Pub Date : 2024-06-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102213
Amy Nivette , Idris Güçlü , Denis Ribeaud , Manuel Eisner
Purpose
While there has been extensive research on the normative, instrumental, and social explanations for cooperation with police, fewer studies have examined how personal, social-cognitive characteristics might influence willingness to cooperate. This paper integrates models of cooperation with the social information processing framework to understand when individuals are more willing to cooperate with the police.
Methods
We use two waves of data from the Zurich Project on Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood, an ongoing longitudinal study of an ethnically diverse sample of young people from Zurich, Switzerland.
Results
The results show that, aside from perceptions of police legitimacy, moral neutralization and empathy were directly associated with willingness to cooperate. Police legitimacy moderated the relationship between moral neutralization and cooperation, however this effect was not robust across models. In addition, we found that those who have engaged in serious criminal behavior were less likely to cooperate.
Conclusions
We argue that our findings demonstrate the need for cooperation with police research to adopt a decision-making framework in explaining the decision to indirectly intervene and cooperate. Namely, individuals must first recognize and acknowledge the harm or illegal behavior done when deciding to take action to cooperate with the police.
目的虽然对与警方合作的规范性、工具性和社会性解释已有大量研究,但较少研究个人的社会认知特征会如何影响合作意愿。本文将合作模型与社会信息处理框架相结合,以了解个人何时更愿意与警方合作。方法我们使用了苏黎世社会发展项目(Zurich Project on Social Development from Childhood to Adultthood)的两波数据,该项目是一项针对瑞士苏黎世不同种族青少年样本的纵向研究。警察的合法性调节了道德中和与合作之间的关系,但这种影响在不同的模型中并不稳固。结论我们认为,我们的研究结果表明,警察合作研究需要采用决策框架来解释间接干预和合作的决定。也就是说,在决定采取行动与警方合作时,个人必须首先认识到并承认所造成的伤害或违法行为。
{"title":"Normative, expressive, and personal factors associated with cooperation with police: Findings from a longitudinal cohort study","authors":"Amy Nivette , Idris Güçlü , Denis Ribeaud , Manuel Eisner","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>While there has been extensive research on the normative, instrumental, and social explanations for cooperation with police, fewer studies have examined how personal, social-cognitive characteristics might influence willingness to cooperate. This paper integrates models of cooperation with the social information processing framework to understand when individuals are more willing to cooperate with the police.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We use two waves of data from the Zurich Project on Social Development from Childhood to Adulthood, an ongoing longitudinal study of an ethnically diverse sample of young people from Zurich, Switzerland.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>The results show that, aside from perceptions of police legitimacy, moral neutralization and empathy were directly associated with willingness to cooperate. Police legitimacy moderated the relationship between moral neutralization and cooperation, however this effect was not robust across models. In addition, we found that those who have engaged in serious criminal behavior were less likely to cooperate.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>We argue that our findings demonstrate the need for cooperation with police research to adopt a decision-making framework in explaining the decision to indirectly intervene and cooperate. Namely, individuals must first recognize and acknowledge the harm or illegal behavior done when deciding to take action to cooperate with the police.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004723522400062X/pdfft?md5=54fff766961f1fa90d297b064e3282a7&pid=1-s2.0-S004723522400062X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141322883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-08DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102211
Alexander H. Lewis, Jason A. Ford
Purpose
To examine the impact of employment and health insurance on healthcare utilization while delineating criminal-legal system (CLS) contact by type.
Methods
We examined pooled data (2015–2019) from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health to assess the association between type of CLS contact (i.e., arrest, probation, or parole) and healthcare utilization (i.e., emergency room visit, overnight hospital stays, or doctor visit) among adults aged 18 and older (N = 201,490).
Results
Adults with any past-year CLS contact reported a higher prevalence of emergency room visits and hospital stays, but lower rates of doctor visits, compared to adults with no past-year CLS contact. Findings from logistic regression analyses highlight the importance of arrest. Among adults with past-year CLS contact, those with an arrest were more likely to report all forms of healthcare utilization compared to those on probation or parole. Lastly, findings clearly indicated that insurance was more strongly associated with healthcare utilization than employment.
