Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献_第2页

Youth risk/needs profiles and initial juvenile court outcomes across arrest location: Does being arrested at school matter? 青少年风险/需求概况和逮捕地点的初步少年法庭结果：在学校被捕是否重要？

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102614

Kristina K. Childs , Jennifer H. Peck , Melanie F.P. Soderstrom

The current study examined differences in the risk/needs profiles and initial juvenile court outcomes between youth arrested at school and those arrested in the community. The sample included all youth arrested and referred to the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice across three academic years (i.e., 2016/17, 2017/18, 2018/19). Using binary logistic regression and propensity score matching, the analyses identify variations in risk/needs, demographic, and offense characteristics across the two groups (i.e., school, community). Once balanced, multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to predict initial juvenile court decisions, which distinguished between case dismissal, diversion, or formal processing. Results indicated that youth arrested at school exhibited lower criminological risk across all risk/needs domains, except for school misconduct. Compared to youth arrested in the community, school-based arrests were less likely to have their charges dismissed (compared to diversion and formal processing) and more likely to receive diversion. The findings provide insight into the extent to which school-based arrests are associated with an increased likelihood of informal and formal penetration into the juvenile justice system compared to community-based arrests and inform future discussions about the school-to-prison pipeline, net-widening, and the promotion of equitable treatment in education and juvenile justice settings.

目前的研究调查了在学校被捕的青少年和在社区被捕的青少年在风险/需求概况和初步少年法庭结果方面的差异。样本包括三个学年（即2016/17年、2017/18年和2018/19年）期间被逮捕并移交给佛罗里达州少年司法部门的所有青少年。利用二元逻辑回归和倾向得分匹配，分析确定了两个群体（即学校和社区）在风险/需求、人口统计学和犯罪特征方面的差异。一旦平衡，多项逻辑回归分析用于预测最初的少年法院判决，区分案件驳回，转移，或正式处理。结果表明，在学校被捕的青少年在所有风险/需求领域都表现出较低的犯罪风险，除了学校不当行为。与在社区被捕的青少年相比，以学校为基础的逮捕不太可能撤销他们的指控（与转移和正式处理相比），更有可能接受转移。调查结果有助于深入了解，与社区逮捕相比，以学校为基础的逮捕在多大程度上与非正式和正式渗透到少年司法系统的可能性增加有关，并为今后关于从学校到监狱的管道、扩大网络以及促进教育和少年司法环境中的公平待遇的讨论提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Race and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) behind bars: Examining their combined effect on prison misconduct 种族和不良的狱中童年经历（ace）：考察它们对监狱不当行为的综合影响

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102609

Minhae Cho , Doyun Koo , Bernadette Ombayo

Research on prison misconduct has mainly focused on individual and institutional. Predictors of infractions. Prior work finds that younger, male, Black or Hispanic, and less educated individuals in prison have higher risks of misconduct than their counterparts. Despite growing attention to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) in relation to criminal justice outcomes, less is known about how ACEs exposure and its intersection with race/ethnicity, relates to prison misconduct. Using data from the 2016 Survey of Prison Inmates that includes 24,848 incarcerated individuals, this study examined the relationship between exposure to Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and prison misconduct, and tests whether the impact of ACEs differs by race and ethnicity. Results from Ordinary Least Squares regression models indicated that exposure to ACEs was associated with a modest increase in overall misconduct. However, the combination of ACEs exposure and racial minority status, particularly among Black incarcerated individuals, corresponds with a substantially higher risk. These findings point to the need for trauma informed practice within correctional institution settings and for policies that recognize how childhood adversity and racialized disadvantage jointly shape behavior in prison.

对监狱不当行为的研究主要集中在个人和机构方面。违规预测。先前的研究发现，在监狱中，年轻人、男性、黑人或西班牙裔以及受教育程度较低的人比他们的同行有更高的不当行为风险。尽管越来越多的人关注不良童年经历（ace）与刑事司法结果的关系，但对不良童年经历的暴露及其与种族/民族的交叉关系与监狱不当行为的关系知之甚少。这项研究使用了2016年监狱囚犯调查的数据，其中包括24,848名被监禁的人，研究了不良童年经历（ace）与监狱不当行为之间的关系，并测试了ace的影响是否因种族和民族而异。普通最小二乘回归模型的结果表明，接触ace与总体不当行为的适度增加有关。然而，暴露于ace和少数种族身份的结合，特别是在黑人囚犯中，与高得多的风险相对应。这些发现指出，需要在教养机构设置中进行创伤知情实践，并制定政策，认识到童年逆境和种族化劣势如何共同影响监狱中的行为。

