Journal of Criminal Justice最新文献

英文中文

Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training: A case study of the perceptions of officers, leadership, and CIT trainers in a suburban-rural police department 危机干预小组（CIT）培训：对郊区城乡警察部门的官员、领导和危机干预小组培训师的看法的案例研究

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102597

Yasemin Irvin-Erickson , Sue-Ming Yang , Kristen Fite , Clayton Drummond , Yi-Fang Lu , Justin Ramsdell

Enhancing law enforcement agencies' capacity to respond to individuals in mental health crisis is crucial. Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training is one of the best-known police-based approaches to addressing mental health-related crises in the community. Despite the increasing number of studies on CIT trainings' impact on use of force and other police-level outcomes using administrative and survey data, there is a need for more in-depth studies on different police department (PD) stakeholders' perceptions of these trainings. Our study fills this gap by studying the perceptions of CIT training among CIT-trained officers, patrol supervisors, CIT trainers, and leadership in a suburban-rural county PD in the southeastern USA. Specifically, this study focuses on perceived goals and impacts of CIT trainings, measures of CIT program success, and perceived practical barriers against CIT trainings and implementation of CIT strategies. Our findings demonstrate some key differences in perceptions of CIT goals and impacts across different stakeholders within the study PD and underline the importance of a clear top-to-bottom messaging about the expectations for implementation of CIT strategies. Considering the increasing adoption of CIT trainings and programs across the country, PDs and other agencies that intend to increase the number of officers with CIT training should consider to whom, when, how, and how often these trainings are offered, the potential implications of making these trainings mandatory, and the leadership level messaging around CIT trainings.

加强执法机构应对处于精神健康危机中的个人的能力至关重要。危机干预小组（CIT）培训是解决社区中与心理健康有关的危机的最著名的基于警察的方法之一。尽管越来越多的研究使用行政和调查数据来研究CIT培训对武力使用和其他警察级结果的影响，但仍需要更深入地研究不同警察部门（PD）利益相关者对这些培训的看法。我们的研究填补了这一空白，研究了在美国东南部一个郊区城乡县警察局接受过CIT培训的警官、巡逻主管、CIT培训师和领导层对CIT培训的看法。具体而言，本研究聚焦于CIT培训的感知目标和影响，CIT项目成功的衡量标准，以及CIT培训和实施CIT战略的感知实际障碍。我们的研究结果表明，在研究PD中，不同利益相关者对CIT目标和影响的看法存在一些关键差异，并强调了关于CIT战略实施期望的自上而下的明确信息的重要性。考虑到在全国范围内越来越多地采用CIT培训和项目，警察局和其他打算增加接受CIT培训的官员数量的机构应该考虑提供这些培训的对象、时间、方式和频率，强制性培训的潜在影响，以及围绕CIT培训的领导级别信息传递。

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引用次数: 0

Through the survivor’s lens: How focal concerns theory shapes decisions to report sexual violence 通过幸存者的镜头：焦点关注理论如何影响报告性暴力的决定

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102583

B.L. Acquaviva , C.L. Gullion , K.A. Meeker , A.D. Garza

Sexual violence remains one of the most underreported crimes, with survivors often facing disbelief, blame, and systemic barriers when considering disclosure to formal authorities. While focal concerns theory (FCT) has been widely applied to understand legal actors' decision-making, little is known about how survivors themselves perceive these focal concerns and how such perceptions shape reporting decisions. This study addresses this gap by examining the perspectives of female survivors of sexual violence in the United States. Drawing on 58 semi-structured interviews, a phenomenological approach was employed to explore survivors' interpretations of the three core components of FCT—blameworthiness, community protection, practical constraints, and perceptual shorthand. Findings highlight that survivors frequently internalized concerns related to blameworthiness. Additionally, participants cited community protection as a motivator, particularly the desire to prevent future harm, while practical constraints such as fear of secondary victimization, financial and logistical burdens, and mistrust of police further deterred reporting. These findings lend support for the FCT by demonstrating its extended use to explore survivor decision making. Finally, theoretical and practical implications are further discussed.

性暴力仍然是最未被报道的犯罪之一，幸存者在考虑向正式当局披露时往往面临怀疑、指责和系统性障碍。虽然焦点关注理论（FCT）已被广泛应用于理解法律行为者的决策，但人们对幸存者自己如何看待这些焦点关注以及这些感知如何影响报告决策知之甚少。本研究通过考察美国性暴力女性幸存者的观点来解决这一差距。利用58个半结构化访谈，采用现象学方法来探索幸存者对fct责备性、社区保护、实际约束和感知速记的三个核心组成部分的解释。研究结果强调，幸存者经常将与受责备有关的担忧内化。此外，与会者指出，社区保护是一个激励因素，特别是防止未来伤害的愿望，而诸如担心第二次受害、财政和后勤负担以及对警察的不信任等实际限制因素进一步阻碍了报告。这些发现通过证明FCT在探索幸存者决策方面的广泛应用，为FCT提供了支持。最后，进一步讨论了理论和实践意义。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Do interactions with the police correlate with identity formation? Examining the relationship between police legitimacy, procedural justice, and self-identification over time” [JCJ 102 (2026) 1–11/102589] “与警察的互动是否与身份形成有关？”警察合法性、程序正义与自我认同的关系研究[j] .司法学报，2002(2):1-11/102589。

