Pub Date : 2025-02-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102378
Sifra R. Matthijsse , M. Susanne van’t Hoff-de Goede , E. Rutger Leukfeldt
Although ransomware attacks are considered to be a prominent cyberthreat for organisations, little is known about reporting by entrepreneurs after ransomware victimisation. The current study uses two surveys to explore reporting behaviour among freelancers and small and medium-sized enterprises in the Netherlands. One survey was conducted among entrepreneurs who were victimised by ransomware (n=189). Another survey was conducted among entrepreneurs who were not victimised by ransomware (n=2,496) and included a vignette experiment. While about 92% of the entrepreneurs in the vignette experiment indicated that they would contact the police, only about 18% of the victims did, citing reasons such as solving it themselves or with the help of another party and the belief that the police will not do anything about it. Reporting to the police and to other organisations was related to the emotional and financial impact, with the exception of reporting to the police by victims. There was no association between a negative affective response and situational factors such as having a back-up and reporting among victims and non-victims.
{"title":"To report or not to report: Exploring the motivations and factors associated with reporting of ransomware victimisation among entrepreneurs","authors":"Sifra R. Matthijsse , M. Susanne van’t Hoff-de Goede , E. Rutger Leukfeldt","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102378","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102378","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although ransomware attacks are considered to be a prominent cyberthreat for organisations, little is known about reporting by entrepreneurs after ransomware victimisation. The current study uses two surveys to explore reporting behaviour among freelancers and small and medium-sized enterprises in the Netherlands. One survey was conducted among entrepreneurs who were victimised by ransomware (n=189). Another survey was conducted among entrepreneurs who were not victimised by ransomware (n=2,496) and included a vignette experiment. While about 92% of the entrepreneurs in the vignette experiment indicated that they would contact the police, only about 18% of the victims did, citing reasons such as solving it themselves or with the help of another party and the belief that the police will not do anything about it. Reporting to the police and to other organisations was related to the emotional and financial impact, with the exception of reporting to the police by victims. There was no association between a negative affective response and situational factors such as having a back-up and reporting among victims and non-victims.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102378"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102379
Enes Al Weswasi
Purpose
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of early release from prison with electronic monitoring (EM) on recidivism and labor market attachment.
Methods
To address selection bias, the paper leverages a natural experiment consisting of a 2007 criminal justice reform that introduced the option for inmates to convert the remainder of their prison sentences to EM at home. Consequently, individuals who participated in the EM intervention spent less time in prison compared to those sentenced before the reform. The nature of the reform facilitates a regression discontinuity in time design, enabling a comparison between individuals sentenced during the period when early release with EM was available and those sentenced when this option had not yet been implemented.
Results
The reform did not produce any clear overall effects on either recidivism or labor market attachment. However, for individuals who were unemployed prior to incarceration or had a history of imprisonment, the ability to apply for early release with EM resulted in improved outcomes. Additionally, younger individuals experienced an increase in labor market attachment as a result of the reform.
Conclusion
Early release with EM has the potential to serve as an effective intervention for the reintegration of individuals with limited labor market attachment.
{"title":"Effect of early prison release with electronic monitoring","authors":"Enes Al Weswasi","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102379","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102379","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of early release from prison with electronic monitoring (EM) on recidivism and labor market attachment.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>To address selection bias, the paper leverages a natural experiment consisting of a 2007 criminal justice reform that introduced the option for inmates to convert the remainder of their prison sentences to EM at home. Consequently, individuals who participated in the EM intervention spent less time in prison compared to those sentenced before the reform. The nature of the reform facilitates a regression discontinuity in time design, enabling a comparison between individuals sentenced during the period when early release with EM was available and those sentenced when this option had not yet been implemented.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The reform did not produce any clear overall effects on either recidivism or labor market attachment. However, for individuals who were unemployed prior to incarceration or had a history of imprisonment, the ability to apply for early release with EM resulted in improved outcomes. Additionally, younger individuals experienced an increase in labor market attachment as a result of the reform.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Early release with EM has the potential to serve as an effective intervention for the reintegration of individuals with limited labor market attachment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102379"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102374
E. Rely Vîlcică, Megan E. Mohler, Jesse Brey, Jeffrey T. Ward
Across the country, many District Attorneys have been elected based on progressive platforms. While guidelines exist that center four core pillars around organizational context as essential to reform success—communication, education and training, leadership and staffing, and transparency and accountability—there is limited empirical research documenting organizational processes when implementing reform. This research explores the organizational context of policy implementation in the Philadelphia District Attorney's Office (DAO), as rolled out under a prominent figure of the progressive prosecution movement. The study draws on in-depth, semi-structured interviews (n = 63) with DAO employees conducted during 2021–2022 and relies on rigorous qualitative data analysis, including both deductive and inductive coding. Findings document staff perceptions in the four different domains under investigation. Specifically, the role of policy rollout and opportunities for input emerged as important sub-themes under communication while the nature of training and the role of reassignments were important sub-themes under training and education. Findings related to staffing and leadership underscored the role of firing, hiring and recruitment strategy, as well as organizational structure and leadership style. Lastly, several sub-themes emerged under transparency and accountability, pointing to the divergence between internal and external transparency efforts, inconsistency in metrics, and the important role of the office's research lab. The findings hold implications for understanding how progressive prosecutors can implement policies successfully and promote sustainable change.
