive sanction. Results reveal that frequent utilizers are more likely to be involved in property and drug offenses than personal offenses. They also have an enhanced proclivity to be represented by public defenders or assigned counsel, be held pretrial, and receive custodial sentences. However, contrary to previous research, our findings show that frequent utilizers exhibit a more serious pattern of offending than first-time or repeat offenders. These findings suggest the need for rigorous state monitoring of frequent utilizers in the community while still underscoring the importance and effectiveness of various rehabilitative and prevention strategies beyond the criminal justice system's purview to address the complexities of frequent utilizers’ needs.

Purpose

Despite the precipitous rise of cryptocurrency in recent years, little is known regarding the utility and legitimacy of such fiat currencies. This research assesses whether or not a “cryptoculture” exists, and if so, its influence on fraud and/or cryptocurrency loss.

Methods

Logistic Regression was used to examine the relationship between cryptoculture and cryptocurrency loss or fraud in a sample of 919 survey respondents who previously purchased cryptocurrency.

Results

Results support the existence of a cryptoculture. Respondents who reported higher levels of confidence in cryptocurrency were significantly more likely to also report fraud or loss. This was despite also admitting to feeling more vulnerable when purchasing cryptocurrency. These seemingly conflicting results may actually point to a false sense of confidence by cryptopurchasers driven by cryptoculture, which encourages purchasing decisions to outweigh initial skepticism or distrust.

Conclusions

Underlying mechanisms of cryptocurrency purchasing decisions (like cryptoculture) should continue to be examined in greater depth. Over one-third of cryptocurrency purchasers reported that at least some of their cryptocurrency portfolio is missing, yet many remain confident in their ability to navigate the market. This study provides a nuanced analysis of the factors influencing how victims of fraud may be influenced to participate in risky purchases.

Research has recognized Adult Drug Treatment Courts (DTCs) as benefitting participants, with a wide body of research demonstrating lower levels of recidivism and drug use. A budding community-level body of research, however, has returned mixed results, some studies showing increases in arrests and crime relative to DTC initiation. Since DTCs cover over three-fourths of the US population, results showing such unintended consequences must be validated and rectified if held. This study estimated effects for DTCs for community-level crime effects from 1990 to 2018 using a stacked event study identification strategy. Most results indicated no significant effects. However, for population groups between 10,000 and 50,000, DTCs were associated with reductions in some crime categories. Violent index offenses offered the most robust results, and there was a small increase in non-index crimes in communities with populations between 50,000 and 100,000.

Background

Research on the association between depression and crime is limited regarding different types of crime and severity of crime.

Aim

Using Swedish national register data, we explored the association between depression and various crime outcomes and the severity of crime.

Methods

We identified 72,057 individuals with an outpatient depression diagnosis between 2001 and 2013. Individuals with depression were age-, sex-, and socioeconomic status (SES)-matched to undiagnosed population controls (n = 1,080,855). Logistic regression models estimated odds of any, violent, property, drug-related and non-violent crime, as well as the severity of crime.

Results

In fully adjusted models, individuals with depression had significantly higher odds of any conviction (adjusted OR [adjOR] 1.66 [95 % CI 1.60–1.71]). This pattern persisted across all crime types (violent, property, drug-related, non-violent), and for crime severity, including increased odds for longer sentences and multiple convictions.

Conclusions

Individuals with depression had an increased risk for convictions across all crime types and more severe crimes. Our results emphasize the importance of early identification of risk factors and targeted treatments, and the necessity for clarification of the underlying mechanisms of our findings.

Purpose

Parental history of criminal offending is a major risk factor for later criminal behavior in children. Extensive research has also shown low resting heart rate (RHR), a moderately heritable biological variable, to be prospectively predictive of criminal behavior. Despite its status as a replicable risk factor, limited research exists on RHR's role in the intergenerational transmission of crime. Specifically, it remains unclear whether parent-child resemblance for biological characteristics such as RHR might play a role in intergenerational crime transmission.

Method

The current study was undertaken to clarify the role of RHR in the intergenerational transmission of crime, and test for moderating effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on its role, in a large Swedish population-based sample of fathers and their sons combined (N ∼ 266,000).

Results

Beyond replicating prior work documenting paternal crime history and RHR as predictors of later offspring crime, we show that father–son resemblance for RHR accounts in part for father-to-son crime transmission, and that familial SES does not moderate this transmission.

Conclusions

Our findings have important implications for understanding the role of biological and environmental influences in the intergenerational transmission of crime.

Anti-police sentiment has emerged as a growing phenomenon in recent years, characterised by intense negative attitudes towards police. Despite increasing scholarly interest, the lack of a clear definition of anti-police sentiment hinders conceptualisation, measurement, and comparison of findings across jurisdictions. This study aims to provide conceptual clarity by employing sentiment analysis to systematically and objectively explore the emotions underlying anti-police sentiment. Analysis of the negative discourse across 1140 comments on Reddit about police, found that anti-police sentiment is associated with the emotions anger, fear, and frozenness, and potentially may trigger fight, flight, freeze responses in citizens encountering the police. Further, analysis of frequent terms highlights key social issues driving anti-police sentiment, such as police responses to domestic violence and police misconduct. The study contributes to the understanding of anti-police sentiment by identifying the underlying emotions and their potential behavioural outcomes, providing a foundation for future research and policy interventions.

Purpose

For the last five decades, gangs have been a criminal justice priority, commanding the attention of police, courts, and corrections. Legislative bodies and local, state, and federal agencies have adapted or engineered policies and practices to combat the influence of gangs. While these efforts have been subject to inquiry by researchers and media, they have largely been uninformed by public opinion.

Methods

We surveyed 1000 adults in the United States to understand public support for five common yet controversial responses to gangs spearheaded by the criminal justice system.

Results

There was a widespread consensus of support for police gang databases, civil gang injunctions, Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO), and sentencing enhancements, but not solitary confinement. Respondents were not swayed by the experimental presentation of evidence of racial disparities in gang databases or the psychological impacts of solitary confinement; support for civil gang injunctions fell when learning of potential constitutional violations but not violence reduction; support for RICO fell when learning of the organizational structure of street gangs and the potential for guilt-by-association; and sentencing enhancements were no longer supported upon learning the financial cost.

Conclusions

Public opinion maintains a significant role in criminal justice policy and practice on gangs that criminologists should subject to research and evaluation. This research underscores the importance of evidence-based policy formulation and the need for ongoing dialogue between the public, researchers, and policymakers to address challenges as complex and inexorable as gangs and gang violence in communities.

Purpose

Sentencing practices in cases involving defendants with mental disorders are often opaque, as data on case facts and sentencing decisions are not easily accessible.

Methods

This paper reports findings from a national U.S. sample of appellate court cases across 46 states (n = 710) that involved mental health evidence. We collected detailed data on judge and defendant characteristics, type and severity of mental disorders, state sociopolitical ideologies, and legal factors such as offense and plea type and criminal history. We used a mixed quantitative approach, including machine learning, to examine how these intricate factors influence sentencing outcomes.

Results

A combination of linear regressions and supervised learning techniques reveals important differences in sentencing outcomes based on the type of mental disorder as well as the majority political ideology of states. We additionally show that, as compared to arguing no mental health evidence, having a mental disorder generally did not yield significant differences in sentencing.

Conclusions

Both a potential lack of scientific comprehension and the influence of sociopolitical ideology may help explain why certain mental disorders are aggravating in punishment contexts. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of supervised learning and classification trees for studying judicial decisions.