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“We Need Them, They Need Us”: Perceived Indispensability and Intergroup Relations "我们需要他们,他们需要我们":感知的不可或缺性与群体间关系
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-12-29 DOI: 10.1177/10892680231224403
M. Verkuyten
The aim of this paper is to advance psychological theory and research on attitudes and behavior towards low status minority groups by discussing group-level indispensability as an important yet largely unexplored factor in intergroup dynamics. Drawing on theory and international research from psychology and the social sciences, the distinction between functional indispensability and identity indispensability is first discussed. Subsequently various positive intergroup implications of perceived indispensability are considered, and for giving a balanced account possible negative outcomes are also discussed. Then, the minority perspective is considered and the question of when positive or negative intergroup implications of perceived indispensability are less or more likely. The paper concludes with future directions for theoretical and empirical development of the notion of group-level indispensability and its intergroup consequences in a range of settings and contexts.
本文旨在通过讨论群体层面的不可或缺性这一群体间动态中一个重要但尚未被探索的因素,推进有关对低地位少数群体的态度和行为的心理学理论和研究。本文借鉴心理学和社会科学的理论和国际研究,首先讨论了功能不可或缺性和身份不可或缺性之间的区别。随后,考虑了所认为的不可或缺性对群体间的各种积极影响,同时也讨论了可能出现的消极结果,以便给出一个平衡的解释。然后,本文从少数群体的角度出发,探讨了 "感知到的不可或缺性 "在群体间的积极或消极影响是更小还是更大的问题。最后,本文就群体层面的不可或缺性概念及其在各种环境和背景下的群体间后果提出了理论和实证发展的未来方向。
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引用次数: 0
What Is Wisdom? Sketch of a TOP (Tree of Philosophy) Theory 智慧是什么?一个TOP(哲学树)理论的草图
2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-11-11 DOI: 10.1177/10892680231215433
Robert J. Sternberg
This article proposes a sketch of a new theory of wisdom based on the tree of philosophy (TOP) model. It is argued that philosophy—love of wisdom—has developed branches over the millennia that reflect the different aspects of thought and action that need to be considered in a comprehensive theory of wisdom. Although there is not a full consensus on what these branches are, the TOP usually has as branches, at minimum, metaphysics—including epistemology and ontology—and ethics, logic, aesthetics, hermeneutics, and axiology. Each of these branches is considered, and its implications for a philosophically based theory of wisdom are considered. Whereas some other theories of wisdom attempt to synthesize recent psychological attempts to understand wisdom, the TOP theory attempts to synthesize the contribution of millennia of philosophical inquiry.
本文提出了一种基于哲学树(TOP)模型的新智慧理论。有人认为,哲学——对智慧的热爱——几千年来已经发展出了分支,反映了思想和行动的不同方面,需要在一个全面的智慧理论中加以考虑。尽管对于这些分支是什么还没有完全的共识,但TOP通常至少有形而上学——包括认识论和本体论——以及伦理学、逻辑学、美学、解释学和价值论。这些分支中的每一个都被考虑,并考虑其对基于哲学的智慧理论的影响。尽管其他一些智慧理论试图综合最近的心理学尝试来理解智慧,但TOP理论试图综合几千年来哲学探索的贡献。
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引用次数: 0
A Processed Processor: The Processual Nature of the Self 被处理的处理器:自我的过程性
2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-10 DOI: 10.1177/10892680231197805
Holger Herma, Werner Greve
The contribution deals with the question of the constitution and persistence of the “self,” linking psychological and sociological approaches. The central interface of this linkage is derived from the process character of the self. It is argued that transdisciplinary work aiming at this common conceptual core will be prove particularly fruitful. After discussing the status of the term “the self” in both science and everyday usage, conceptual arguments and definitions (in contrast to related terms such as ego, individual, person, or subject) are examined. A third step provides a synopsis of established approaches and arguments both from psychological and sociological perspectives, offering points of convergence for a metadisciplinary concept of the self. The proposed process character of the self is discussed with respect to language pragmatics, memory performance, and body boundedness. The final section sums up the lines of argumentation and emphasizes intended inspiration for interdisciplinary discussion.