{"title":"Organizational culture and context in progressive prosecutorial reform: Lessons from Philadelphia","authors":"E. Rely Vîlcică, Megan E. Mohler, Jesse Brey, Jeffrey T. Ward","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102374","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102374","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Across the country, many District Attorneys have been elected based on progressive platforms. While guidelines exist that center four core pillars around organizational context as essential to reform success—communication, education and training, leadership and staffing, and transparency and accountability—there is limited empirical research documenting organizational processes when implementing reform. This research explores the organizational context of policy implementation in the Philadelphia District Attorney's Office (DAO), as rolled out under a prominent figure of the progressive prosecution movement. The study draws on in-depth, semi-structured interviews (<em>n</em> = 63) with DAO employees conducted during 2021–2022 and relies on rigorous qualitative data analysis, including both deductive and inductive coding. Findings document staff perceptions in the four different domains under investigation. Specifically, the role of policy rollout and opportunities for input emerged as important sub-themes under communication while the nature of training and the role of reassignments were important sub-themes under training and education. Findings related to staffing and leadership underscored the role of firing, hiring and recruitment strategy, as well as organizational structure and leadership style. Lastly, several sub-themes emerged under transparency and accountability, pointing to the divergence between internal and external transparency efforts, inconsistency in metrics, and the important role of the office's research lab. The findings hold implications for understanding how progressive prosecutors can implement policies successfully and promote sustainable change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102374"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-25DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102380
Victoria Rivera Laugalis , Stuti S. Kokkalera
Emerging adults (aged between 18 and 25) are disproportionately arrested, incarcerated, and sentenced to life. Those serving parole eligible life sentences have the opportunity for reentry at the discretion of parole boards. The Supreme Court and several state appellate courts have recognized the lesser culpability and greater potential for rehabilitation of adolescents as a consideration in sentencing, which may extend to parole decisions. However, the consideration of lesser culpability and rehabilitation factors could vary depending on the parole candidate's age at the time of the crime. This study analyzes data coded from written parole board decisions of one state to examine how these factors predict parole outcomes across parole candidates incarcerated for crimes committed during youth, specifically focusing on those considered emerging adults at the time. Regression analyses found factors related to an emerging adult's reduced culpability, such as a history of parental abuse, decreased the likelihood of release, but rehabilitation factors increased the odds of release, suggesting age at the time of the crime may play a role in parole decision-making. How parole boards consider reduced culpability and rehabilitative factors for candidates who were emerging adults at the time of the crime has implications for policy and practice as they impact parole candidates' case for discretionary release.
{"title":"Predicting parole for emerging adult lifers: Do age, culpability, and rehabilitation matter?","authors":"Victoria Rivera Laugalis , Stuti S. Kokkalera","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emerging adults (aged between 18 and 25) are disproportionately arrested, incarcerated, and sentenced to life. Those serving parole eligible life sentences have the opportunity for reentry at the discretion of parole boards. The Supreme Court and several state appellate courts have recognized the lesser culpability and greater potential for rehabilitation of adolescents as a consideration in sentencing, which may extend to parole decisions. However, the consideration of lesser culpability and rehabilitation factors could vary depending on the parole candidate's age at the time of the crime. This study analyzes data coded from written parole board decisions of one state to examine how these factors predict parole outcomes across parole candidates incarcerated for crimes committed during youth, specifically focusing on those considered emerging adults at the time. Regression analyses found factors related to an emerging adult's reduced culpability, such as a history of parental abuse, decreased the likelihood of release, but rehabilitation factors increased the odds of release, suggesting age at the time of the crime may play a role in parole decision-making. How parole boards consider reduced culpability and rehabilitative factors for candidates who were emerging adults at the time of the crime has implications for policy and practice as they impact parole candidates' case for discretionary release.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102380"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143478654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102377
Elizabeth Griffiths , Walter Campbell , Kay L. Levine , Joshua C. Hinkle
In this study, we investigated the extent to which law enforcement efforts predicted drug and other kinds of illicit yield in search warrant executions. The data are drawn from one major metropolitan police department during 2005, 2009, and 2012. Using multilevel random intercept logistic regression models and multilevel random intercept multinomial logistic regression models, we regress high yields of various kinds of drugs and other illicit items seized during searches on the investigative activities that led to search warrant applications and the enlistment of teams of officers or other agencies in executing the search. Investments in high-effort search warrant work should generate higher yields than would be possible using less intensive law enforcement endeavors; yet our findings show that neither high-effort investigative activities, such as surveillance or controlled buys, nor the mobilization of specialized teams or agencies actually predict drug yield, even when search warrants lead to at least one felony drug arrest. This pattern raises questions about the efficacy of high-effort law enforcement activities and the costs, both financial and symbolic, of drug-related search warrant applications and executions. We discuss these findings in the context of police resources and inefficiencies associated with search warrant activity.
