Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献_第7页

Effects of substance use treatment on recidivism for youth in need of treatment 药物使用治疗对需要治疗的青少年累犯的影响

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102304

Jennifer Pankow , George W. Joe , Angela A. Robertson , Sheena K. Gardner , Larkin Street McReynolds , Megan F. Dickson , John P. Bartkowski , Nancy Arrigona , Pernilla Johansson , Elizabeth D. Joseph , Kate E. Krupka , Thomas B. Sease , Danica Kalling Knight

Purpose and method

The association between illegal activity and substance use (SU) is prominent in juvenile populations, underscoring the importance of gaining a better understanding about SU treatment as a strategy to reduce recidivism. Youth records (N = 9165) from 12 juvenile justice programs in JJ-TRIALS examined the impact of treatment on the relationship between treatment need and time to recidivism.

Results

The 4-step mediation analysis demonstrated: (1) treatment need significantly relates to time to recidivism (p < .0002); (2) treatment need positively predicts treatment length (p ≤ .0001); (3) treatment length positively predicts time to recidivism (p < .0001); and (4), full mediation. Specifically, more treatment significantly predicted a longer time to recidivism such that youth with an identified need receiving treatment (Group A) had a longer time to recidivism than youth with a treatment need who did not receive services (Group B). A survival distribution curve illustrates that 14 % of youth in Group A had a recidivism event during the study, compared to 98 % of youth in Group B.

Conclusions

Outcomes point to the benefit of expanded treatment services for youth in juvenile justice. Services include early identification of treatment needs, treatment referrals, and treatment receipt to reduce recidivism risk.

目的和方法在青少年群体中，非法活动与药物使用（SU）之间的联系非常突出，这就强调了更好地了解SU治疗作为减少累犯策略的重要性。JJ-TRIALS中12个少年司法项目的青少年记录（N = 9165）研究了治疗对治疗需求和再犯时间之间关系的影响。结果四步中介分析表明：（1）治疗需求与再犯时间有显著关系（p < .0002）；（2）治疗需求可积极预测治疗时间（p ≤ .0001）；（3）治疗时间可积极预测再犯时间（p < .0001）；（4）完全中介。具体地说，治疗次数越多，再犯时间越长，因此，与有治疗需求但未接受服务的青少年（B 组）相比，有治疗需求但接受治疗的青少年（A 组）再犯时间更长。生存分布曲线显示，在研究期间，A 组中有 14% 的青少年有再犯行为，而 B 组中有 98% 的青少年有再犯行为。这些服务包括早期识别治疗需求、治疗转介和接受治疗，以降低再犯风险。

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引用次数: 0

Identifying subpopulations in forensic addiction care: A latent class analysis 确定法医成瘾护理中的亚人群：潜类分析

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102309

Ilse Luteijn , Joanne E.L. VanDerNagel , Inti A. Brazil , Arnt Schellekens

Purpose

Forensic patients with substance use disorder (SUD) vary in clinical.

characteristics like psychiatric comorbidity, including mild intellectual disability (MID). In this study, we examined whether different patient classes could be identified based on type of psychiatric diagnosis (including MID) and historic risk factors at treatment start, using Latent Class Analysis (LCA); whether these classes differed on risk behavior during treatment and treatment outcomes; and whether MID was associated with risk behavior and treatment outcomes.

Method

Data were retrieved from health records in a forensic addiction treatment centre in the Netherlands (n = 252). Information included DSM-5 diagnoses, historical risk factors for recidivism and treatment outcomes (urine toxicology, number of aggression incidents and drop-out).

Results

We identified four patient-classes, including one with a high prevalence of psychopathology and high historic risks, one with severe past substance use and long treatment history and two classes with low historic risks. These classed did not differ in risk behavior or treatment outcomes. MID was associated with risk behavior during treatment, but not with treatment outcomes.

Conclusions

These data suggest that though subgroups of forensic addiction patients are identifiable, historic risks do not predict variations in treatment outcomes, and that co-occurring MID might be clinically more relevant.