该贡献涉及“自我”的构成和持久性问题,将心理学和社会学方法联系起来。这个联系的中心接口来源于自我的过程特征。有人认为,针对这一共同概念核心的跨学科工作将被证明特别富有成果。在讨论了“自我”一词在科学和日常用法中的地位之后,对概念论点和定义(与自我、个体、人或主体等相关术语相比)进行了检查。第三步从心理学和社会学的角度概述了已建立的方法和论点,为自我的元学科概念提供了交汇点。本文从语言语用学、记忆表现和身体约束三个方面讨论了自我的过程特征。最后一节总结了论证的思路,并强调了跨学科讨论的灵感。
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引用次数: 0
The ACES Guide for Researchers in Psychology: Fostering Researchers’ Informed Decision-Making about Theory Selection and Theoretical Integration ace心理学研究人员指南:培养研究人员在理论选择和理论整合方面的知情决策
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-09 DOI: 10.1177/10892680231182033
Martijn van Zomeren
Psychology is as diverse as it is divided: For many research questions asked, different and competing theories will often exist to answer them. Despite the value of diversity, this lack of theoretical common ground has resulted in major empirical fragmentation in psychological research (e.g., a “confetti factory” of empirical trivia), but also to a lack of attention within the research process itself to theory selection (i.e., which theory to use and why?) and theoretical integration (i.e., how can one “connect the dots”?). This article aims to offer practical guidance to researchers in psychology about how to make informed decisions on theory selection and theoretical integration. To this end, I outline the ACES ( Analyzing, Comparing, Evaluating, and Synthesizing) guide, which offers a process-oriented guide toward such informed decision-making. Through its four-step structure and each step’s engaging and critical lead questions, researchers actively engage in a dialog in which they systematically question and explore which theories to select (and why), and whether a synthesis of different theories is possible and appropriate. As such, the ACES guide offers a practical, theory-focused tool for researchers in psychology.
心理学是多种多样的:对于所提出的许多研究问题,通常会存在不同的、相互竞争的理论来回答它们。尽管多样性很有价值,但这种理论共同点的缺乏导致了心理学研究中的经验碎片化(例如,经验琐事的“五彩纸屑工厂”),也导致了研究过程本身缺乏对理论选择(即使用哪种理论以及为什么?)和理论整合(即如何“连接点”?)的关注。本文旨在为心理学研究者提供如何在理论选择和理论整合方面做出明智决策的实践指导。为此,我概述了ACES(分析、比较、评估和综合)指南,该指南为这种知情决策提供了一个面向过程的指南。通过其四步结构和每一步的引人入胜的关键引导问题,研究人员积极参与对话,系统地质疑和探索选择哪些理论(以及为什么选择),以及综合不同理论是否可能和合适。因此,ACES指南为心理学研究人员提供了一个实用的、以理论为中心的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Self-Talk: An Interdisciplinary Review and Transdisciplinary Model 自我对话:一个跨学科的回顾和跨学科的模型
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.1177/10892680231170263
Alexander T. Latinjak, A. Morin, T. Brinthaupt, J. Hardy, A. Hatzigeorgiadis, P. Kendall, Christopher P. Neck, E. Oliver, M. Puchalska‐Wasyl, Alla V. Tovares, A. Winsler
The present work synthesises the self-talk literature and constructs a transdisciplinary self-talk model to guide future research across all academic disciplines that engage with self-talk. A comprehensive research review was conducted, including 559 self-talk articles published between 1978 and 2020. These articles were divided into 6 research categories: (a) inner dialogue, (b) mixed spontaneous and goal-directed organic self-talk, (c) goal-directed self-talk, (d) spontaneous self-talk, (e) educational self-talk interventions, and (f) strategic self-talk interventions. Following this, critical details were extracted from a subsample of 100 articles to create an interdisciplinary synthesis of the self-talk literature. Based on the synthesis, a self-talk model was created that places spontaneous and goal-directed organic self-talk as well as educational and strategic self-talk interventions in relation to variables within their nomological network, including external factors (e.g. task difficulty), descriptive states and traits (e.g. emotions), behaviour and performance, metacognition, and psychological skills (e.g. concentration).
