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Applying Insights on Categorisation, Communication, and Dynamic Decision-Making: A Case Study of a ‘Simple’ Maritime Military Decision 应用分类、沟通和动态决策的见解:一个“简单”海上军事决策的案例研究
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-03-22 DOI: 10.1177/10892680221077242
C. Edmunds, Adam J. L. Harris, Magda Osman
A complete understanding of decision-making in military domains requires gathering insights from several fields of study. To make the task tractable, here we consider a specific example of short-term tactical decisions under uncertainty made by the military at sea. Through this lens, we sketch out relevant literature from three psychological tasks each underpinned by decision-making processes: categorisation, communication and choice. From the literature, we note two general cognitive tendencies that emerge across all three stages: the effect of cognitive load and individual differences. Drawing on these tendencies, we recommend strategies, tools and future research that could improve performance in military domains – but, by extension, would also generalise to other high-stakes contexts. In so doing, we show the extent to which domain general properties of high order cognition are sufficient in explaining behaviours in domain specific contexts.
全面了解军事领域的决策需要从几个研究领域收集见解。为了使任务易于处理,这里我们考虑一个具体的例子,即海上军队在不确定性下做出的短期战术决策。通过这个镜头,我们从三个心理任务中勾勒出相关文献,每个任务都以决策过程为基础:分类、沟通和选择。从文献中,我们注意到在这三个阶段中出现了两种普遍的认知趋势:认知负荷的影响和个体差异。根据这些趋势,我们推荐的策略、工具和未来的研究可以提高军事领域的表现,但也可以推广到其他高风险环境。通过这样做,我们展示了高阶认知的领域一般属性在多大程度上足以解释领域特定上下文中的行为。
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引用次数: 0
Integrated Constraints in Creativity: Foundations for a Unifying Model 创造力中的综合约束:统一模型的基础
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-03-04 DOI: 10.1177/10892680211060027
Catrinel Tromp
Despite their negative connotation, and the pervasiveness of blue-sky, outside-the-box thinking metaphors, constraints are at the heart of creativity. Using a multidisciplinary approach, as part of the Integrated Constraints in Creativity (IConIC) model, I propose that creative outcomes emerge from the successful leveraging of different types of constraints. I introduce a new, constraint-based definition of creativity, grounded in categorization theory, and parsimonious taxonomies of constraints based on which I outline testable predictions and corroborating evidence. I argue that constraints differ in terms of their flexibility (fixed, faux-fixed, or flexible) and functions (exclusionary or focusing), and in terms of whether they apply to the problem search time or the problem search space. Within the search space, constraints can refer to specific concepts or categories. I also advance a distinction between creativity maximizers and satisficers as a function of creativity goals, semantic networks, expertise, and the new constructs of constraint leveraging power and constraint leveraging mindset, that help to explain differences in successful integration of constraints for creativity and creative achievement.
尽管它们具有负面的内涵,而且蓝天、开箱即用的思维隐喻无处不在,但约束是创造力的核心。作为创造力综合约束(IConIC)模型的一部分,我使用多学科方法,提出创造性结果来自于成功利用不同类型的约束。我引入了一个新的、基于约束的创造力定义,基于分类理论,以及约束的简约分类法,在此基础上我概述了可测试的预测和确证。我认为,约束在灵活性(固定的、假固定的或灵活的)和功能(排除性或聚焦性)方面不同,在适用于问题搜索时间还是问题搜索空间方面也不同。在搜索空间中,约束可以指代特定的概念或类别。我还提出了创造力最大化者和满足者之间的区别,这是创造力目标、语义网络、专业知识以及约束杠杆能力和约束杠杆心态的新结构的函数,有助于解释成功整合创造力和创造性成就的约束的差异。
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引用次数: 8
Introduction: Replication of Crises - Interdisciplinary Reflections on the Phenomenon of the Replication Crisis in Psychology 引言:危机的复制——心理学复制危机现象的跨学科思考
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-03-02 DOI: 10.1177/10892680221077997
L. Malich, M. Munafo
The replication crisis has preoccupied psychology for over a decade and has led to many reform proposals. In this Special Issue, we argue that a reflexive discussion of both the replication crisis and possible reforms is crucial. With the plural ‘replication of crises’ in the title, we want to make clear that the current crisis is more than one. What is perceived as a crisis varies depending on the scientific field, theoretical background, and epistemological perspective. As a consequence, this Special Issue aims to promote both an intra-disciplinary dialogue between scientific and theoretical psychology, and an inter-disciplinary dialogue between psychology, the humanities and the social sciences. The individual contributions focus on three central questions: (1) What is specific about the replication crisis in psychology? (2) What are the connections between the replication crisis in psychology and that in other scientific fields? (3) What are possible underlying causes of the replication crisis in psychology, and what are the opportunities for improvement? Although each of the articles offers a unique and sometimes challenging perspective to understanding the replication crisis, they all share the assumption that we need to reflect in order to learn and improve.
