Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102320
Marshae Capers , Jillian Chamberlain , Jordan Cline , Christi Metcalfe , Akili Murphy
In the context of several controversial police-involved deaths over the past several years, discussion has mounted about the reallocation of funds from policing to other crime prevention services. Given the racialized nature of public opinion, we drew upon conflict theory and theories of racial animus/resentment to explore the relationship between racial identity, racial resentment, and support for reallocation, as well as concerns if funding were reallocated. Relying on survey data from a national sample of US adults in the summer immediately following George Floyd's murder, we found that Black respondents were less supportive of reallocating funds than White respondents and expressed concerns about increases in crime and increases in riots if funds were reallocated. These sentiments seemed to be tied to fear of crime. Also, respondents reporting more racial animus were less supportive of reallocating funds, as well as expressed concerns with access to services and increased crime and riots. The findings suggested that attitudes around police funding are racialized, as well as provided support for the overpolicing-underpolicing paradox. A policy of reallocation of funds would need to address concerns around public safety.
{"title":"Beyond George Floyd: Assessing sentiments on police fund reallocation and its intersection with race and racial resentment","authors":"Marshae Capers , Jillian Chamberlain , Jordan Cline , Christi Metcalfe , Akili Murphy","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the context of several controversial police-involved deaths over the past several years, discussion has mounted about the reallocation of funds from policing to other crime prevention services. Given the racialized nature of public opinion, we drew upon conflict theory and theories of racial animus/resentment to explore the relationship between racial identity, racial resentment, and support for reallocation, as well as concerns if funding were reallocated. Relying on survey data from a national sample of US adults in the summer immediately following George Floyd's murder, we found that Black respondents were less supportive of reallocating funds than White respondents and expressed concerns about increases in crime and increases in riots if funds were reallocated. These sentiments seemed to be tied to fear of crime. Also, respondents reporting more racial animus were less supportive of reallocating funds, as well as expressed concerns with access to services and increased crime and riots. The findings suggested that attitudes around police funding are racialized, as well as provided support for the overpolicing-underpolicing paradox. A policy of reallocation of funds would need to address concerns around public safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102320"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142652975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-29DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102307
Jennifer L. Steele , Keith F. Durkin
The opioid epidemic has devastated rural America, including adolescents that reside in these regions, yet studies on that focus on this population remain scarce. This study examined the relationship between various strains and substance use among rural adolescents in the United States, focusing on opioid use during the early stages of the opioid epidemic. Drawing on general strain theory (GST), the research examines the influence of different forms of victimization, homelessness, and poor health status on adolescent opioid use. Data were collected from 4529 adolescents in 27 different states who underwent evaluation for substance abuse treatment in non-metropolitan areas (population less than 250,000). Logistic regression analyses revealed significant associations between several forms of strain and opioid use, with physical victimization, anticipated victimization, emotional victimization, homelessness, and poor health emerging as predictors of opioid use. Additionally, depression and anxiety were found to mediate the relationship between certain strains and substance use. This research contributes to our understanding of the challenges faced by rural adolescents amidst the ongoing opioid crisis and highlight the need for targeted intervention.
{"title":"Beyond urban centers: Investigating general strain theory and opioid use among rural adolescents","authors":"Jennifer L. Steele , Keith F. Durkin","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The opioid epidemic has devastated rural America, including adolescents that reside in these regions, yet studies on that focus on this population remain scarce. This study examined the relationship between various strains and substance use among rural adolescents in the United States, focusing on opioid use during the early stages of the opioid epidemic. Drawing on general strain theory (GST), the research examines the influence of different forms of victimization, homelessness, and poor health status on adolescent opioid use. Data were collected from 4529 adolescents in 27 different states who underwent evaluation for substance abuse treatment in non-metropolitan areas (population less than 250,000). Logistic regression analyses revealed significant associations between several forms of strain and opioid use, with physical victimization, anticipated victimization, emotional victimization, homelessness, and poor health emerging as predictors of opioid use. Additionally, depression and anxiety were found to mediate the relationship between certain strains and substance use. This research contributes to our understanding of the challenges faced by rural adolescents amidst the ongoing opioid crisis and highlight the need for targeted intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102307"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102306
Howard Henderson , Jennifer Wyatt Bourgeois , Sven Smith , Christopher J. Ferguson
Background
As economic inequality grows, there are rising concerns about connections between disadvantage and crime rates in America's cities.
Aims
The purpose of this paper was to perform a correlational analysis of economic factors and crime rates across zip codes in Houston, TX.