本研究综合了有关自我对话的文献,构建了一个跨学科的自我对话模型,以指导未来所有涉及自我对话的学科的研究。对1978年至2020年间发表的559篇自言自语的文章进行了全面的研究回顾。这些文章被分为6个研究类别:(a)内心对话,(b)混合自发和目标导向的有机自我对话,(c)目标导向的自我对话,(d)自发自我对话,(e)教育自我对话干预,(f)战略自我对话干预。在此之后,从100篇文章的子样本中提取关键细节,以创建一个跨学科的自我对话文献综合。在综合的基础上,创建了一个自我对话模型,将自发的和目标导向的有机自我对话以及教育和战略自我对话干预与他们的法则网络中的变量相关,包括外部因素(如任务难度)、描述性状态和特征(如情绪)、行为和表现、元认知和心理技能(如注意力)。
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引用次数: 3
Questioning Contemporary Universalist Approaches to Human Flourishing 质疑当代人类繁荣的普遍主义方法
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/10892680221138230
B. Fowers, Lukas Novak, Nona C. Kiknadze, Alexander J. Calder
This article takes stock of the growing interest in flourishing measurement. The focus is on three challenges in this domain: the degree of coherent theorizing, the overreliance on psychometric validation, and the questionable universality of the measures. A rigorous process identified the eight most widely documented flourishing measures. All eight measures struggled with the three challenges. First, all measures were constructed on intuitive grounds, whether those bases were existing literatures, personal conceptualizations, or the intuition of an opposition of mental illness and flourishing. Second, all measures were assessed almost exclusively with psychometric studies, with little evidence of theoretical or cultural validity. Finally, all eight measures implicitly or explicitly assume cultural universality without providing theoretical argument or empirical evidence for that assumption. This stock-taking resulted in two main conclusions. First, there are areas of both consensus (e.g., that flourishing is a measurable, multidimensional construct) and dissensus (e.g., the components of flourishing) that can provide bases for future theory and research. Second, systematic theoretical argument is necessary to better understand what flourishing is, how it can be validly measured, and the degree to which it can be considered a universal human experience. It is time to address these theoretical and cultural questions.
本文对日益增长的对繁荣度量的兴趣进行了盘点。重点是在这一领域的三个挑战:连贯的理论化程度,对心理测量验证的过度依赖,以及有问题的普遍性措施。一个严格的过程确定了八种最广泛记录的繁荣措施。所有八项措施都在努力应对这三大挑战。首先,所有的测量都是建立在直觉的基础上的,无论这些基础是现有的文献,个人的概念,还是对精神疾病和繁荣的反对的直觉。其次,所有措施几乎都是通过心理测量学研究来评估的,几乎没有理论或文化有效性的证据。最后,所有八项措施都隐含或明确地假设了文化普遍性,而没有为该假设提供理论论据或经验证据。这次盘点得出了两个主要结论。首先,既有共识(例如,繁荣是一个可测量的、多维的结构),也有不同意见(例如,繁荣的组成部分),可以为未来的理论和研究提供基础。其次,系统的理论论证是必要的,以更好地理解繁荣是什么,如何有效地衡量它,以及它在多大程度上可以被认为是一种普遍的人类经验。是时候解决这些理论和文化问题了。
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引用次数: 5
Mindfulness and Nondual Well-Being – What is the Evidence that We Can Stay Happy? 正念与非双重幸福——我们可以保持快乐的证据是什么?
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1177/10892680221093013
Patrick Jones
Research into subjective well-being (SWB) focuses on conducive life conditions, healthy cognitive-affective processes and adaptive behaviours, however, in this model, well-being fluctuates based on changing mental and physical phenomena. This inquiry explores the possibility that we can have a nondual experience of well-being that is unaffected by such movements and investigates if the literature supports this. The assertion in traditional mindfulness that the sense of self is constructed and responsible for such fluctuations is explored, along with what evidence there is that mindfulness practices deliver relevant cognitive and behavioural correlates associated with such a way of being. Proposed preconditions include (a) nondual awareness or the perception of no-self; (b) increased positive affect, decreased negative affect, and increased self-lessness; (c) increased capacity to maintain (or protect) well-being including heightened emotional self-regulation and resilience to aversive stimuli. Research findings provide some evidence that the sense of self can be both constructed and deconstructed, and that mindfulness training may target psychological dimensions that could contribute to an experience of well-being that transcends the impact of life conditions. Recommendations are made for a collaborative relationship between SWB research and mindfulness to expand the inquiry into possible causes and conditions of ‘nondual well-being’.