目的患有药物使用障碍（SUD）的法医患者的临床特征各不相同，如精神疾病合并症，包括轻度智力障碍（MID）。在这项研究中，我们使用潜类分析法（LCA）研究了是否可以根据精神病诊断类型（包括轻度智力障碍）和治疗开始时的历史风险因素确定不同的患者类别；这些类别在治疗期间的风险行为和治疗结果上是否存在差异；以及轻度智力障碍是否与风险行为和治疗结果相关。信息包括DSM-5诊断、历史再犯风险因素和治疗结果（尿液毒理学、侵犯事件数量和辍学）。结果我们确定了四类患者，包括一类精神病理学患病率高且历史风险高的患者、一类既往药物使用严重且治疗史长的患者和两类历史风险低的患者。这些类别的患者在危险行为或治疗结果方面没有差异。这些数据表明，虽然法医成瘾患者的亚群是可以识别的，但历史风险并不能预测治疗结果的变化，同时存在的 MID 在临床上可能更具相关性。

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引用次数: 0

The effects of Covid-19 stay-at-home orders on street and cybercrimes in a Brazilian city Covid-19 留守令对巴西某城市街头犯罪和网络犯罪的影响

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102314

Vitor S. Goncalves, Mark C. Stafford

The COVID-19 pandemic led public officials to impose stay-at-home orders, dramatically changing individuals' routine activities. With people spending more time at home, opportunities for street crimes were expected to decrease, while cybercrimes were expected to increase. This study examines the effects of stay-at-home orders on police reports of street crimes (theft, auto theft, residential burglary, and robbery) and cybercrimes (online fraud) in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. We utilized ARIMA Interrupted Time Series models, incorporating weekly data from 2017 to 2022. The findings largely supported the hypothesis for street crimes, particularly theft and auto theft. These crimes, which often occur in crowded areas and during events, had a significant decrease due to reduced public gatherings resulting from the orders. However, the orders did not significantly impact robberies and residential burglaries, possibly indicating that offenders quickly found new opportunities. Contrary to expectations, the orders did not lead to an increase in cybercrimes. According to routine activity theory, crime occurs when motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of capable guardians converge in time and space. However, the digital realm challenges this prediction due to the disruption of traditional notions of time and space.

COVID-19 大流行导致政府官员下达了居家禁令，极大地改变了个人的日常活动。随着人们花更多时间待在家里，预计街头犯罪的机会会减少，而网络犯罪则会增加。本研究探讨了 "足不出户令 "对巴西贝洛奥里藏特街头犯罪（盗窃、汽车盗窃、住宅盗窃和抢劫）和网络犯罪（网络诈骗）警方报告的影响。我们利用 ARIMA 中断时间序列模型，纳入了 2017 年至 2022 年的每周数据。研究结果在很大程度上支持了关于街头犯罪的假设，尤其是盗窃和汽车盗窃。这些犯罪通常发生在人群密集的地区和活动期间，由于命令导致公众聚集减少，这些犯罪显著减少。然而，这些命令并没有对抢劫和入室盗窃产生重大影响，这可能表明犯罪分子很快就找到了新的机会。与预期相反，这些命令并没有导致网络犯罪的增加。根据常规活动理论，当有动机的罪犯、合适的目标以及缺乏有能力的监护人在时间和空间上汇聚在一起时，犯罪就会发生。然而，由于传统的时间和空间概念被打破，数字领域对这一预测提出了挑战。

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引用次数: 0

Head injury and aggressive behavior: Examining sex differences and the role of related risk factors 头部受伤与攻击行为：研究性别差异和相关风险因素的作用

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102317

Lisa A. Kort-Butler , Trenton M. Haltom , Jessica Phelps

Youth are at high risk for head injuries, yet many injuries go unassessed. Treatment patterns may also vary by sex, influencing outcomes. This exploratory study investigated the potential relationship among sex, a history of head injuries, and recent aggressive behavior in emerging adults, and considered how other risk factors may influence these associations. Analyzing a survey of emerging adults (n = 910), nearly half of women and two-thirds of men reported at least one lifetime head injury; many went untreated. Women more often received medical care; men received more concussion diagnoses. In the full sample, head injuries increased aggressive behavior similarly among women and men. Related risk factors – psychological distress, temper, and past delinquency – accounted for the relationship between head injuries and recent aggressive behavior. Among people with head injuries, sex differences in injury experiences did not result in differences in aggressive behavior. Prevention and intervention efforts should attune to undetected and untreated injuries, and to psychosocial and behavioral risk factors associated with head injuries.