十多年来,复制危机一直困扰着心理学,并引发了许多改革建议。在本期特刊中,我们认为对复制危机和可能的改革进行反思性讨论至关重要。通过在标题中使用复数形式的“危机的复制”,我们想表明当前的危机不止一次。什么被视为危机取决于科学领域、理论背景和认识论视角。因此,本期特刊旨在促进科学心理学与理论心理学之间的学科内对话,以及心理学与人文科学和社会科学之间的跨学科对话。个人的贡献集中在三个核心问题上:(1)心理学中的复制危机具体是什么?(2)心理学的复制危机与其他科学领域的复制危机之间有什么联系?(3)心理学中重复性危机的潜在原因是什么?改进的机会是什么?虽然每篇文章都提供了一个独特的、有时具有挑战性的视角来理解复制危机,但它们都有一个共同的假设,即为了学习和提高,我们需要反思。
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引用次数: 3
Replication and Reproduction: Crises in Psychology and Academic Labour 复制与再生产:心理学与学术劳动的危机
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-02-24 DOI: 10.1177/10892680211055660
F. Callard
Discussions of the replication crisis in psychology require more substantive analysis of the crisis of academic labour and of social reproduction in the university. Both the replication crisis and the crisis of social reproduction in the university describe a failure in processes of reproducing something. The financial crisis of 2007–8 shortly preceded the emergence of the replication crisis, as well as exacerbated ongoing tendencies in the organisation and practices of university research (particularly the use of precarious contracts and the adjunctification of research). These provide two reasons to address these two named crises together. But many analyses of and responses to the replication crisis turn to research culture, often at the expense of adequate investigations of research labour. Today’s psychological sciences are made through multiple forms of labour: these include researchers, who range from senior principal investigators to sub-contracted, and exploited, research assistants; research participants/subjects, who include those providing labour for experiments via exploitative platforms including Amazon Mechanical Turk; and workers providing heterogeneous technical and administrative labour. Through understanding what is at stake for these multiple forms of labour, psychology might better analyse problems besetting psychology today, as well as develop different imaginaries and practices for how to address them.