Discussion
The current research contributes to literature that examines health conditions and healthcare utilization across type of CLS contact. Understanding how barriers to healthcare utilization vary by type of CLS contact should enable community resources and support services to reduce health disparities in this vulnerable population.
{"title":"Healthcare utilization and type of criminal-legal system contact: The importance of employment and health insurance","authors":"Alexander H. Lewis, Jason A. Ford","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102211","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>To examine the impact of employment and health insurance on healthcare utilization while delineating criminal-legal system (CLS) contact by type.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We examined pooled data (2015–2019) from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health to assess the association between type of CLS contact (i.e., arrest, probation, or parole) and healthcare utilization (i.e., emergency room visit, overnight hospital stays, or doctor visit) among adults aged 18 and older (<em>N</em> = 201,490).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Adults with any past-year CLS contact reported a higher prevalence of emergency room visits and hospital stays, but lower rates of doctor visits, compared to adults with no past-year CLS contact. Findings from logistic regression analyses highlight the importance of arrest. Among adults with past-year CLS contact, those with an arrest were more likely to report all forms of healthcare utilization compared to those on probation or parole. Lastly, findings clearly indicated that insurance was more strongly associated with healthcare utilization than employment.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>The current research contributes to literature that examines health conditions and healthcare utilization across type of CLS contact. Understanding how barriers to healthcare utilization vary by type of CLS contact should enable community resources and support services to reduce health disparities in this vulnerable population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141291286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102199
J.Z. Bennett , Daphne M. Brydon , Jeffrey T. Ward , Dylan B. Jackson , Leah Ouellet , Rebecca Turner , Laura S. Abrams
Objective
The movement to end mass incarceration has largely concentrated on people serving shorter sentences for non-violent offenses. There has been less consideration for the 1 in 7 people in prison serving life sentences, overwhelmingly for violent offenses, including those serving juvenile life without parole (JLWOP). Recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions result in a pressing need for data on second chance considerations for JLWOP. This study tracks outcomes of the national population of juvenile lifers.
Data/methods
We cross-reference data to identify the JLWOP population at the time of Miller (N = 2904) to build a demographic profile and track resentencing, release, and mortality statuses. Statistics and data visualization are used to establish national and state-level baselines.
Results
Findings reveal more than 2500 individuals have been resentenced and more than 1000 have been released. There is notable state variation in the number of JLWOP sentences, the extent to which JLWOP is still allowed, sentence review mechanisms, and percentage of juvenile lifers released.
Conclusions/implications
The present study provides an important foundation for subsequent work to examine equity in the implementation of Miller and Montgomery within and across states, and to study reentry of an aging population that has spent critical life stages behind bars.
{"title":"In the wake of Miller and Montgomery: A national view of people sentenced to juvenile life without parole","authors":"J.Z. Bennett , Daphne M. Brydon , Jeffrey T. Ward , Dylan B. Jackson , Leah Ouellet , Rebecca Turner , Laura S. Abrams","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102199","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>The movement to end mass incarceration has largely concentrated on people serving shorter sentences for non-violent offenses. There has been less consideration for the 1 in 7 people in prison serving life sentences, overwhelmingly for violent offenses, including those serving juvenile life without parole (JLWOP). Recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions result in a pressing need for data on second chance considerations for JLWOP. This study tracks outcomes of the national population of juvenile lifers.</p></div><div><h3>Data/methods</h3><p>We cross-reference data to identify the JLWOP population at the time of <em>Miller</em> (<em>N</em> = 2904) to build a demographic profile and track resentencing, release, and mortality statuses<em>.</em> Statistics and data visualization are used to establish national and state-level baselines.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Findings reveal more than 2500 individuals have been resentenced and more than 1000 have been released. There is notable state variation in the number of JLWOP sentences, the extent to which JLWOP is still allowed, sentence review mechanisms, and percentage of juvenile lifers released.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions/implications</h3><p>The present study provides an important foundation for subsequent work to examine equity in the implementation of <em>Miller</em> and <em>Montgomery</em> within and across states, and to study reentry of an aging population that has spent critical life stages behind bars.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235224000485/pdfft?md5=d9ac3a70b7a304c58ee41de0305e7bfd&pid=1-s2.0-S0047235224000485-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141249703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-27DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102200
Ahmet Guler , Ismail Onat
The present study examined the corelates of individuals` varying attitudes towards reforming American law enforcement. Building on previous research, we hypothesized that such demand among American adults may result from their fear of police brutality, the quality of relationship between the police and minorities, the role of media news, political views, and other demographic factors. Three concepts (i.e., reforming the police, defunding the police, or maintaining the status quo) were employed to measure reform attitudes. Analyses of survey data indicated that the three proposals do not have identical predictors. While fear of police brutality and political views were significant predictors of all three attitudes across the models, with opposing effects on maintaining the status quo, belonging to a minority group and exposure to news media had no significant effect on support for defunding or reforming the police. The results of the study were discussed, and its policy implications were considered.