青少年是颅脑损伤的高危人群，但很多损伤都没有得到评估。治疗模式也可能因性别而异，从而影响治疗效果。这项探索性研究调查了新成人中性别、头部受伤史和近期攻击行为之间的潜在关系，并考虑了其他风险因素如何影响这些关联。通过对一项新成人调查（n = 910）进行分析，发现近一半的女性和三分之二的男性报告说一生中至少受过一次头部伤害；其中许多人没有得到治疗。女性更常接受治疗，而男性则更多地被诊断为脑震荡。在全部样本中，女性和男性受头部伤害后攻击行为增加的情况相似。相关的风险因素--心理困扰、脾气和过去的犯罪行为--解释了头部受伤与近期攻击行为之间的关系。在头部受伤者中，受伤经历的性别差异不会导致攻击行为的差异。预防和干预工作应关注未被发现和治疗的损伤，以及与头部损伤相关的社会心理和行为风险因素。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond George Floyd: Assessing sentiments on police fund reallocation and its intersection with race and racial resentment 超越乔治-弗洛伊德：评估对警察资金重新分配的看法及其与种族和种族怨恨的交集

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102320

Marshae Capers , Jillian Chamberlain , Jordan Cline , Christi Metcalfe , Akili Murphy

In the context of several controversial police-involved deaths over the past several years, discussion has mounted about the reallocation of funds from policing to other crime prevention services. Given the racialized nature of public opinion, we drew upon conflict theory and theories of racial animus/resentment to explore the relationship between racial identity, racial resentment, and support for reallocation, as well as concerns if funding were reallocated. Relying on survey data from a national sample of US adults in the summer immediately following George Floyd's murder, we found that Black respondents were less supportive of reallocating funds than White respondents and expressed concerns about increases in crime and increases in riots if funds were reallocated. These sentiments seemed to be tied to fear of crime. Also, respondents reporting more racial animus were less supportive of reallocating funds, as well as expressed concerns with access to services and increased crime and riots. The findings suggested that attitudes around police funding are racialized, as well as provided support for the overpolicing-underpolicing paradox. A policy of reallocation of funds would need to address concerns around public safety.

在过去几年发生的几起警察涉案死亡事件引发争议的背景下，关于将警务资金重新分配给其他犯罪预防服务的讨论愈演愈烈。鉴于公众舆论的种族化性质，我们借鉴了冲突理论和种族敌意/怨恨理论来探讨种族认同、种族怨恨、对重新分配资金的支持以及对重新分配资金的担忧之间的关系。根据乔治-弗洛伊德谋杀案发生后不久的夏天对美国成年人进行的全国抽样调查数据，我们发现黑人受访者比白人受访者更不支持重新分配资金，并对重新分配资金后犯罪率上升和骚乱增加表示担忧。这些情绪似乎与对犯罪的恐惧有关。此外，报告种族敌意较多的受访者对重新分配资金的支持度较低，并对获得服务以及犯罪和骚乱的增加表示担忧。研究结果表明，对警察经费的态度是种族化的，同时也为 "警力过剩-警力不足 "的悖论提供了支持。重新分配资金的政策需要解决对公共安全的担忧。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond urban centers: Investigating general strain theory and opioid use among rural adolescents 超越城市中心：调查一般应变理论与农村青少年使用阿片类药物的情况

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102307

Jennifer L. Steele , Keith F. Durkin

The opioid epidemic has devastated rural America, including adolescents that reside in these regions, yet studies on that focus on this population remain scarce. This study examined the relationship between various strains and substance use among rural adolescents in the United States, focusing on opioid use during the early stages of the opioid epidemic. Drawing on general strain theory (GST), the research examines the influence of different forms of victimization, homelessness, and poor health status on adolescent opioid use. Data were collected from 4529 adolescents in 27 different states who underwent evaluation for substance abuse treatment in non-metropolitan areas (population less than 250,000). Logistic regression analyses revealed significant associations between several forms of strain and opioid use, with physical victimization, anticipated victimization, emotional victimization, homelessness, and poor health emerging as predictors of opioid use. Additionally, depression and anxiety were found to mediate the relationship between certain strains and substance use. This research contributes to our understanding of the challenges faced by rural adolescents amidst the ongoing opioid crisis and highlight the need for targeted intervention.