Methods
Regression analyses were conducted, followed by examination of effects within a multivariate model. Population-specific methods were applied to calculate the unique predictive validity of unemployment, poverty, income, and academic achievement on violent and property crimes.
Results
Statistically significant predictive effects were observed between unemployment and violent crimes, and between poverty, population density, and counterintuitively, academic achievement, on property crimes.
Conclusions
A criminogenic factors analysis indicated possible real-world effects of targeted interventions - improving economic and educational opportunities in under-resourced neighborhoods may reduce propensity for crime.
{"title":"Economic correlates of crime: An empirical test in Houston","authors":"Howard Henderson , Jennifer Wyatt Bourgeois , Sven Smith , Christopher J. Ferguson","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>As economic inequality grows, there are rising concerns about connections between disadvantage and crime rates in America's cities.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>The purpose of this paper was to perform a correlational analysis of economic factors and crime rates across zip codes in Houston, TX.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Regression analyses were conducted, followed by examination of effects within a multivariate model. Population-specific methods were applied to calculate the unique predictive validity of unemployment, poverty, income, and academic achievement on violent and property crimes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Statistically significant predictive effects were observed between unemployment and violent crimes, and between poverty, population density, and counterintuitively, academic achievement, on property crimes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A criminogenic factors analysis indicated possible real-world effects of targeted interventions - improving economic and educational opportunities in under-resourced neighborhoods may reduce propensity for crime.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102306"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102312
Riku Laine , Mikko Aaltonen , Mikko Myrskylä , Pekka Martikainen
Life-course criminology has recently begun to focus on sociohistorical context, with the use of multi-cohort studies. However, those studies have mostly concentrated on aggregate crime rates. Desistance research, in turn, has largely overlooked the impact of the broader sociohistorical context. Based on recent work on the effect of sociohistorical context on crime rates, we propose that context may shape desistance and social reintegration in a nuanced way.
We examined employment, housing, and marriages among Finnish first-time prisoners released between 1995 and 2014 (N = 23,350) until 2019. We quantified the link between selected macro-level indicators and these outcomes using age-period-cohort models.
The results showed that the outcomes evolved in separate ways post-release. Employment and marriage became more common over time, but only employment showed distinct periodical changes. The probability of living in housing remained stable. A higher level of national unemployment was associated with all outcomes. The association between prisoner characteristics and the outcomes changed depending on release year.
Post-prison societal integration should not be assessed by one measure alone. Desistance studies should address societal context when comparing different times or countries. Early studies may require replication if the associations between demographic factors and desistance outcomes are subject to change.
{"title":"Sociohistorical context and post-prison life course","authors":"Riku Laine , Mikko Aaltonen , Mikko Myrskylä , Pekka Martikainen","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Life-course criminology has recently begun to focus on sociohistorical context, with the use of multi-cohort studies. However, those studies have mostly concentrated on aggregate crime rates. Desistance research, in turn, has largely overlooked the impact of the broader sociohistorical context. Based on recent work on the effect of sociohistorical context on crime rates, we propose that context may shape desistance and social reintegration in a nuanced way.</div><div>We examined employment, housing, and marriages among Finnish first-time prisoners released between 1995 and 2014 (N = 23,350) until 2019. We quantified the link between selected macro-level indicators and these outcomes using age-period-cohort models.</div><div>The results showed that the outcomes evolved in separate ways post-release. Employment and marriage became more common over time, but only employment showed distinct periodical changes. The probability of living in housing remained stable. A higher level of national unemployment was associated with all outcomes. The association between prisoner characteristics and the outcomes changed depending on release year.</div><div>Post-prison societal integration should not be assessed by one measure alone. Desistance studies should address societal context when comparing different times or countries. Early studies may require replication if the associations between demographic factors and desistance outcomes are subject to change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102312"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102308
Seth Watts , Michael D. White , Dina Perrone , Aili Malm
Many police departments have equipped their officers with naloxone as a promising response to the opioid crisis. Though research suggests police can effectively administer naloxone, recent studies suggest that officers may develop negative attitudes over time as they continually respond to overdoses. This has been described as a “compassion fatigue” effect. We investigate the compassion fatigue hypothesis with a repeated cross-sectional survey of officers in the Tempe, Arizona Police Department. We focus on three outcomes (1) perceptions of officers' role in responding to overdoses, (2) perceptions of naloxone related risk-compensation beliefs, and (3) stigmatizing perceptions of people who use opioids (PWUOs). We run one-way fixed effects regression models to assess if officer attitudes have changed over the study period. Then we run multivariate regression models to test whether officers' opioid overdose response frequency is associated with any of the three outcomes. The findings suggest officers have become more supportive of responding to overdoses but have developed more stigmatizing views of PWUOs over time. This warrants further research attention. However, opioid overdose response frequency was not associated with any of the outcomes. We conclude with a discussion of these findings and their implications for police involvement in the opioid overdose crisis.