{"title":"Reform, defund or do not touch? Exploring factors affecting the demand for organizational change in law enforcement","authors":"Ahmet Guler , Ismail Onat","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The present study examined the corelates of individuals` varying attitudes towards reforming American law enforcement. Building on previous research, we hypothesized that such demand among American adults may result from their fear of police brutality, the quality of relationship between the police and minorities, the role of media news, political views, and other demographic factors. Three concepts (i.e., reforming the police, defunding the police, or maintaining the status quo) were employed to measure reform attitudes. Analyses of survey data indicated that the three proposals do not have identical predictors. While fear of police brutality and political views were significant predictors of all three attitudes across the models, with opposing effects on maintaining the status quo, belonging to a minority group and exposure to news media had no significant effect on support for defunding or reforming the police. The results of the study were discussed, and its policy implications were considered.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141243275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102194
Esther Buchnik , Barak Ariel , Eran Itskovich
Objectives
This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of police reassurance callbacks to victims who reported crimes online, focusing on their rating of satisfaction with their reporting experience, perceived legitimacy, procedural justice, trust, and police performance. It also seeks to explore whether variations in the communication strategies used by the police – i.e., sending letters, a call from the investigator, or the reassurance callback – affect the participants' scores differently.
Methods
A posttest-only control group design, with victims who reported crimes online in the Southern District of Israel but whose cases were closed by the police. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a callback from the police based on the tenets of procedural justice (treatment group) or not (control group). Telephone interviews inquired about satisfaction, trust, security, and procedural justice. t and χ2 statistics were then applied to measure the differences between the treatment and control conditions. Analyses of variance and Tukey's honestly significance difference test were used to estimate how different communication strategies affect victims' perceptions.
Results
No statistically significant differences in victims' ratings of satisfaction, procedural justice, trust in police, overall opinion of the police, or sense of security were observed between the treatment and control groups. However, based on the ad hoc analyses, compared to no contact at all following victims' initial reporting to the police, we show that (a) receiving only a letter from the police did not improve victims' satisfaction or overall rating of the police, whereas (b) a phone call from an investigator did lead to significant improvement in victim satisfaction and perceptions of procedural justice; however, (c) an additional procedural justice callback did not further enhance the investigator's phone call. Trust and security scores were not elevated under any of these conditions.
Conclusions
When added to an initial callback from the police, consequent to online crime reporting, a second call based on the tenets of procedural justice does not significantly improve victims' satisfaction or perceptions of procedural justice beyond the first contact, and a letter-only communication does not improve victims' perceptions.