阿片类药物的流行给美国农村地区，包括居住在这些地区的青少年造成了严重破坏，但针对这一人群的研究仍然很少。本研究探讨了各种应变与美国农村青少年使用药物之间的关系，重点关注阿片类药物流行初期的阿片类药物使用情况。研究以一般应变理论（GST）为基础，探讨了不同形式的受害、无家可归和健康状况不良对青少年使用阿片类药物的影响。研究收集了来自 27 个不同州的 4529 名青少年的数据，这些青少年在非大都市地区（人口少于 25 万）接受了药物滥用治疗评估。逻辑回归分析表明，几种形式的压力与阿片类药物的使用之间存在显著关联，其中身体受害、预期受害、情感受害、无家可归和健康状况不佳是阿片类药物使用的预测因素。此外，研究还发现抑郁和焦虑对某些压力与药物使用之间的关系起到了中介作用。这项研究有助于我们了解农村青少年在持续的阿片类药物危机中面临的挑战，并强调了有针对性干预的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Economic correlates of crime: An empirical test in Houston 犯罪的经济相关性：休斯顿的实证检验

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102306

Howard Henderson , Jennifer Wyatt Bourgeois , Sven Smith , Christopher J. Ferguson

Background

As economic inequality grows, there are rising concerns about connections between disadvantage and crime rates in America's cities.

Aims

The purpose of this paper was to perform a correlational analysis of economic factors and crime rates across zip codes in Houston, TX.

Methods

Regression analyses were conducted, followed by examination of effects within a multivariate model. Population-specific methods were applied to calculate the unique predictive validity of unemployment, poverty, income, and academic achievement on violent and property crimes.

Results

Statistically significant predictive effects were observed between unemployment and violent crimes, and between poverty, population density, and counterintuitively, academic achievement, on property crimes.

Conclusions

A criminogenic factors analysis indicated possible real-world effects of targeted interventions - improving economic and educational opportunities in under-resourced neighborhoods may reduce propensity for crime.

背景随着经济不平等的加剧，人们越来越关注美国城市中的不利条件与犯罪率之间的联系。本文旨在对德克萨斯州休斯顿各邮政编码的经济因素和犯罪率进行相关分析。结果在失业和暴力犯罪之间，以及在贫困、人口密度和与直觉相反的学业成绩之间，观察到了统计学上显著的预测效果。结论犯罪因素分析表明，有针对性的干预措施可能会在现实世界中产生效果--改善资源不足社区的经济和教育机会可能会降低犯罪倾向。

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引用次数: 0

Sociohistorical context and post-prison life course 社会历史背景和入狱后的生活历程

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102312

Riku Laine , Mikko Aaltonen , Mikko Myrskylä , Pekka Martikainen

Life-course criminology has recently begun to focus on sociohistorical context, with the use of multi-cohort studies. However, those studies have mostly concentrated on aggregate crime rates. Desistance research, in turn, has largely overlooked the impact of the broader sociohistorical context. Based on recent work on the effect of sociohistorical context on crime rates, we propose that context may shape desistance and social reintegration in a nuanced way.

We examined employment, housing, and marriages among Finnish first-time prisoners released between 1995 and 2014 (N = 23,350) until 2019. We quantified the link between selected macro-level indicators and these outcomes using age-period-cohort models.

The results showed that the outcomes evolved in separate ways post-release. Employment and marriage became more common over time, but only employment showed distinct periodical changes. The probability of living in housing remained stable. A higher level of national unemployment was associated with all outcomes. The association between prisoner characteristics and the outcomes changed depending on release year.

Post-prison societal integration should not be assessed by one measure alone. Desistance studies should address societal context when comparing different times or countries. Early studies may require replication if the associations between demographic factors and desistance outcomes are subject to change.

生命历程犯罪学最近开始关注社会历史背景，采用多队列研究。然而，这些研究大多集中于总体犯罪率。反过来，对逃亡的研究在很大程度上忽视了更广泛的社会历史背景的影响。基于最近关于社会历史背景对犯罪率影响的研究，我们提出，社会历史背景可能会以一种细致入微的方式影响脱罪和重新融入社会的情况。我们研究了芬兰1995年至2014年间首次获释的囚犯（N = 23,350）直至2019年的就业、住房和婚姻情况。我们使用年龄-时期-队列模型量化了选定的宏观指标与这些结果之间的联系。随着时间的推移，就业和婚姻变得更加普遍，但只有就业出现了明显的周期性变化。住房概率保持稳定。较高的全国失业率与所有结果都有关联。囚犯特征与结果之间的关联因释放年份的不同而变化。在比较不同时期或不同国家的情况时，脱管研究应考虑到社会背景。如果人口统计因素与逃亡结果之间的关联会发生变化，则可能需要重复早期研究。

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引用次数: 0

Who is fatigued? A repeated cross-sectional survey of officer attitudes towards people who use opioids, naloxone, and their role in responding to opioid overdoses 谁在疲劳？关于官员对阿片类药物使用者、纳洛酮及其在应对阿片类药物过量中的作用的态度的重复横断面调查