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102592

Qassim Bolaji , Christi Metcalfe

引用次数: 0

Police de-escalation training and its effects on communication: Evidence from an experimental evaluation 警察降级训练及其对沟通的影响：来自实验评估的证据

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2026.102598

Kyle McLean , Trey Bussey , Justin Nix , Jeffrey Rojek , Geoffrey P. Alpert

Evaluations of police de-escalation training programs have provided mixed results on the effectiveness of these programs in reducing the use of force. These programs rely on a causal logic model that suggests training improves intermediary behaviors, such as communication tactics or empathy, which decrease the likelihood of force being necessary in interactions with citizens. In this paper, we present the results of a randomized-controlled trial of a police de-escalation training curriculum. We employ systematic social observation of body-worn camera footage to examine these intermediary behaviors and analyze administrative use of force records to assess use of force as an outcome. The analyses demonstrate that the program is successful in improving intermediary behaviors but does not reduce use of force incidents. Considering these results in combination with the growing body of literature on police de-escalation training programs, we suggest that de-escalation training programs are largely successful in improving intermediary behaviors but that those behaviors are not as closely linked to use of force rates as theorized. Accordingly, we suggest that scholars and policymakers consider de-escalation training as a method for improving interpersonal skills for police officers but look for other methods to reduce the use of force.

对警察冲突降级培训项目的评估显示，这些项目在减少使用武力方面的效果好坏参半。这些项目依赖于一个因果逻辑模型，该模型表明，培训可以改善中介行为，如沟通策略或同理心，从而减少与公民互动时使用武力的可能性。在本文中，我们提出了一个警察降级培训课程的随机对照试验的结果。我们采用系统的社会观察，对随身携带的摄像机镜头来检查这些中介行为，并分析行政使用武力的记录，以评估使用武力的结果。分析表明，该计划在改善中介行为方面取得了成功，但并没有减少使用武力事件。考虑到这些结果，结合越来越多的关于警察降级培训计划的文献，我们认为降级培训计划在很大程度上成功地改善了中介行为，但这些行为并不像理论上那样与使用武力率密切相关。因此，我们建议学者和政策制定者将降级培训作为提高警察人际交往能力的一种方法，同时寻找其他方法来减少武力的使用。

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引用次数: 0

The Other perspectives on the development and life course of offending 犯罪发展与生命历程的其他视角

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2026-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102577

Laura Bui , Kofi Boakye

引用次数: 0

Criminal legal sanctions and the false dichotomy between deterrence and rehabilitation: Implications for sentencing research and policy 刑事法律制裁和威慑与改造之间的错误二分法：对量刑研究和政策的影响

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102590

Daniel P. Mears , Mark C. Stafford

Objectives: Criminal justice policy has historically swung between punitive, deterrence-focused and rehabilitation-focused sentencing. Research has reinforced the notion that the two constitute polar ends of a spectrum. This paper seeks to contribute to sentencing scholarship aimed at understanding the nature and effects of legal sanctions. Specifically, we argue that the deterrence-rehabilitation dichotomy is false and that recognizing how the two are distinct yet intertwined both theoretically and, in many cases, in practice, has substantial relevance for accurate interpretation of research and for designing and evaluating policy.

Methods: We detail how all legal sanctions entail deterrence and rehabilitation logics. This includes describing the theoretical connections between the two and the potential for each in practice to activate mechanisms associated with the other. Next, we extend the argument to highlight critical challenges in interpreting research on deterrence and rehabilitation. Then we present implications for research and policy that flow from more precise theoretical understanding of the causal logic of sanctions.

Results: Interpretations of research, as well as policy, that assume an absolute difference between deterrence and rehabilitation may generate incorrect conclusions about explanations for sanction effects and implications for theory and policy.

Conclusions: Greater precision is needed in describing legal sanctions and the mechanisms through which they affect criminal behavior. Doing so can improve the interpretability of research and inform the design of criminal legal sanctions to more effectively reduce offending.