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引用次数: 0

Immigration and serious gang violence: Assessing the immigrant revitalization thesis on urban gang shootings 移民与严重帮派暴力：基于城市帮派枪击事件的移民振兴论文评估

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102602

Calvin Proffit, John Leverso, Ben Feldmeyer

Over the past few decades, extensive empirical evidence has supported the immigrant revitalization thesis, demonstrating that immigration is often associated with reductions in community crime. However, debate over the relationship between immigration and crime has increasingly grown in public and political discourse with many politicians claiming immigration fuels gang violence. Yet remarkably little research has examined immigration effects on serious gang violence, despite pervasive rhetoric suggesting that immigration adds to gang crime. The current study addresses this gap in the research by examining the association between immigration, fatal, and nonfatal gang shootings across 77 Chicago community areas during the 2010–2021 period, using fixed effects negative binomial models. Findings suggest immigration is unrelated to increasing gang violence in Chicago neighborhoods but serves as a strong protective force against these forms of serious violence when they are unrelated to gang activity. Together, these findings challenge contemporary claims that immigration contributes to serious gang violence and reinforces the importance of distinguishing gang and non-gang violence when evaluating the crime consequences of immigration.

在过去的几十年里，大量的经验证据支持移民振兴理论，表明移民通常与社区犯罪的减少有关。然而，关于移民和犯罪之间关系的辩论在公共和政治话语中日益增长，许多政治家声称移民助长了帮派暴力。然而，引人注目的是，很少有研究调查移民对严重帮派暴力的影响，尽管普遍的言论表明移民增加了帮派犯罪。目前的研究通过使用固定效应负二项模型，研究了2010-2021年期间芝加哥77个社区的移民、致命和非致命帮派枪击事件之间的关系，解决了研究中的这一空白。研究结果表明，移民与芝加哥社区日益增加的帮派暴力无关，但当这些暴力与帮派活动无关时，移民对这些形式的严重暴力起到了强大的保护作用。总之，这些发现挑战了当代关于移民导致严重帮派暴力的说法，并强调了在评估移民犯罪后果时区分帮派暴力和非帮派暴力的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Disabilities and fear of violent crime: Correlates and consequences 残疾和对暴力犯罪的恐惧：相关性和后果

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102616

Cooper A. Maher, Rachel L. McNealey, Kexin Cui

Fear of crime is a significant concern, and can lead to a range of negative consequences. While research has suggested that individuals with disabilities face worse criminal justice-related outcomes across a range of domains, including increased risk of victimization and worse victimization consequences, it remains less clear the extent to which disabilities influence fear of crime, or the outcomes associated with fear. The current study uses data from the 2023–2024 Crime Survey of England and Wales (n = 2535) to examine the association between disaggregated disability types and 1) fear of violent crime and 2) impacts to one's quality of life attributable to fear of crime. Findings suggest that persons with cognitive disabilities and autism are associated with greater levels of fear relative to their respective peers, and report significantly greater impacts to their quality of life attributable to fear of crime. Findings highlight the need to examine disabilities as correlates of fear of crime, and to provide tailored supports within the disability community to mitigate the deleterious consequences of fear of crime.

对犯罪的恐惧是一个重大问题，并可能导致一系列负面后果。虽然研究表明，残疾人在一系列领域面临更严重的刑事司法后果，包括受害风险增加和受害后果更严重，但残疾在多大程度上影响对犯罪的恐惧，或与恐惧相关的后果，仍然不太清楚。目前的研究使用了2023-2024年英格兰和威尔士犯罪调查（n = 2535）的数据来研究分类残疾类型与1)对暴力犯罪的恐惧和2)对犯罪恐惧对生活质量的影响之间的关系。研究结果表明，与同龄人相比，认知障碍和自闭症患者的恐惧程度更高，对犯罪的恐惧对其生活质量的影响也更大。研究结果强调，有必要将残疾与犯罪恐惧联系起来，并在残疾人社区内提供有针对性的支持，以减轻犯罪恐惧的有害后果。