对心理学复制危机的讨论需要对大学学术劳动和社会再生产的危机进行更实质性的分析。大学中的复制危机和社会复制危机都描述了复制过程中的失败。2007-2008年的金融危机在复制危机出现之前不久,也加剧了大学研究的组织和实践中的持续趋势(特别是使用不稳定的合同和研究的辅助性)。这提供了两个理由来共同解决这两个命名的危机。但许多对复制危机的分析和应对措施都转向了研究文化,往往以牺牲对研究劳动力的充分调查为代价。今天的心理科学是通过多种劳动形式形成的:其中包括研究人员,从高级首席研究员到分包和剥削的研究助理;研究参与者/受试者,包括那些通过剥削性平台为实验提供劳动力的人,包括Amazon Mechanical Turk;以及提供不同技术和行政劳动力的工人。通过了解这些多种劳动形式的利害关系,心理学可以更好地分析当今困扰心理学的问题,并为如何解决这些问题发展不同的想象和实践。
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引用次数: 10
Intergroup Contact and Prejudice Reduction: Prospects and Challenges in Changing Youth Attitudes 族群间接触与减少偏见:改变青少年态度的前景与挑战
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-02-23 DOI: 10.1177/10892680211046517
Linda R. Tropp, F. White, Christina L. Rucinski, C. Tredoux
Intergroup contact has long been lauded as a key intervention to reduce prejudice and improve intergroup attitudes among youth. In this review, we summarize classic perspectives and new developments in the intergroup contact literature, highlighting both prospects and challenges associated with achieving desired youth outcomes through contact. First, we review literature showing how positive intergroup outcomes can be facilitated through cultivating optimal conditions for contact, as well as by attending to youth’s emotional responses to contact. We then discuss how desired contact outcomes may be inhibited by limited understanding of ways in which contact strategies may affect youth across developmental stages, as well as by limited focus on societal inequalities and intergroup conflict, which require examination of outcomes beyond prejudice reduction. We also review growing bodies of research on indirect contact strategies—such as extended contact, vicarious contact, and online contact—showing many options that can be used to promote positive relations among youth from diverse backgrounds, beyond the contact literature’s traditional focus on face-to-face interaction. We conclude this review by acknowledging how understanding both prospects and challenges associated with implementing contact strategies can enhance our capacity to prepare youth to embrace group differences and build more inclusive societies.
长期以来,群体间接触一直被称赞为减少偏见和改善青年群体间态度的关键干预措施。在这篇综述中,我们总结了群体间接触文献的经典观点和新发展,强调了通过接触实现预期青年成果的前景和挑战。首先,我们回顾了文献,展示了如何通过培养最佳接触条件以及关注青少年对接触的情绪反应来促进积极的群体间结果。然后,我们讨论了期望的接触结果是如何被有限的理解所抑制的,因为接触策略可能会影响青少年的发展阶段,以及对社会不平等和群体间冲突的有限关注,这需要对减少偏见之外的结果进行检查。我们还回顾了越来越多的关于间接接触策略的研究——如延伸接触、间接接触和在线接触——展示了许多可以用来促进来自不同背景的年轻人之间积极关系的选择,超越了接触文学传统上对面对面互动的关注。在总结这篇综述时,我们认识到,理解与实施接触策略相关的前景和挑战,可以增强我们的能力,帮助年轻人接受群体差异,建设更具包容性的社会。
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引用次数: 11
Early Experimental Psychology: How did Replication Work Before P-Hacking? 早期实验心理学:在P破解之前复制是如何工作的?
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-02-04 DOI: 10.1177/10892680211066468
Annette Mülberger
For many researchers, replication is still the “gold standard” that is crucial for verifying scientific findings (see, for example, Frank & Saxe, 2012; Iso-Ahola, 2020; Witte & Zenker, 2017). Indeed, Crandall and Sherman (2016) declared that: “[t]here is no controversy over the need for replication; virtually all scientists and philosophers of science endorse the notion that replication of one sort or another is absolutely essential” (p. 94). In recent decades, this has led to widespread concern because few experimental findings are actually being confirmed in this way (see, for example, Pashler & Wagenmakers, 2012; Reproducibility Project: Psychology; Wiggins & Chrisopherson, 2019). Before it is possible to plan how to remedy this situation, the reasons for