{"title":"Who is fatigued? A repeated cross-sectional survey of officer attitudes towards people who use opioids, naloxone, and their role in responding to opioid overdoses","authors":"Seth Watts , Michael D. White , Dina Perrone , Aili Malm","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102308","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102308","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many police departments have equipped their officers with naloxone as a promising response to the opioid crisis. Though research suggests police can effectively administer naloxone, recent studies suggest that officers may develop negative attitudes over time as they continually respond to overdoses. This has been described as a “compassion fatigue” effect. We investigate the compassion fatigue hypothesis with a repeated cross-sectional survey of officers in the Tempe, Arizona Police Department. We focus on three outcomes (1) perceptions of officers' role in responding to overdoses, (2) perceptions of naloxone related risk-compensation beliefs, and (3) stigmatizing perceptions of people who use opioids (PWUOs). We run one-way fixed effects regression models to assess if officer attitudes have changed over the study period. Then we run multivariate regression models to test whether officers' opioid overdose response frequency is associated with any of the three outcomes. The findings suggest officers have become more supportive of responding to overdoses but have developed more stigmatizing views of PWUOs over time. This warrants further research attention. However, opioid overdose response frequency was not associated with any of the outcomes. We conclude with a discussion of these findings and their implications for police involvement in the opioid overdose crisis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102308"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102311
Sonja E. Siennick, Daniel P. Mears, Alyssa Spies
Purpose
Concerns have been raised about mental illness (MI)-linked disparities in restrictive housing (RH) placements, but research has not compared disparities across multiple types of RH. Differences by MI status in prison adjustment or repeated misconduct could create larger disparities for long-term and highly restrictive types of RH; conversely, more stringent procedures governing their use could lead to smaller disparities for those types.
Methods
Using data on six types of RH in a large southern prison system and logistic multivariate multilevel models, we compared the associations of MI with multiple RH types. Mediation models examined whether infractions, violence, and victimization accounted for any associations.
Results
Disparities were present for all examined types of RH. The largest proportional disparities were found for the rarer long-term solitary confinement placements. Although disparities were smaller for short-term types of RH, those affected more people. The mediators appeared to be better explanations of short-term rather than long-term RH placements among persons with MI.
Conclusions
RH placement disparities by MI are largest for types that are of long duration and involve severe restrictions on privileges and activities. In addition, the disparities in those RH types may be less accounted for by commonly examined behavioral factors.
{"title":"The use of restrictive housing with incarcerated persons with mental illness: Variation in placement disparities by restrictive housing type","authors":"Sonja E. Siennick, Daniel P. Mears, Alyssa Spies","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Concerns have been raised about mental illness (MI)-linked disparities in restrictive housing (RH) placements, but research has not compared disparities across multiple types of RH. Differences by MI status in prison adjustment or repeated misconduct could create larger disparities for long-term and highly restrictive types of RH; conversely, more stringent procedures governing their use could lead to smaller disparities for those types.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Using data on six types of RH in a large southern prison system and logistic multivariate multilevel models, we compared the associations of MI with multiple RH types. Mediation models examined whether infractions, violence, and victimization accounted for any associations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Disparities were present for all examined types of RH. The largest proportional disparities were found for the rarer long-term solitary confinement placements. Although disparities were smaller for short-term types of RH, those affected more people. The mediators appeared to be better explanations of short-term rather than long-term RH placements among persons with MI.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>RH placement disparities by MI are largest for types that are of long duration and involve severe restrictions on privileges and activities. In addition, the disparities in those RH types may be less accounted for by commonly examined behavioral factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102311"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102303
Angela W. Eke , Kelly M. Babchishin , Sarah Paquette , Shelby B. Scott , Mirna Batinic , Francis Fortin , Michael C. Seto
Static-99R is a widely used, extensively researched, and validated risk assessment measure for sexual recidivism among men. However, individuals who have committed child sexual exploitation material (CSEM) offenses but who have not produced CSEM or directly offended against a victim do not meet the scoring criteria. In a combined sample of 484 men convicted of CSEM offenses in two provinces (Ontario and Québec) in Canada, the discrimination and calibration of the Static-99R was examined. We also examined the convergent validity of the Static-99R with the more recently developed, purpose built, Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT). Static-99R and CPORT total scores were moderately and positively correlated (r = 0.63). Static-99R predicted sexual, CSEM, and violent recidivism for both the full sample, as well as those who met Static-99R scoring criteria. Static-99R did not predict sexual or violent recidivism in CSEM cases that did not meet Static-99R scoring criteria. CPORT was a better predictor of any sexual recidivism and CSEM recidivism compared to the Static-99R. Calibration analyses suggested the Static-99R underestimated the number of sexual recidivists observed in our sample. The current study suggests that Static-99R can be valid for some men with CSEM offenses, however, caution is recommended for using the sexual recidivism norms for CSEM offending men because they may underestimate their actual sexual reoffending rate.