本研究旨在评估警方向网上报案的受害者回电安抚的有效性,重点关注受害者对其报案经历的满意度、感知的合法性、程序正义、信任和警方表现的评分。本研究还试图探讨警方使用的沟通策略(即寄信、调查员电话或安抚回电)的不同是否会对参与者的评分产生不同影响。方法采用仅事后对照组设计,以以色列南区网上报案但警方已结案的受害者为研究对象。参与者被随机分配到接受或不接受警方基于程序正义原则的回电(处理组)(对照组)。然后采用 t 和 χ2 统计量来测量治疗组和对照组之间的差异。结果 没有观察到治疗组和对照组的受害者在满意度、程序正义、对警察的信任、对警察的总体看法或安全感方面存在统计学意义上的显著差异。然而,根据特别分析,与受害者初次向警方报案后完全没有联系相比,我们发现:(a) 只收到警方的一封信并没有提高受害者的满意度或对警方的总体评价,而(b) 调查员的电话确实显著提高了受害者的满意度和对程序正义的看法;然而,(c) 额外的程序正义回访并没有进一步提高调查员电话的效果。结论在网上报案后,除了警方的首次电话回访外,根据程序正义原则进行的第二次电话回访并不能显著提高受害者的满意度或对首次联系后程序正义的感知,而仅通过信件沟通也不能提高受害者的感知。
{"title":"Victims' satisfaction with police communication strategies in discontinued cases: Unveiling the limits through a randomised controlled trial in Israel","authors":"Esther Buchnik , Barak Ariel , Eran Itskovich","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102194","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p>This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of police reassurance callbacks to victims who reported crimes online, focusing on their rating of satisfaction with their reporting experience, perceived legitimacy, procedural justice, trust, and police performance. It also seeks to explore whether variations in the communication strategies used by the police – i.e., sending letters, a call from the investigator, or the reassurance callback – affect the participants' scores differently.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A posttest-only control group design, with victims who reported crimes online in the Southern District of Israel but whose cases were closed by the police. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a callback from the police based on the tenets of procedural justice (treatment group) or not (control group). Telephone interviews inquired about satisfaction, trust, security, and procedural justice. <em>t</em> and χ<sup>2</sup> statistics were then applied to measure the differences between the treatment and control conditions. Analyses of variance and Tukey's honestly significance difference test were used to estimate how different communication strategies affect victims' perceptions.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>No statistically significant differences in victims' ratings of satisfaction, procedural justice, trust in police, overall opinion of the police, or sense of security were observed between the treatment and control groups. However, based on the ad hoc analyses, compared to no contact at all following victims' initial reporting to the police, we show that (a) receiving only a letter from the police did not improve victims' satisfaction or overall rating of the police, whereas (b) a phone call from an investigator did lead to significant improvement in victim satisfaction and perceptions of procedural justice; however, (c) an additional procedural justice callback did not further enhance the investigator's phone call. Trust and security scores were not elevated under any of these conditions.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>When added to an initial callback from the police, consequent to online crime reporting, a second call based on the tenets of procedural justice does not significantly improve victims' satisfaction or perceptions of procedural justice beyond the first contact, and a letter-only communication does not improve victims' perceptions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047235224000436/pdfft?md5=a89f3628c6a5daa72d65b6c99cc7607a&pid=1-s2.0-S0047235224000436-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141078252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102196
Matthew W. Epperson , Rachel C. Garthe , Hannah Lee , Angela Hawken
Objective
To examine the effects of a novel prosecutor-led gun diversion program (PLGDP) on criminal recidivism outcomes, with a focus on charges that impact public safety.
Methods
We employed a quasi-experimental design comparing 76 participants from a PLGDP in Minneapolis, MN with 93 individuals from a comparison group. Participants joined the program between 2017 and 2019, and logistic regression analyses focused on the two-year period following the illegal gun possession offense. Outcomes included arrest and conviction for any criminal offense and offenses involving a weapon or violence.
Results
PLGDP participants as a whole demonstrated lower odds of a conviction in the two-year follow period compared to individuals in the comparison group. Program graduates had significantly lower odds of a violent or weapons-related offense compared to those in the comparison group, while terminated program participants demonstrated higher odds of charges and convictions.
Conclusions
Findings demonstrate that a PLGDP can address the racially disparate punishment of illegal gun possession and can be implemented without detrimental effects on public safety. PLGDPs represent a promising new component to broader gun violence prevention efforts.