主观幸福感(SWB)的研究重点是有利的生活条件、健康的认知情感过程和适应性行为,然而,在该模型中,幸福感会随着心理和身体现象的变化而波动。这项调查探讨了我们可以有一种不受此类运动影响的非情感幸福体验的可能性,并调查了文献是否支持这一点。探讨了传统正念中关于自我意识是构建的并对这种波动负责的断言,以及有什么证据表明正念实践提供了与这种存在方式相关的相关认知和行为相关性。提出的先决条件包括(a)非自我意识或对无自我的感知;(b) 积极情感增加,消极情感减少,自我缺失增加;(c) 保持(或保护)幸福感的能力增强,包括增强情绪自我调节和对厌恶刺激的恢复力。研究结果提供了一些证据,证明自我意识可以被构建和解构,正念训练可以针对心理层面,有助于超越生活条件影响的幸福体验。建议在SWB研究和正念之间建立合作关系,以扩大对“非性幸福”的可能原因和条件的调查。
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引用次数: 1
Climate Justice, Capitalism, and the Political Role of the Psychological Professions 气候正义、资本主义和心理专业的政治角色
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-05-10 DOI: 10.1177/10892680231175394
Abiodun Omotayo Oladejo, Nick Malherbe, A. van Niekerk
The term Anthropocene (Age of Human) implies that the reduction of carbon emissions is a matter of changing human behaviour. This risks depoliticising the climate emergency. Everyone is not equally responsible for climate change, and the consequences of climate change are not distributed equally. Climate change is overwhelmingly the result of extractive and exploitative capitalist production. It is thus more useful to understand the climate crisis in terms of the Capitalocene (Age of Capital), with climate justice being a terrain of anti-capitalist struggle. Mainstream responses to climate change have largely neglected the Capitalocene, focusing instead on consumer behaviour. This individualistic approach has been taken up by several ecologically oriented psychological professions, where the emphasis has been on ‘responsible consumer behaviour’ and/or the psychological effects of climate uncertainty. There is, however, a growing critical tradition within the psychological professions that seeks to advance climate justice by taking seriously the capitalist political economy. Indeed, psychological practitioners are equipped with skills that may be useful for activists involved in psychopolitical efforts to consolidate climate justice movements and build political power. We posit three key areas for psychological practitioners working for climate justice movements: solidarity-making, affective mediation, and resource mobilisation.
人类世(人类时代)一词意味着减少碳排放是改变人类行为的问题。这有可能使气候紧急情况非政治化。每个人对气候变化的责任不平等,气候变化的后果也不平等分配。气候变化绝大多数是采掘和剥削资本主义生产的结果。因此,从资本时代的角度来理解气候危机更为有用,因为气候正义是反资本主义斗争的一个领域。主流应对气候变化的措施在很大程度上忽视了Capitalocene,转而关注消费者行为。这种个人主义的方法已经被一些以生态为导向的心理学专业所采用,他们强调“负责任的消费者行为”和/或气候不确定性的心理影响。然而,心理学界有一个日益增长的批判传统,试图通过认真对待资本主义政治经济来促进气候正义。事实上,心理从业者具备的技能可能对参与心理政治努力的活动家有用,以巩固气候正义运动和建立政治权力。我们为气候正义运动的心理从业者提出了三个关键领域:团结、情感调解和资源调动。
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引用次数: 0
No More Building Resiliency: Confronting American Psychology’s White Supremacist Past to Reimagine Its Antiracist Future 不再建立韧性:直面美国心理学的白人至上主义过去,重塑其反种族主义的未来
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1177/10892680231155132
Rupinder K Legha, Nathalie Martinek
This paper introduces a historically informed antiracist approach to psychological practice aimed at disrupting American psychology’s legacy of racism by first saying “No More” to the whiteness engulfing it. Its end goal is to detour psychological practices away from enduring legacies of oppression, reimagine psychological practice as an antiracist endeavor, and extricate the deep-seated structural whiteness rotting the profession at its core. No more building resiliency takes aim at the White discourses directing people suffering under the weight of White supremacy to bear it instead of compelling mental health professions to dismantle the systems of oppression causing the harm. Seven historical themes reveal how organized psychology has shaped and been shaped by racism and whiteness since its inception. By identifying the language and strategies used to cover up and sustain the racist harm by design, the themes provide starting points for antiracist psychological practices that interrogate and dismantle both forms of oppression. They issue the imperative for a critical, transparent, and transgressive psychology of the future, one that requires not a revision of existing practices, rather a complete redo. The closing section imagines where we go from here by offering immediate action steps for bringing this antiracist future closer within reach.