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102308

Seth Watts , Michael D. White , Dina Perrone , Aili Malm

Many police departments have equipped their officers with naloxone as a promising response to the opioid crisis. Though research suggests police can effectively administer naloxone, recent studies suggest that officers may develop negative attitudes over time as they continually respond to overdoses. This has been described as a “compassion fatigue” effect. We investigate the compassion fatigue hypothesis with a repeated cross-sectional survey of officers in the Tempe, Arizona Police Department. We focus on three outcomes (1) perceptions of officers' role in responding to overdoses, (2) perceptions of naloxone related risk-compensation beliefs, and (3) stigmatizing perceptions of people who use opioids (PWUOs). We run one-way fixed effects regression models to assess if officer attitudes have changed over the study period. Then we run multivariate regression models to test whether officers' opioid overdose response frequency is associated with any of the three outcomes. The findings suggest officers have become more supportive of responding to overdoses but have developed more stigmatizing views of PWUOs over time. This warrants further research attention. However, opioid overdose response frequency was not associated with any of the outcomes. We conclude with a discussion of these findings and their implications for police involvement in the opioid overdose crisis.

许多警察部门为警员配备了纳洛酮，以此作为应对阿片类药物危机的有效措施。虽然研究表明警察可以有效地使用纳洛酮，但最近的研究表明，随着时间的推移，警察在不断应对吸毒过量时可能会产生消极态度。这被称为 "同情疲劳 "效应。我们通过对亚利桑那州坦佩市警察局的警官进行重复横截面调查，对同情疲劳假说进行了研究。我们将重点放在三个结果上：（1）对警官在应对吸毒过量时所扮演角色的看法；（2）对纳洛酮相关风险补偿信念的看法；（3）对阿片类药物使用者（PWUOs）的污名化看法。我们运行单向固定效应回归模型来评估警官的态度在研究期间是否发生了变化。然后，我们运行多元回归模型来检验警官对阿片类药物过量的反应频率是否与这三个结果中的任何一个相关。研究结果表明，随着时间的推移，警官们越来越支持对过量用药做出反应，但对吸毒成瘾者的看法却越来越污名化。这值得进一步研究关注。不过，阿片类药物过量反应频率与任何结果都无关。最后，我们将讨论这些发现及其对警察参与阿片类药物过量危机的影响。

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引用次数: 0

The use of restrictive housing with incarcerated persons with mental illness: Variation in placement disparities by restrictive housing type 对被监禁的精神病患者使用限制性住房：按限制性住房类型划分的安置差异

IF 3.3 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2024-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102311

Sonja E. Siennick, Daniel P. Mears, Alyssa Spies

Purpose

Concerns have been raised about mental illness (MI)-linked disparities in restrictive housing (RH) placements, but research has not compared disparities across multiple types of RH. Differences by MI status in prison adjustment or repeated misconduct could create larger disparities for long-term and highly restrictive types of RH; conversely, more stringent procedures governing their use could lead to smaller disparities for those types.

Methods

Using data on six types of RH in a large southern prison system and logistic multivariate multilevel models, we compared the associations of MI with multiple RH types. Mediation models examined whether infractions, violence, and victimization accounted for any associations.

Results

Disparities were present for all examined types of RH. The largest proportional disparities were found for the rarer long-term solitary confinement placements. Although disparities were smaller for short-term types of RH, those affected more people. The mediators appeared to be better explanations of short-term rather than long-term RH placements among persons with MI.

Conclusions

RH placement disparities by MI are largest for types that are of long duration and involve severe restrictions on privileges and activities. In addition, the disparities in those RH types may be less accounted for by commonly examined behavioral factors.

目的人们对限制性住房（RH）安置中与精神疾病（MI）相关的差异表示担忧，但研究并未对多种类型限制性住房的差异进行比较。方法利用南方一个大型监狱系统中六种限制性监禁类型的数据和逻辑多变量多层次模型，我们比较了精神疾病与多种限制性监禁类型之间的关联。中介模型检验了违规行为、暴力和受害情况是否与之相关。较罕见的长期单独监禁的比例差异最大。虽然短期监禁类型的差异较小，但受影响的人数较多。在患有心智障碍的人群中，调解因素似乎更能解释短期而非长期的监禁安置。此外，这些住宿安置类型中的差异可能较少由通常检查的行为因素所解释。

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引用次数: 0