目标：刑事司法政策历来在惩罚性、以威慑为重点和以改造为重点的量刑之间摇摆。研究强化了这一概念，即两者构成了一个光谱的两极。本文旨在促进旨在理解法律制裁的性质和影响的量刑学术。具体地说，我们认为威慑与康复的二分法是错误的，认识到这两者在理论上是不同的，但在许多情况下，在实践中是相互交织的，这对于准确解释研究以及设计和评估政策具有重要意义。方法：我们详细说明了所有法律制裁如何涉及威慑和康复逻辑。这包括描述两者之间的理论联系，以及在实践中每一个激活与另一个相关的机制的潜力。接下来，我们将扩展论点，以突出解释威慑和康复研究的关键挑战。然后，我们提出了对制裁因果逻辑的更精确的理论理解对研究和政策的影响。结果：假设威慑和康复之间存在绝对差异，对研究和政策的解释可能会对制裁效果的解释以及对理论和政策的影响产生不正确的结论。结论：需要更精确地描述法律制裁及其影响犯罪行为的机制。这样做可以提高研究的可解释性，并为刑事法律制裁的设计提供信息，以更有效地减少犯罪。

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引用次数: 0

From cartridge cases to spatial patterns: Leveraging NIBIN to identify near-repeat shootings in Detroit 从弹壳到空间模式：利用NIBIN识别底特律几乎重复的枪击事件

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-12-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102588

Alaina De Biasi , Jeff Rojek , Edmund McGarrell

This study uses ballistic evidence entered into the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network (NIBIN) to examine near-repeat shooting patterns in Detroit, Michigan, drawing on 5487 incidents involving the discharge of one or more firearms between January 2021 and October 2022. Conducted within the context of the Detroit Crime Gun Intelligence Center, our study captures a broad view of gun violence, integrates NIBIN linkages to advance understanding of the nature of gun violence, and extends analysis beyond dyads to multi-incident shooting chains. To this end, we applied the Knox test to identify near-repeat patterns and then grouped shooting incidents into chains based on their spatiotemporal proximity. We used multinomial and mixed-effects logistic regression to distinguish between the observed patterns. Our results show that gun violence in Detroit clusters tightly in space and time and is linked to high-risk places as well as circulating, multi-use crime guns. We discuss the implications of these findings for guiding law enforcement in developing integrated strategies that combine place-based and network-focused interventions to prevent and reduce gun violence in communities.

这项研究使用了进入国家综合弹道信息网络（NIBIN）的弹道证据，研究了密歇根州底特律市的近重复射击模式，借鉴了2021年1月至2022年10月期间涉及一支或多支枪支发射的5487起事件。在底特律犯罪枪支情报中心的背景下进行，我们的研究捕获了枪支暴力的广泛观点，整合了NIBIN联系，以推进对枪支暴力本质的理解，并将分析扩展到多事件射击链。为此，我们应用Knox测试来识别近重复模式，然后根据其时空接近度将射击事件分组为链。我们使用多项和混合效应逻辑回归来区分观察到的模式。我们的研究结果表明，底特律的枪支暴力在空间和时间上紧密地聚集在一起，与高风险地区以及流通的多用途犯罪枪支有关。我们讨论了这些发现对指导执法部门制定综合战略的影响，这些战略结合了基于地点和以网络为重点的干预措施，以预防和减少社区中的枪支暴力。

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引用次数: 0

Do interactions with the police correlate with identity formation? Examining the relationship between police legitimacy, procedural justice, and self-identification over time 与警察的互动是否与身份形成有关？考察警察合法性、程序正义和自我认同之间的关系

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102589

Qassim Bolaji , Christi Metcalfe

The main goal of this study is to explore the temporal relationship between procedural justice, legitimacy, and self-identification. More specifically, we anticipated that changes in procedural justice and legitimacy perceptions may be linked to changes in various aspects of self-identification and criminal cognition over time, including moral disengagement, perceived personal rewards of crime, prosocial aspirations, and self-esteem. A consideration of this interrelationship is relevant given that changes in the cognition and self-identification of offenders often accompany desistance from crime. Relying on data from the Pathways to Desistance study, the current project adopted a longitudinal approach to investigate how within-individual changes in police legitimacy and procedural justice are tied to changes in self-identification among a sample of serious offenders. Results showed that positive changes in legitimacy attitudes and procedural justice were related to prosocial changes in self-identification and cognition These results matter for better understanding the role that legal attitudes and police-citizen interactions play in how offenders think about themselves and the law.