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引用次数: 0

Police staffing shortages, public awareness, and policy preferences 警力短缺、公众意识和政策偏好

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102599

Hunter M. Boehme , Joshua McCrain , Scott M. Mourtgos , Brandon Tregle

Since the summer of 2020, police agencies across the United States have continued to experience police staffing shortages. The consequences of understaffed police agencies are well studied, but little is known about whether the public is aware of the staffing problem and its consequences for public safety and police behavior. This study presents a pre-registered factorial survey experiment to 3105 US adults, varying the information respondents see on the consequences of staffing shortages (e.g., public safety, police behavior) and the messenger of this information (e.g., police chief, mayor). Respondents are then asked about their levels of concern about police staffing, the downstream consequences of staffing shortages on crime and public safety, and their willingness to pay more taxes to resolve the issue. We find a strong effect of the informational treatments on the public's concern about understaffed police departments and their willingness to pay more taxes, with surprisingly little effect heterogeneity by respondent race and partisanship. Despite well-documented polarized views toward contemporary policing among Americans, we find strong support across partisan and racial dimensions for resolving police staffing shortages. Our findings suggest that voters understand the link between short-staffed police departments and the consequences for public safety, and are even willing to pay more taxes in response. As public opinion is the primary heuristic elected policymakers rely on for forming policy agendas, these results indicate a real opportunity for policy action and proposals. Relevant stakeholders are likely to benefit from being clear about the consequences of understaffing on public safety.

自2020年夏天以来，美国各地的警察机构继续面临警察人员短缺的问题。警察机构人手不足的后果得到了充分的研究，但公众是否意识到人手不足问题及其对公共安全和警察行为的影响却知之甚少。本研究对3105名美国成年人进行了预登记的析因调查实验，改变了受访者对人员短缺后果（例如，公共安全，警察行为）和信息传递者（例如，警察局长，市长）的看法。然后，受访者被问及他们对警察人员配备的关注程度，人员短缺对犯罪和公共安全的下游后果，以及他们是否愿意支付更多的税收来解决这个问题。我们发现，信息处理对公众对人手不足的警察部门的关注和他们支付更多税收的意愿有很强的影响，令人惊讶的是，受调查种族和党派的影响甚微。尽管有充分的证据表明，美国人对当代警务的看法两极分化，但我们发现，在解决警察人员短缺问题上，党派和种族层面都有强有力的支持。我们的研究结果表明，选民明白人手不足的警察部门与公共安全后果之间的联系，甚至愿意为此缴纳更多的税。由于民意是当选决策者形成政策议程的主要启发式依据，因此这些结果表明，政策行动和建议存在真正的机会。相关利益相关者可能会从明确人员不足对公共安全的影响中受益。

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引用次数: 0

Correlates of non-suicidal self-injury in South Korean juvenile detention facilities: A general strain theory perspective 韩国青少年拘留所非自杀性自伤的相关因素：一般应变理论视角

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102573

Hyeseon Noh , Youngoh Jo

This study applies General Strain Theory (GST) to examine the relationship between strain, negative emotional responses, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among detained youth in South Korea. The analysis focused on how parental abuse, perceived social exclusion, goal blockage, and institutional strain influence the likelihood of NSSI, and whether anger and depression mediate these associations. Results reveal that depression functioned as a significant mediator and direct predictor of NSSI, whereas anger did not mediate strain to NSSI pathways despite showing a direct effect. Specifically, depression fully mediated the effects of parental abuse, goal blockage, and general institutional strain, and partially mediated the effect of perceived social exclusion. Perceived social exclusion emerged as a strong predictor, operating through both depression-mediated and direct pathways. Additionally, negative relationships with correctional officers demonstrated direct effects on NSSI independent of emotional mediation. Female juveniles and those in longer-term detention showed elevated NSSI risk. These findings contribute to theoretical advancements of GST in institutionalized populations and provide practical guidance for juvenile justice policy and correctional mental health interventions.