{"title":"An examination of recidivism outcomes for a novel prosecutor-led gun diversion program","authors":"Matthew W. Epperson , Rachel C. Garthe , Hannah Lee , Angela Hawken","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102196","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To examine the effects of a novel prosecutor-led gun diversion program (PLGDP) on criminal recidivism outcomes, with a focus on charges that impact public safety.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We employed a quasi-experimental design comparing 76 participants from a PLGDP in Minneapolis, MN with 93 individuals from a comparison group. Participants joined the program between 2017 and 2019, and logistic regression analyses focused on the two-year period following the illegal gun possession offense. Outcomes included arrest and conviction for any criminal offense and offenses involving a weapon or violence.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>PLGDP participants as a whole demonstrated lower odds of a conviction in the two-year follow period compared to individuals in the comparison group. Program graduates had significantly lower odds of a violent or weapons-related offense compared to those in the comparison group, while terminated program participants demonstrated higher odds of charges and convictions.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Findings demonstrate that a PLGDP can address the racially disparate punishment of illegal gun possession and can be implemented without detrimental effects on public safety. PLGDPs represent a promising new component to broader gun violence prevention efforts.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141072497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102198
Nicole M. Myers, Alyssa Leblond
Most people accused of a crime are released into the community pending the resolution of their charges. To manage perceived risk, conditions of release on bail modify and control behaviour while providing a mechanism and justification for state monitoring. Drawing on 120 interviews with accused people in Canada this paper develops a typology to theorize how bail is experienced by accused, providing a framework for understanding what motivates accused to comply or violate their bail conditions and what impact conditioning has on their lives. Our analysis reveals insights into how accused present themselves to the court, navigate conditions of release and evaluate being conditioned in the community under the threat of further criminalization. Consistent with Yule et al. (2023), accused report a complex, variegated experience of social control in the community prior to conviction. Insights from participants suggest that bail is part of a broader criminal court process, that differentiates and marks accused (Kohler-Hausmann, 2018) who lack the requisite docility and discipline as risky and requiring more intensive conditioning and monitoring.
{"title":"Discipling risk: Governing through conditions on bail in the community pre-trial","authors":"Nicole M. Myers, Alyssa Leblond","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Most people accused of a crime are released into the community pending the resolution of their charges. To manage perceived risk, conditions of release on bail modify and control behaviour while providing a mechanism and justification for state monitoring. Drawing on 120 interviews with accused people in Canada this paper develops a typology to theorize how bail is experienced by accused, providing a framework for understanding what motivates accused to comply or violate their bail conditions and what impact conditioning has on their lives. Our analysis reveals insights into how accused present themselves to the court, navigate conditions of release and evaluate being conditioned in the community under the threat of further criminalization. Consistent with Yule et al. (2023), accused report a complex, variegated experience of social control in the community prior to conviction. Insights from participants suggest that bail is part of a broader criminal court process, that differentiates and marks accused (Kohler-Hausmann, 2018) who lack the requisite docility and discipline as risky and requiring more intensive conditioning and monitoring.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141078310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102193
Sayaka Ri , Kevin Kwok-yin Cheng
An offender's criminal record is nearly always discussed during sentencing. The incorporation of the criminal history of offenders by judges into sentencing decisions surprisingly remains an empirically understudied topic, especially from the comparative perspective. This study used two datasets derived from the sentencing decisions of judges from England/Wales and Hong Kong, respectively. The study demonstrates that the recidivist sentencing premium model is the better explanation for England/Wales as the number of previous criminal convictions is associated with the likelihood of a more severe sentence. Whereas the progressive loss of mitigation model (PLM) is the better explanation with respect to the decision to impose a custodial sentence and the flat-rate sentencing model is the better explanation for sentence length in Hong Kong. This study demonstrates the complexity of sentencing decisions with respect to criminal history and its differences across legal jurisdictions.