{"title":"Searching for a big score: Analyzing drug yield from search warrant executions","authors":"Elizabeth Griffiths , Walter Campbell , Kay L. Levine , Joshua C. Hinkle","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102377","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102377","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we investigated the extent to which law enforcement efforts predicted drug and other kinds of illicit yield in search warrant executions. The data are drawn from one major metropolitan police department during 2005, 2009, and 2012. Using multilevel random intercept logistic regression models and multilevel random intercept multinomial logistic regression models, we regress high yields of various kinds of drugs and other illicit items seized during searches on the investigative activities that led to search warrant applications and the enlistment of teams of officers or other agencies in executing the search. Investments in high-effort search warrant work <em>should</em> generate higher yields than would be possible using less intensive law enforcement endeavors; yet our findings show that neither high-effort investigative activities, such as surveillance or controlled buys, nor the mobilization of specialized teams or agencies actually predict drug yield, even when search warrants lead to at least one felony drug arrest. This pattern raises questions about the efficacy of high-effort law enforcement activities and the costs, both financial and symbolic, of drug-related search warrant applications and executions. We discuss these findings in the context of police resources and inefficiencies associated with search warrant activity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102377"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102372
Qian He , Ling Wu , Claire Seungeun Lee , Chunwu Zhu , Weishan Bai , Weichen Guo , Xinyue Ye
This study explores the link between urban green spaces, street crime, and safety perception through environmental criminology and big data analytics. While past research highlights green space benefits, findings on its relationship with crime remain inconclusive. Using satellite and Google Street View imagery, we develop a fine-scale urban green index and measure safety perception. A neighborhood disadvantage index, derived through principal component analysis of socio-economic factors, further informs our analysis. Geographically Weighted Regression results reveal that urban green spaces are significantly associated with reduced street crime and stronger perceptions of safety, even when controlling for other factors. These findings highlight the potential of urban green spaces to enhance community safety and foster a sense of security in public spaces, offering critical insights for urban planning and policy development.
{"title":"Greener the safer? Effects of urban green space on community safety and perception of safety using satellite and street view imagery data","authors":"Qian He , Ling Wu , Claire Seungeun Lee , Chunwu Zhu , Weishan Bai , Weichen Guo , Xinyue Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the link between urban green spaces, street crime, and safety perception through environmental criminology and big data analytics. While past research highlights green space benefits, findings on its relationship with crime remain inconclusive. Using satellite and Google Street View imagery, we develop a fine-scale urban green index and measure safety perception. A neighborhood disadvantage index, derived through principal component analysis of socio-economic factors, further informs our analysis. Geographically Weighted Regression results reveal that urban green spaces are significantly associated with reduced street crime and stronger perceptions of safety, even when controlling for other factors. These findings highlight the potential of urban green spaces to enhance community safety and foster a sense of security in public spaces, offering critical insights for urban planning and policy development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102372"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143438225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-18DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102375
Chenghui Zhang , Bo Zhang
Purpose
While hate crime underreporting is associated with perceptions of police and attitudes toward minorities, less is known about factors that shape bystanders' willingness to report hate crimes. This study focuses on sexual orientation-motivated hate crimes in the US context. Utilizing a social identity theory framework, we examined the interactions of bystanders' sexual orientation, pre-existing attitudes toward sexual minorities, and perceptions of police on their reporting willingness.
Methods
We used a factorial survey experiment with random assignments (n = 2094) to estimate a set of binary logistic regressions with robust standard errors. We compared models with and without two-way and three-way interaction terms and further estimated predicted margins.