本文介绍了一种历史上了解反种族主义的心理实践方法,旨在通过首先对吞没它的白人说“No More”来破坏美国心理学的种族主义遗产。它的最终目标是让心理学实践远离持久的压迫遗产,将心理学实践重新想象为一种反种族主义的努力,并从根本上摆脱正在腐蚀这个职业的根深蒂固的结构性白人。重建弹性不再针对白人的话语,这些话语引导人们在白人至上的重压下忍受痛苦,而不是强迫心理健康专业人士拆除造成伤害的压迫体系。七个历史主题揭示了组织心理学自成立以来是如何塑造种族主义和白人的。通过识别用于掩盖和维持种族主义伤害的语言和策略,这些主题为反种族主义的心理实践提供了起点,这些实践讯问和拆除了这两种形式的压迫。他们提出了一种批判性的、透明的、越界的未来心理学的必要性,这种心理学不需要修改现有的实践,而是需要彻底的重做。最后一节设想了我们从这里出发的方向,提出了立即采取的行动步骤,使这个反种族主义的未来更接近现实。
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引用次数: 1
Moral Identity and the Acquisition of Virtue:A Self-Regulation View 道德认同与美德的获得:一种自律观
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-04-16 DOI: 10.1177/10892680231170393
Tobias Krettenauer, Matt Stichter
The acquisition of virtue can be conceptualized as a self-regulatory process in which deliberate practice results in increasingly higher levels of skillfulness in leading a virtuous life. This conceptualization resonates with philosophical virtue theories as much as it converges with psychological models about skill development, expertise, goal motivation, and self-regulation. Yet, the conceptualization of virtue as skill acquisition poses the crucial question of motivation: What motivates individuals to self-improve over time so that they can learn from past experience, correct mistakes, and expand their ethical knowledge to new and unfamiliar circumstances? In this paper, it is argued that the motivation to increase one’s level of skillfulness in leading a virtuous life is supported by a specific identity goal, namely the goal to be a moral person. However, this moral identity goal needs to carry specific goal characteristics in order to effectively provide this motivation. It needs to be sufficiently abstract, internally motivated and promotion- rather than prevention-oriented. Research in developmental psychology suggests that the moral identity of children is rather concrete, externally motivated, and prevention-oriented. With development, higher levels of abstraction, internal motivation, and promotion-orientation gain importance providing an important motivational basis for a self-regulated process of virtue acquisition.
美德的获得可以被定义为一个自我调节的过程,在这个过程中,有意识的练习会导致越来越高的技能水平,从而过上有道德的生活。这一概念与哲学美德理论产生了共鸣,也与关于技能发展、专业知识、目标动机和自我调节的心理学模型相一致。然而,美德作为技能习得的概念提出了动机的关键问题:是什么促使个人随着时间的推移自我提高,以便他们能够从过去的经验中学习,纠正错误,并将他们的道德知识扩展到新的和不熟悉的环境中?本文认为,提高道德生活技能水平的动机是由一个特定的认同目标支持的,即成为一个有道德的人的目标。然而,这种道德认同目标需要带有特定的目标特征,才能有效地提供这种动机。它需要足够抽象、内部激励和促进而不是预防。发展心理学的研究表明,儿童的道德认同是相当具体的、外部激励的、以预防为导向的。随着发展,更高层次的抽象性、内在动机和提升导向变得重要起来,为美德习得的自我调节过程提供了重要的动机基础。
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引用次数: 0
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