本研究的主要目的是探讨程序正义、合法性与自我认同之间的时间关系。更具体地说，我们预计，随着时间的推移，程序正义和合法性观念的变化可能与自我认同和犯罪认知的各个方面的变化有关，包括道德脱离、对犯罪的个人回报的感知、亲社会愿望和自尊。考虑到罪犯的认知和自我认同的变化往往伴随着犯罪的停止，对这种相互关系的考虑是相关的。根据“停止途径”研究的数据，当前的项目采用纵向方法来调查警察合法性和程序正义的个人内部变化如何与严重罪犯样本中自我认同的变化联系在一起。结果表明，合法性态度和程序正义的积极变化与自我认同和认知的亲社会变化有关，这些结果有助于更好地理解法律态度和警察-公民互动在罪犯如何看待自己和法律方面的作用。

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引用次数: 0

Police bias units and hate crime reporting: Insights from the geocoded version of the National Crime Victimization Survey 警察偏见单位和仇恨犯罪报告：来自国家犯罪受害调查地理编码版本的见解

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102581

Sylwia J. Piatkowska, Brendan Lantz, Jack M. Mills

This study examines the role of police bias units as a factor in hate crime reporting. We use a series of survey logistic regression models to analyze a restricted version of the National Crime Victimization Survey, which we merge with data on the presence of police bias units. The results indicate that the greater presence of police bias units is positively associated with an increased likelihood of hate crime reporting. Notably, with an initial increase in police bias units, hate crime victimization aligns more closely with official hate crime statistics. The effect of police bias units is also conditioned by community characteristics. These findings carry important policy implications, underscoring the vital role of police bias units in enhancing hate crime reporting and identifying communities where their effects are most pronounced.

本研究考察了警察偏见单位在仇恨犯罪报告中的作用。我们使用一系列调查逻辑回归模型来分析国家犯罪受害调查的限制版本，我们将其与警察偏见单位存在的数据合并。结果表明，警察偏见单位的存在与仇恨犯罪报告的可能性增加呈正相关。值得注意的是，随着警察偏见单位的最初增加，仇恨犯罪受害情况与官方仇恨犯罪统计数据更加吻合。警察偏见单位的效果也受到社区特征的制约。这些发现具有重要的政策意义，强调了警察偏见部门在加强仇恨犯罪报告和确定其影响最明显的社区方面的重要作用。

引用次数: 0

Does carnival contribute to crime? Examining the spatiotemporal effects of Mardi Gras on New Orleans Crime Trends (2012–2024) 嘉年华会助长犯罪吗？狂欢节对新奥尔良犯罪趋势的时空影响研究（2012-2024）

IF 2.5 1区社会学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY

Journal of Criminal Justice

Pub Date : 2025-12-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2025.102580

Nick Petersen , Patrick Rafail , Xiaojin Chen

While criminologists have long been interested in how crime varies across space and time, only recently have studies examined how these dynamics intersect to shape crime patterns surrounding mega public events and venues, such as sporting events or concerts. Although this research has generated critical insights into crime patterns surrounding somewhat temporally and geographically discrete public events, we know less about how long-lasting and more spatially distributed public events that draw in droves of tourists to a city, such as Carnival in New Orleans, influence crime. Drawing on routine activities and crime-pattern theories, we use Carnival in New Orleans as a case study for larger issues of crime, tourism, and public events. Employing negative binomial regressions to analyze publicly available data, we assess the temporal (parade days) and spatial (distance to parade routes) effects of Carnival season on daily neighborhood crime patterns from 2012 to 2024 (N = 1,364,330). Compared to non-parade days or parade days earlier in the Carnival season, estimates reveal significant increases in crime rates during Mardi Gras weekend when tourists most often visit New Orleans, particularly in neighborhoods closest to parade routes. Conversely, crime is displaced in New Orleans during Mardi Gras weekend, with neighborhoods farther from parade routes experiencing significant declines in crime. These findings have important theoretical and policy implications for our understanding of crime and mega public events/venues, highlighting the role of tourism in shaping spatiotemporal crime trends.

虽然犯罪学家长期以来一直对犯罪在空间和时间上的变化感兴趣，但直到最近才有研究调查这些动态是如何交叉影响大型公共活动和场所（如体育赛事或音乐会）周围的犯罪模式的。尽管这项研究对围绕在某种时间上和地理上离散的公共活动的犯罪模式产生了重要的见解，但我们对吸引成群结队的游客到一个城市的公共活动（如新奥尔良的狂欢节）如何影响犯罪所知甚少。根据日常活动和犯罪模式理论，我们将新奥尔良狂欢节作为犯罪、旅游和公共活动等更大问题的案例研究。采用负二项回归分析公开数据，我们评估了2012年至2024年嘉年华季节对社区日常犯罪模式的时间（游行天数）和空间（到游行路线的距离）影响（N = 1,364,330）。据估计，与狂欢节期间的非游行日或游行提前几天相比，狂欢节期间的犯罪率显著上升，这是游客最常访问新奥尔良的时候，尤其是在离游行路线最近的社区。相反，在狂欢节周末期间，新奥尔良的犯罪活动被转移，远离游行路线的社区犯罪率显著下降。这些发现对我们理解犯罪和大型公共活动/场所具有重要的理论和政策意义，突出了旅游业在塑造时空犯罪趋势方面的作用。

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