本研究运用一般应变理论（GST）来研究韩国被拘留青少年的应变、负面情绪反应和非自杀式自伤（NSSI）之间的关系。分析的重点是父母虐待、感知到的社会排斥、目标阻碍和制度压力如何影响自伤的可能性，以及愤怒和抑郁是否介导了这些关联。结果表明，抑郁是自伤的重要中介和直接预测因子，而愤怒虽然有直接影响，但没有调节应激对自伤通路的影响。具体而言，抑郁完全介导了父母虐待、目标阻碍和一般制度压力的影响，部分介导了感知社会排斥的影响。感知到的社会排斥是一个强有力的预测因素，通过抑郁介导和直接途径发挥作用。此外，与狱警的负性关系对自伤有直接影响，不依赖于情绪调节。女性青少年和那些被长期拘留的青少年表现出较高的自伤风险。这些研究结果有助于在制度化人群中进行GST的理论研究，并为青少年司法政策和惩教心理健康干预提供实践指导。

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引用次数: 0

What’s sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander? Near-repeat victimization across different urban morphologies: Evidence from Almaty, Kazakhstan 鹅的酱汁是什么？公鹅的酱汁是什么？不同城市形态的近重复受害：来自哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图的证据

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102551

Dmitrii Serebrennikov , Sanzhar Kalkanbay

Near repeat victimization (NRV) is a well-documented phenomenon, yet little is known about how it operates not across cities as a whole but within homogeneous urban morphologies. This study analyzes spatial and temporal patterns of property crime incidents from 2023 across urban morphology belts in Almaty, Kazakhstan. We use both the Knox test and interpretable machine learning (XGBoost with SHAP values) to predict victimization risk across three urban built environments (multi-level apartments, low-income detached houses, and high-income detached houses) based on prior incidents within spatio-temporal windows. The results show that although we observe partial evidence of the “Law of Crime Concentration”, overall NRV effects appear weak in Almaty. The machine learning approach further indicates that close-proximity crimes do not change recurrence risk, whereas more distant events in space and time are linked to higher odds of reoccurrence. Instead of a conventional “near repeat,” we observe a form of “distant repeat” victimization. This pattern suggests a specific type of crime displacement, where the most attractive target is not the site of a prior offence, but one that draws less attention from law enforcement. In addition, the morphology clusters do not differ substantially from one another — the key divide is not between grid-like and organic layouts per se, but between the high-class detached areas in the foothills and the rest of the city. These findings underscore the need to evaluate NRV in non-Western contexts using diverse methodological approaches, with explicit consideration of the urban morphology in which crimes occur.

近重复受害（NRV）是一种有案可查的现象，但很少有人知道它是如何在整个城市中运作的，而是在同质城市形态中运作的。本研究分析了2023年哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图城市形态带的财产犯罪事件时空格局。我们使用Knox测试和可解释性机器学习（带有SHAP值的XGBoost）来预测三个城市建筑环境（多层公寓、低收入独立住宅和高收入独立住宅）基于时空窗口内的先前事件的受害风险。结果表明，虽然我们观察到“犯罪集中规律”的部分证据，但阿拉木图的总体NRV效应较弱。机器学习方法进一步表明，近距离犯罪不会改变再次发生的风险，而在空间和时间上更遥远的事件与更高的再次发生几率有关。而不是传统的“近重复”，我们观察到一种形式的“远重复”受害。这种模式表明了一种特殊类型的犯罪转移，其中最吸引人的目标不是先前犯罪的地点，而是执法部门较少关注的地方。此外，形态集群彼此之间并没有本质上的区别——关键的区别不是网格状和有机布局本身，而是山麓和城市其他地方的高级独立区域。这些发现强调了在非西方背景下使用不同的方法方法评估NRV的必要性，并明确考虑犯罪发生的城市形态。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “The effects of youth incarceration in adult institutions on future incarceration” [Journal of Criminal Justice, 98 (2025), 102426.] “青少年在成人机构的监禁对未来监禁的影响”的更正[刑事司法杂志，98(2025),102426]。

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102587

Ian A. Silver , Prarthana Vaidya , John Wooldredge

引用次数: 0

Criminal legal sanctions and the false dichotomy between deterrence and rehabilitation: Implications for sentencing research and policy 刑事法律制裁和威慑与改造之间的错误二分法：对量刑研究和政策的影响

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102590

Daniel P. Mears , Mark C. Stafford

Objectives: Criminal justice policy has historically swung between punitive, deterrence-focused and rehabilitation-focused sentencing. Research has reinforced the notion that the two constitute polar ends of a spectrum. This paper seeks to contribute to sentencing scholarship aimed at understanding the nature and effects of legal sanctions. Specifically, we argue that the deterrence-rehabilitation dichotomy is false and that recognizing how the two are distinct yet intertwined both theoretically and, in many cases, in practice, has substantial relevance for accurate interpretation of research and for designing and evaluating policy.