Results
Although we do not detect the effect of sexual orientation on willingness to report hate crimes, the three-way interaction reveals that attitudes toward sexual minorities and perceptions of police influence bystander reporting willingness across sexual orientation groups differently. Specifically, heterosexual respondents show a decreased reporting willingness as police perceptions become more positive, while non-heterosexual respondents demonstrate a more complex pattern where reporting willingness is contingent on the interaction between their attitudes and perceptions of police.
Conclusions
More positive perceptions of the police can affect the willingness to report sexual orientation-motivated hate crimes differently across groups and may help reduce existing biases toward sexual minorities.
{"title":"Willingness to report hate crimes: How attitudes, police perceptions, and sexual orientation shape bystander response","authors":"Chenghui Zhang , Bo Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102375","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>While hate crime underreporting is associated with perceptions of police and attitudes toward minorities, less is known about factors that shape bystanders' willingness to report hate crimes. This study focuses on sexual orientation-motivated hate crimes in the US context. Utilizing a social identity theory framework, we examined the interactions of bystanders' sexual orientation, pre-existing attitudes toward sexual minorities, and perceptions of police on their reporting willingness.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We used a factorial survey experiment with random assignments (<em>n</em> = 2094) to estimate a set of binary logistic regressions with robust standard errors. We compared models with and without two-way and three-way interaction terms and further estimated predicted margins.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Although we do not detect the effect of sexual orientation on willingness to report hate crimes, the three-way interaction reveals that attitudes toward sexual minorities and perceptions of police influence bystander reporting willingness across sexual orientation groups differently. Specifically, heterosexual respondents show a decreased reporting willingness as police perceptions become more positive, while non-heterosexual respondents demonstrate a more complex pattern where reporting willingness is contingent on the interaction between their attitudes and perceptions of police.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>More positive perceptions of the police can affect the willingness to report sexual orientation-motivated hate crimes differently across groups and may help reduce existing biases toward sexual minorities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102375"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143428133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102373
Ian T. Adams
Objectives
Explore officers' perceptions of the fairness of monitoring with systematic variations in activation (manual/automatic) and auditing (on-demand/supervisor random/artificial intelligence) policy regimes for body-worn cameras (BWCs).
Methods
This study uses a 2 × 3 survey experiment in a sample of officers wearing BWCs (n = 258) to assess the perceived fairness of BWC monitoring under varying activation and audit policies. Participants were randomly assigned one of six vignettes, each incorporating one of two BWC activation policies (manual vs. automatic) and one of three BWC footage review policies (complaint-based, random supervisor, random AI).
Results
Automatic BWC activation and artificial intelligence auditing of footage cause declines in perceived fairness of monitoring. Further, officers perceive the most unfairness in monitoring when they lack control over the initiation of recording and when the resultant footage is outside of their supervisors' immediate control.
Conclusions
The findings underscore potential adverse effects on officers' perceptions of monitoring fairness under varying BWC policy conditions. As artificial intelligence technology gains traction in policing, the potential impact of officers' concerns on program implementation and fidelity should be considered.
{"title":"Automation and artificial intelligence in police body-worn cameras: Experimental evidence of impact on perceptions of fairness among officers","authors":"Ian T. Adams","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102373","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102373","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Explore officers' perceptions of the fairness of monitoring with systematic variations in activation (manual/automatic) and auditing (on-demand/supervisor random/artificial intelligence) policy regimes for body-worn cameras (BWCs).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study uses a 2 × 3 survey experiment in a sample of officers wearing BWCs (<em>n</em> = 258) to assess the perceived fairness of BWC monitoring under varying activation and audit policies. Participants were randomly assigned one of six vignettes, each incorporating one of two BWC activation policies (manual vs. automatic) and one of three BWC footage review policies (complaint-based, random supervisor, random AI).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Automatic BWC activation and artificial intelligence auditing of footage cause declines in perceived fairness of monitoring. Further, officers perceive the most unfairness in monitoring when they lack control over the initiation of recording and when the resultant footage is outside of their supervisors' immediate control.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The findings underscore potential adverse effects on officers' perceptions of monitoring fairness under varying BWC policy conditions. As artificial intelligence technology gains traction in policing, the potential impact of officers' concerns on program implementation and fidelity should be considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102373"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143428132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102370
Shannon J. Linning , Tyler Mierzwa , Jeremy Cheung , John E. Eck
Since the Chicago School, neighborhoods have been a staple in criminology research. However, some criminologists argue that there is no consensus on the definition of a neighborhood. This is important because if criminologists cannot agree on the theoretical concept of neighborhoods, they cannot synthesize neighborhood research across multiple studies. To test the “no consensus” assertion, we conducted a concept consensus review of all articles using the term “neighborhood” in the top 10 journals in criminology from 2010 to 2020. We found 310 articles where the term neighborhood was an important concept in the study. Of these articles, only 15 provided an explicit conceptual definition. An additional 6 articles provided ambiguous conceptual definitions. We probed the content of conceptual definitions and found they varied widely, often omitting essential elements. Finally, we examined the operational definitions used in the 310 studies and found 50 unique operationalizations of neighborhood. Therefore, we conclude that there is no consensus about the theoretical meaning of neighborhood in criminology. Criminologists should either reach a consensus about the meaning of neighborhood or abandon the concept and use newer alternatives.