the lack of replications must be identified. “Questionable research practices” such as p-hacking or post-hoc hypothesizing, the “file-drawer problem,” are often cited as contributing to the problem (Romero, 2019; Wiggins & Chrisopherson, 2019). These research practices are firmly embeddedwithin a scientific culture that is characterized by a highly competitive academic environment and a reward system that dissuades rather than encouraging replication (Crandall & Sherman, 2016; Romero, 2019). This setting fosters personal ambition, urging researchers to come up with innovative and ambitious projects continually and to publish as many papers as possible. Meanwhile, most journals only publish reports of original research offering statistically significant results, which has led to a “publication bias” (Romero, 2017). Replicability problems, as Pashler and Wagenmakers (2012) stated, “reflect deep-seated human biases and well entrenched incentives that shape the behavior of individuals and institutions” (p. 529). Fraud cases, such as that involving Diederik Stapel, show just how far a person might be willing to go when succumbing to such pressures (Stroebe, Postmes, & Spears, 2012; Derksen, 2021). Whether replication is really necessary and whether the problematic research practices mentioned above are due more to the present reward system, general human biases or an incorrect statistical or philosophical understanding are still open questions (Feest, 2019; Flis, 2019; Morawski, 2019). Given such uncertainties, it seems interesting to explore how research was undertaken in the past, when the current institutional conditions did not pertain—or at least, not yet fully. Stated differently: If the current replicability problem is related to recent research practices that have appeared as part of academic life in times of neoliberal capitalism and “big science,” then we might assume that replication worked differently in the past. Thus, in the present paper, I adopt a historical stance to reveal characteristics of nineteenth-century psychology experimental research practices and to describe the way research was replicated. The original experiments I present in this paper are well known, dating from 186
对许多研究人员来说,复制仍然是验证科学发现至关重要的“金标准”(例如,参见Frank和Saxe,2012;Iso Ahola,2020;Witte和Zenker,2017)。事实上,Crandall和Sherman(2016)宣称:“复制的必要性没有争议;几乎所有的科学家和科学哲学家都赞同这样或那样的复制是绝对必要的”(第94页)。近几十年来,这引起了人们的广泛关注,因为很少有实验发现能以这种方式得到证实(例如,参见Pashler&Wagenmakers,2012;再现性项目:心理学;威金斯和克里索弗森,2019)。在计划如何补救这种情况之前,必须确定缺少复制的原因。“有问题的研究实践”,如p-黑客攻击或事后假设,即“文件抽屉问题”,经常被认为是导致该问题的原因(Romero,2019;Wiggins&Chrispherson,2019)。这些研究实践牢牢植根于一种科学文化中,这种文化的特点是竞争激烈的学术环境和鼓励而非鼓励复制的奖励制度(Crandall&Sherman,2016;罗梅罗,2019)。这种环境培养了个人的雄心,促使研究人员不断提出创新和雄心勃勃的项目,并发表尽可能多的论文。与此同时,大多数期刊只发表具有统计意义的原始研究报告,这导致了“发表偏见”(Romero,2017)。正如Pashler和Wagenmakers(2012)所指出的,可复制性问题“反映了根深蒂固的人类偏见和根深蒂固的激励因素,这些因素塑造了个人和机构的行为”(第529页)。欺诈案件,如涉及Diederik Stapel的案件,表明了一个人在屈服于这种压力时可能愿意走多远(Stroebe,Postmes,&Spears,2012;Derksen,2021)。复制是否真的有必要,以及上述有问题的研究实践是否更多地是由于目前的奖励制度、普遍的人类偏见或不正确的统计或哲学理解,仍然是悬而未决的问题(Feest,2019;Flis,2019;Morawski,2019)。考虑到这些不确定性,探索过去的研究是如何进行的似乎很有趣,当时的制度条件并不适用——或者至少还没有完全适用。换句话说:如果当前的可复制性问题与最近的研究实践有关,这些研究实践在新自由主义资本主义和“大科学”时代作为学术生活的一部分出现,那么我们可能会认为复制在过去的效果不同。因此,在本文中,我采用历史的立场来揭示19世纪心理学实验研究实践的特点,并描述研究的复制方式。我在本文中提出的最初实验是众所周知的,可以追溯到1860年至1900年,这一时期欧洲发生了重要变化,如工业化、工人运动和现代民族国家的宪法。在这一时期,德国大学的普鲁士模式(Charle,2004)在化学、物理、生理学、哲学和心理学等领域提供了广泛的人文主义和彻底的实验培训,这是一门刚刚兴起的实验科学,拥有自己的科学界(Ash,1980;Bringmann和Tweney,1980;Rieber和Robinson,2001)。当进行第一次复制时,无论是年轻的研究人员还是资深教授,都没有承受“出版或灭亡”的压力,期刊也还没有充当基于p值做出决定的看门人。通常情况下,研究人员在发表研究结果之前进行了多年的耐心实验。因此,复制在心理学研究中扮演了什么角色?