{"title":"Comparing the Static-99R and the Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT) in two Canadian samples adjudicated of child sexual exploitation material offenses","authors":"Angela W. Eke , Kelly M. Babchishin , Sarah Paquette , Shelby B. Scott , Mirna Batinic , Francis Fortin , Michael C. Seto","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Static-99R is a widely used, extensively researched, and validated risk assessment measure for sexual recidivism among men. However, individuals who have committed child sexual exploitation material (CSEM) offenses but who have not produced CSEM or directly offended against a victim do not meet the scoring criteria. In a combined sample of 484 men convicted of CSEM offenses in two provinces (Ontario and Québec) in Canada, the discrimination and calibration of the Static-99R was examined. We also examined the convergent validity of the Static-99R with the more recently developed, purpose built, Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT). Static-99R and CPORT total scores were moderately and positively correlated (<em>r</em> = 0.63). Static-99R predicted sexual, CSEM, and violent recidivism for both the full sample, as well as those who met Static-99R scoring criteria. Static-99R did not predict sexual or violent recidivism in CSEM cases that did not meet Static-99R scoring criteria. CPORT was a better predictor of any sexual recidivism and CSEM recidivism compared to the Static-99R. Calibration analyses suggested the Static-99R underestimated the number of sexual recidivists observed in our sample. The current study suggests that Static-99R can be valid for some men with CSEM offenses, however, caution is recommended for using the sexual recidivism norms for CSEM offending men because they may underestimate their actual sexual reoffending rate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102303"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-22DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102305
Daniel P. Mears, Mark C. Stafford
Objectives
Deterrence-based policies are central to criminal justice, assumed greater prominence in recent decades, and have assumed that more and tougher punishment necessarily deters crime. This paper provides a theoretical critique of deterrence to identify the limits and possibilities of effective deterrence-based criminal justice policy.
Methods
We build on prior work and recent advances in scholarship to develop a theoretical critique and a theoretical basis for improving deterrence-based policy.
Results
The critique identifies fundamental problems with classical deterrence theory that undermine the likely effectiveness of extant deterrence-based policies. We identify theoretical dimensions that address these problems and that can guide policies in ways that increase the likelihood of appreciable deterrent effects on crime.
Conclusions
Deterrence-based policies based on classical deterrence theory, and variants of it, are unlikely to be appreciably effective and are not consistent with an evidence-based approach to policy. If deterrence policies are to be used, designing them around a coherent and systematic conceptualization of deterrence holds greater potential for reducing crime and would highlight the role that rewards for prosocial behavior can play in deterring crime.
{"title":"A theoretical critique of deterrence-based policy","authors":"Daniel P. Mears, Mark C. Stafford","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>Deterrence-based policies are central to criminal justice, assumed greater prominence in recent decades, and have assumed that more and tougher punishment necessarily deters crime. This paper provides a theoretical critique of deterrence to identify the limits and possibilities of effective deterrence-based criminal justice policy.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We build on prior work and recent advances in scholarship to develop a theoretical critique and a theoretical basis for improving deterrence-based policy.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The critique identifies fundamental problems with classical deterrence theory that undermine the likely effectiveness of extant deterrence-based policies. We identify theoretical dimensions that address these problems and that can guide policies in ways that increase the likelihood of appreciable deterrent effects on crime.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Deterrence-based policies based on classical deterrence theory, and variants of it, are unlikely to be appreciably effective and are not consistent with an evidence-based approach to policy. If deterrence policies are to be used, designing them around a coherent and systematic conceptualization of deterrence holds greater potential for reducing crime and would highlight the role that rewards for prosocial behavior can play in deterring crime.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102305"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Low resting heart rate (RHR) is a well-replicated biological correlate of interpersonal violence (i.e., violence against others). However, there is limited research examining the relationship between RHR and intrapersonal violence (i.e., violence against oneself). Using Swedish population-based data, this study examined the relationship between RHR and suicide, an extreme form of intrapersonal violence, among individuals with no convictions (n = 458,785), violent convictions only (n = 8,694), non-violent convictions only (n = 187,138), and both violent and non-violent convictions (n = 37,745). Cox regression analyses indicated that low RHR lowered the risk of suicide by 22% among non-convicted individuals. High RHR increased the risk of suicide by 25% among individuals with non-violent convictions. RHR was not associated with the risk of suicide among individuals with violent convictions only or both violent and non-violent convictions. Research into shared and distinct etiological mechanisms and risk/protective factors for interpersonal and intrapersonal violence may provide valuable insights for treatment and prevention efforts.