{"title":"What is a neighborhood? A concept consensus review of recent criminological literature","authors":"Shannon J. Linning , Tyler Mierzwa , Jeremy Cheung , John E. Eck","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102370","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102370","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the Chicago School, neighborhoods have been a staple in criminology research. However, some criminologists argue that there is no consensus on the definition of a neighborhood. This is important because if criminologists cannot agree on the theoretical concept of neighborhoods, they cannot synthesize neighborhood research across multiple studies. To test the “no consensus” assertion, we conducted a concept consensus review of all articles using the term “neighborhood” in the top 10 journals in criminology from 2010 to 2020. We found 310 articles where the term neighborhood was an important concept in the study. Of these articles, only 15 provided an explicit conceptual definition. An additional 6 articles provided ambiguous conceptual definitions. We probed the content of conceptual definitions and found they varied widely, often omitting essential elements. Finally, we examined the operational definitions used in the 310 studies and found 50 unique operationalizations of neighborhood. Therefore, we conclude that there is no consensus about the theoretical meaning of neighborhood in criminology. Criminologists should either reach a consensus about the meaning of neighborhood or abandon the concept and use newer alternatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102370"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143420674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102371
James C. Wo
Purpose
Previous studies have primarily examined linear relationships between greenspace and crime, overlooking the possibility that greenspace may have both crime-reducing and crime-producing effects in neighborhoods. Additionally, the ways in which the effects of greenspace systematically vary by other neighborhood characteristics remain understudied. This study addresses these gaps by analyzing the relationship between greenspace, crime, and neighborhood characteristics.
Methods
We conducted a block group analysis in Cleveland, Ohio, examining crime, greenspace, sociodemographic characteristics, and built environment features. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were used to assess both the main and moderating effects of greenspace on crime.
Results
The findings indicate that an index of greenspace has U-shaped effects on all forms of crime, whereas tree canopy—a specific type of greenspace—exhibits U-shaped effects on property crime only. Moderation analyses show that the crime-reducing effects of greenspace and tree canopy are strongest in neighborhoods characterized by ethnic heterogeneity and mixed land use, respectively.
Conclusion
These results highlight the nuanced relationship between greenspace and crime, emphasizing that while greenspace can reduce crime under certain conditions, very high levels of greenspace may have unintended crime-producing effects. Importantly, the benefits of greenspace are maximized in neighborhoods that, in theory, face challenges regulating crime.
{"title":"Moving beyond “Does it reduce crime”: The curvilinear and moderating effects of greenspace","authors":"James C. Wo","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Previous studies have primarily examined linear relationships between greenspace and crime, overlooking the possibility that greenspace may have both crime-reducing and crime-producing effects in neighborhoods. Additionally, the ways in which the effects of greenspace systematically vary by other neighborhood characteristics remain understudied. This study addresses these gaps by analyzing the relationship between greenspace, crime, and neighborhood characteristics.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We conducted a block group analysis in Cleveland, Ohio, examining crime, greenspace, sociodemographic characteristics, and built environment features. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression models were used to assess both the main and moderating effects of greenspace on crime.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings indicate that an index of greenspace has U-shaped effects on all forms of crime, whereas tree canopy—a specific type of greenspace—exhibits U-shaped effects on property crime only. Moderation analyses show that the crime-reducing effects of greenspace and tree canopy are strongest in neighborhoods characterized by ethnic heterogeneity and mixed land use, respectively.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These results highlight the nuanced relationship between greenspace and crime, emphasizing that while greenspace can reduce crime under certain conditions, very high levels of greenspace may have unintended crime-producing effects. Importantly, the benefits of greenspace are maximized in neighborhoods that, in theory, face challenges regulating crime.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"97 ","pages":"Article 102371"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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