Methods: We detail how all legal sanctions entail deterrence and rehabilitation logics. This includes describing the theoretical connections between the two and the potential for each in practice to activate mechanisms associated with the other. Next, we extend the argument to highlight critical challenges in interpreting research on deterrence and rehabilitation. Then we present implications for research and policy that flow from more precise theoretical understanding of the causal logic of sanctions.

Results: Interpretations of research, as well as policy, that assume an absolute difference between deterrence and rehabilitation may generate incorrect conclusions about explanations for sanction effects and implications for theory and policy.

Conclusions: Greater precision is needed in describing legal sanctions and the mechanisms through which they affect criminal behavior. Doing so can improve the interpretability of research and inform the design of criminal legal sanctions to more effectively reduce offending.

目标：刑事司法政策历来在惩罚性、以威慑为重点和以改造为重点的量刑之间摇摆。研究强化了这一概念，即两者构成了一个光谱的两极。本文旨在促进旨在理解法律制裁的性质和影响的量刑学术。具体地说，我们认为威慑与康复的二分法是错误的，认识到这两者在理论上是不同的，但在许多情况下，在实践中是相互交织的，这对于准确解释研究以及设计和评估政策具有重要意义。方法：我们详细说明了所有法律制裁如何涉及威慑和康复逻辑。这包括描述两者之间的理论联系，以及在实践中每一个激活与另一个相关的机制的潜力。接下来，我们将扩展论点，以突出解释威慑和康复研究的关键挑战。然后，我们提出了对制裁因果逻辑的更精确的理论理解对研究和政策的影响。结果：假设威慑和康复之间存在绝对差异，对研究和政策的解释可能会对制裁效果的解释以及对理论和政策的影响产生不正确的结论。结论：需要更精确地描述法律制裁及其影响犯罪行为的机制。这样做可以提高研究的可解释性，并为刑事法律制裁的设计提供信息，以更有效地减少犯罪。

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引用次数: 0

On the role of parole candidates' language in parole board hearings 论假释候选人的语言在假释委员会听证会中的作用

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102594

Joachim Büschken , Grant E. Donnelly , Greg M. Allenby , Jeff P. Dotson , Nino Hardt

Granting parole is viewed as a critical element of criminal justice for parole candidates. An emerging stream of research investigates the drivers of parole board decisions with respect to granting versus denying parole, the timing of parole and also recidivism of parole candidates released on parole. Procedurally, a parole suitability hearing is a verbal exchange between the parole board and the parole candidate. In a sense, this hearing provides candidates the opportunity to “present their case” for parole and for the board to obtain information about the candidate that is not available from their case.

Given that the exchange in hearings is verbal, we investigate the influence of the language used by candidates in parole suitability hearings on parole board decisions. We harness the power of large language models such as OpenAI's GPT series of models to augment a variety of characteristics from their speech. We use these characteristics in a model to predict parole board decisions and find that their influence on decisions is significant. We also find that accounting for parole candidate's speech changes the role of other variables (crime, race) which suggests that standard parole prediction models miss a fundamental element of the parole decision making process. Implications and directions for future research and practice are discussed.

假释被视为假释候选人刑事司法的一个关键因素。一个新兴的研究流调查了假释委员会决定的驱动因素，包括批准和拒绝假释，假释的时间和假释候选人的再犯。在程序上，假释适宜性听证会是假释委员会与假释候选人之间的口头交流。从某种意义上说，这次听证会为候选人提供了“陈述他们的案件”以获得假释的机会，并为委员会提供了从他们的案件中无法获得的关于候选人的信息。鉴于听证会上的交流是口头的，我们调查了候选人在假释适用性听证会上使用的语言对假释委员会决定的影响。我们利用大型语言模型的强大功能，例如OpenAI的GPT系列模型来增强其语音的各种特征。我们在一个模型中使用这些特征来预测假释委员会的决定，并发现它们对决定的影响是显著的。我们还发现，考虑到假释候选人的演讲会改变其他变量（犯罪、种族）的作用，这表明标准假释预测模型遗漏了假释决策过程的一个基本要素。讨论了未来研究和实践的意义和方向。

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引用次数: 0