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引用次数: 2
Creators of the Vocabulary of Anglophone Psychology and Their Relationships 英语心理学词汇的创造者及其关系
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-01-31 DOI: 10.1177/10892680211064293
J. Benjafield
The vocabulary of anglophone psychology largely developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The creators of this vocabulary include such well-known names as William James, Joan Riviere, E. L. Thorndike, and James Strachey. Along with others, they invented many new words and word meanings for psychology. The more a psychologist responded to the need for new vocabulary the more likely were they to be mentioned in publications. Moreover, linguistically creative psychologists occurred together in publications to a greater extent than less linguistically creative psychologists, with William James having the most co-occurrences. A network is presented that links each member of a sample of 59 linguistically creative psychologists to the other member of the sample with whom they most frequently co-occur (e.g., E. L. Thorndike co-occurs most frequently with William James). For each pair, we provide brief descriptions of their similarities and/or differences. There is also a cluster of translators who created new English words and word meanings in order to capture the meanings of words in other languages that had no satisfactory equivalents in English. Generally speaking, the more success psychologists have had in filling the lacunae in psychology’s vocabulary, the more they have been recognized by others.
以英语为母语的心理学词汇主要是在19世纪和20世纪初发展起来的。这些词汇的创造者包括威廉·詹姆斯、琼·里维埃、e·l·桑代克和詹姆斯·斯特雷奇等知名人士。他们和其他人一起为心理学发明了许多新词和词义。心理学家对新词汇的需求反应越强烈,他们就越有可能在出版物中被提及。此外,具有语言创造力的心理学家比缺乏语言创造力的心理学家在出版物中一起出现的程度更大,其中威廉·詹姆斯(William James)的共同出现次数最多。本文提出了一个网络,将59名语言创造性心理学家样本中的每一位成员与他们最常共同出现的样本中的另一位成员联系起来(例如,E. L.桑代克与威廉·詹姆斯最常共同出现)。对于每一对,我们都简要描述了它们的相似点和/或不同点。还有一群翻译人员创造了新的英语单词和词义,以便捕捉其他语言中没有令人满意的英语对等词的意思。一般来说,心理学家在填补心理学词汇的空白方面越成功,他们就越得到别人的认可。
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引用次数: 0
The Function of Literature in Psychological Science 文学在心理科学中的作用
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-01-21 DOI: 10.1177/10892680211066466
I. Flis
The recent reform debates in psychological science, prompted by a widespread crisis of confidence, have exposed and destabilized the so-called myth of self-correction, that is, the problem that most scientists perceive their disciplines as self-correcting without engaging in actual practices that correct the scientific record. In this paper, building on the idea of self-correction as a myth, I propose another myth common to psychological science: the myth of self-organization. The myth of self-organization is the idea that scientific literature will organize itself into something the community adding to it would recognize as systematic knowledge; while the actual members of those communities do not engage in effective ways of organizing it. I argue for the existence of the myth self-organization by taking a historical look at how the scientific literature was construed by psychologists during the 20th century. In my view, the literature, and behaviors of scientists related to it, becomes a social institution exerting influence over the science it belongs to. I conclude with a critical discussion of self-organization through the debates about preregistration and theory formalization in psychology’s reform movement.