{"title":"Criminal record and sentencing: A comparative perspective between England and Wales and Hong Kong","authors":"Sayaka Ri , Kevin Kwok-yin Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>An offender's criminal record is nearly always discussed during sentencing. The incorporation of the criminal history of offenders by judges into sentencing decisions surprisingly remains an empirically understudied topic, especially from the comparative perspective. This study used two datasets derived from the sentencing decisions of judges from England/Wales and Hong Kong, respectively. The study demonstrates that the recidivist sentencing premium model is the better explanation for England/Wales as the number of previous criminal convictions is associated with the likelihood of a more severe sentence. Whereas the progressive loss of mitigation model (PLM) is the better explanation with respect to the decision to impose a custodial sentence and the flat-rate sentencing model is the better explanation for sentence length in Hong Kong. This study demonstrates the complexity of sentencing decisions with respect to criminal history and its differences across legal jurisdictions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140879995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102192
Omrit Avni, Joshua Guetzkow, Badi Hasisi
Purpose
Two dominant theoretical approaches used to explain racial and ethnic disparities in criminal justice outcomes are focal concerns and group threat. This study tests hypotheses about disparities in prosecutors' indictment decisions drawn from these theories, as well as the liberation hypothesis.
Methods
Propensity score matching is used to examine charging disparities between Arabs and Jews suspected of different property crimes in the Jerusalem district court from 2007 to 2018.
Results
Hypotheses drawn from each of these perspectives are not supported. The pattern of disparities across different crime types is consistent with an explanation that bridges insights from focal concerns and group threat perspectives.
Conclusions
Our study emphasizes the importance of the broader social context of the offense in understanding the threat perceptions tied to specific crimes and explaining ethnic gaps in prosecutorial decision making.
{"title":"Bias in prosecutorial decision making: Bridging focal concerns & group threat","authors":"Omrit Avni, Joshua Guetzkow, Badi Hasisi","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>Two dominant theoretical approaches used to explain racial and ethnic disparities in criminal justice outcomes are focal concerns and group threat. This study tests hypotheses about disparities in prosecutors' indictment decisions drawn from these theories, as well as the liberation hypothesis.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Propensity score matching is used to examine charging disparities between Arabs and Jews suspected of different property crimes in the Jerusalem district court from 2007 to 2018.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Hypotheses drawn from each of these perspectives are not supported. The pattern of disparities across different crime types is consistent with an explanation that bridges insights from focal concerns and group threat perspectives.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our study emphasizes the importance of the broader social context of the offense in understanding the threat perceptions tied to specific crimes and explaining ethnic gaps in prosecutorial decision making.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140822486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102190
Eran Itskovich, Roni Factor
Scholars have proposed several underlying mechanisms to explain the relationship between economic inequality and crime. However, these mechanisms have not been empirically tested. This study empirically tests the causal paths offered by three salient mechanisms through which economic inequality may affect crime: negative emotions, social distance, and social resistance. We applied a randomized controlled trial with an experimental-causal-chain design in two studies. In Study 1 we manipulated economic inequality and examined its effect on both the mediating variables and crime, operationalized as cheating behavior. In Study 2 we manipulated the mediating variable found to be associated with economic inequality in Study 1 (social resistance), and examined its effect on cheating. Our findings support the social resistance mechanism, while there is no evidence supporting the negative emotions (operationalized here as anger) and social distance mechanisms. These findings suggest that economic inequality breeds crime by producing perceptions of discrimination and alienation, leading individuals to actively express their dissatisfaction through crime.
{"title":"An experimental-causal-chain design to explore three mechanisms linking economic inequality and crime","authors":"Eran Itskovich, Roni Factor","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Scholars have proposed several underlying mechanisms to explain the relationship between economic inequality and crime. However, these mechanisms have not been empirically tested. This study empirically tests the causal paths offered by three salient mechanisms through which economic inequality may affect crime: negative emotions, social distance, and social resistance. We applied a randomized controlled trial with an experimental-causal-chain design in two studies. In Study 1 we manipulated economic inequality and examined its effect on both the mediating variables and crime, operationalized as cheating behavior. In Study 2 we manipulated the mediating variable found to be associated with economic inequality in Study 1 (social resistance), and examined its effect on cheating. Our findings support the social resistance mechanism, while there is no evidence supporting the negative emotions (operationalized here as anger) and social distance mechanisms. These findings suggest that economic inequality breeds crime by producing perceptions of discrimination and alienation, leading individuals to actively express their dissatisfaction through crime.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140813291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}