{"title":"Resting heart rate as a risk and protective factor for intrapersonal violence: A population-based study","authors":"Shichun Ling , Sofi Oskarsson , Anneli Andersson , Catherine Tuvblad , Henrik Larsson","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low resting heart rate (RHR) is a well-replicated biological correlate of interpersonal violence (i.e., violence against others). However, there is limited research examining the relationship between RHR and intrapersonal violence (i.e., violence against oneself). Using Swedish population-based data, this study examined the relationship between RHR and suicide, an extreme form of intrapersonal violence, among individuals with no convictions (<em>n</em> = 458,785), violent convictions only (<em>n</em> = 8,694), non-violent convictions only (<em>n</em> = 187,138), and both violent and non-violent convictions (<em>n</em> = 37,745). Cox regression analyses indicated that low RHR lowered the risk of suicide by 22% among non-convicted individuals. High RHR increased the risk of suicide by 25% among individuals with non-violent convictions. RHR was not associated with the risk of suicide among individuals with violent convictions only or both violent and non-violent convictions. Research into shared and distinct etiological mechanisms and risk/protective factors for interpersonal and intrapersonal violence may provide valuable insights for treatment and prevention efforts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102300"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142532151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102302
Sungil Han , Jordan R. Riddell
Purpose
The current study assesses the potential crime-related impact of the University of Central Florida building a new college campus (UCF-Downtown) as part of a larger plan to revitalize the traditionally disadvantaged downtown Orlando, FL area.
Methods
Orlando Police Department crime incident data were used to track homicide, robbery, assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny, and drug crime, and information about census block group gentrification related conditions were sourced from the American Community Survey. Weekly time-series analyses using data from January 2010 through December 2020 were conducted, and a spatial panel regression model using yearly data (2013–2019) included a gentrification measure to predict crime outcomes.
Results
Models detected a slight, and temporary, upward trend in assault and drug crime in the area within a 1-mile radius of UCF-Downtown during its construction. There was also some evidence of an increase in burglaries in the UCF-Downtown campus area during the construction period, with all other analyses indicating there was no change in crime related to the new campus or gentrification.
Conclusions
There was no widespread association between improvements made in downtown Orlando and crime, which suggests building the new campus was limited to temporary increases in assault, drug violations, and burglary during construction. Findings provide little support for the ability of a community reinvestment initiative in the form of a new college campus to reduce crime in the short term, and there may be temporary increases in crime opportunities during the construction of a new campus.
{"title":"A new college campus and crime: Focusing on crime opportunity and gentrification in downtown Orlando, Florida","authors":"Sungil Han , Jordan R. Riddell","doi":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The current study assesses the potential crime-related impact of the University of Central Florida building a new college campus (UCF-Downtown) as part of a larger plan to revitalize the traditionally disadvantaged downtown Orlando, FL area.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Orlando Police Department crime incident data were used to track homicide, robbery, assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny, and drug crime, and information about census block group gentrification related conditions were sourced from the American Community Survey. Weekly time-series analyses using data from January 2010 through December 2020 were conducted, and a spatial panel regression model using yearly data (2013–2019) included a gentrification measure to predict crime outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Models detected a slight, and temporary, upward trend in assault and drug crime in the area within a 1-mile radius of UCF-Downtown during its construction. There was also some evidence of an increase in burglaries in the UCF-Downtown campus area during the construction period, with all other analyses indicating there was no change in crime related to the new campus or gentrification.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>There was no widespread association between improvements made in downtown Orlando and crime, which suggests building the new campus was limited to temporary increases in assault, drug violations, and burglary during construction. Findings provide little support for the ability of a community reinvestment initiative in the form of a new college campus to reduce crime in the short term, and there may be temporary increases in crime opportunities during the construction of a new campus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48272,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Criminal Justice","volume":"95 ","pages":"Article 102302"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142417156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号