由于普遍的信心危机,最近心理科学领域的改革辩论暴露并破坏了所谓的自我纠正神话,即大多数科学家认为他们的学科是自我纠正的,而没有参与纠正科学记录的实际实践。在这篇论文中,基于自我修正作为一个神话的观点,我提出了另一个心理学常见的神话:自组织神话。自组织的神话是这样一种观点,即科学文献会将自己组织成一种社区认为是系统知识的东西;而这些社区的实际成员并没有以有效的方式组织它。我通过对20世纪心理学家如何解释科学文献的历史考察,为神话自组织的存在辩护。在我看来,文学以及与之相关的科学家的行为,成为了一种对其所属科学产生影响的社会制度。最后,我通过心理学改革运动中关于预注册和理论形式化的辩论,对自组织进行了批判性的讨论。
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引用次数: 3
Making Sense of Culture for the Psychological Sciences 心理科学的文化意义
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-01-20 DOI: 10.1177/10892680211066473
Nandita Chaudhary, G. Misra, P. Bansal, J. Valsiner, Tushar Singh
In this article, we examine the place of culture in the human sciences with specific reference to psychology and the cultural histories of India. Despite the depth of scholarly writing on the intimate and inextricable ties between culture and psychological processes, core advancements and definitive positions in psychology have remained elusive. The privileging of a single culturally specific world-view alongside the exclusion of others has seriously hindered the authentic internationalization of psychology. We propose that linkages between culture and psychology need to be visualized as a dialogue between different cultural traditions. In the dialectics between bheda–abheda (difference and non-difference), structural-developmental, dispositional-relational, and social-collective processes will be invoked to develop our arguments for a human-science approach to the study of persons in culture. We argue that it is through the inclusion, rather than suppression, of diverse ideologies that generalizability can be best achieved. This is a call for an audit and reconstruction of psychology and its practices as an international discipline with a roadmap for theory construction and research informed by a cultural psychological approach toward human phenomena.
在这篇文章中,我们考察了文化在人文科学中的地位,具体涉及心理学和印度的文化历史。尽管关于文化和心理过程之间密切而不可分割的联系的学术著作有深度,但心理学的核心进步和明确立场仍然难以捉摸。对一种特定文化世界观的特权,以及对其他文化世界观的排斥,严重阻碍了心理学的真正国际化。我们建议,文化与心理学之间的联系需要被可视化为不同文化传统之间的对话。在差异与非差异之间的辩证法中,结构-发展、倾向-关系和社会-集体过程将被引用,以发展我们对文化中人的人类科学研究方法的论点。我们认为,正是通过包容而不是压制不同的意识形态,才能最好地实现普遍性。这是对心理学及其实践作为一门国际学科进行审计和重建的呼吁,并为理论建设和研究提供路线图,并通过文化心理学方法来了解人类现象。
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引用次数: 6
Decoloniality and Disruption of the Scientific Status Quo: Dissemination of Universal Theoretical Assumptions in International Research 非殖民化和科学现状的破坏:国际研究中普遍理论假设的传播
IF 4.2 2区 心理学 Q1 Psychology Pub Date : 2022-01-19 DOI: 10.1177/10892680211065169
Ana Luiza de França Sá, Giuseppina Marsico
The challenges faced by science in the international communication process range from the choice of philosophical and epistemological assumptions used in scientific research to the choice of participants who comprise the sample of the studies produced. There is, in the hierarchy of scientific production, Westernized trends of theoretical assumptions that predominate. The challenge of producing and communicating scientific knowledge is now guided by a review that geographically and philosophically shifts the Western prominent place. The purpose of this article is use a decolonial perspective to theoretically problematize scientific practice and the process of publishing its results. It criticizes the assembly line in which psychology ends, especially in the publication of results as a condition for the constitution of scientific communities. The scientific community can assist in the dissemination of a certain theory, but it can also constitute an obstacle to new ideas. It points to decoloniality as an alternative path as a possibility of breaking with the production-line logic of publications. By presenting the example of González Rey’s theory of subjectivity, it advocates the history-education-time tripod as necessary elements to address contemporary crises studied by psychology. The article demonstrates the possibility of rupture with the market-related scientific status quo.
科学在国际交流过程中面临的挑战范围广泛,从科学研究中使用的哲学和认识论假设的选择到所产生的研究样本的参与者的选择。在科学生产的等级制度中,理论假设的西方化趋势占主导地位。生产和传播科学知识的挑战现在受到一种审视的指导,这种审视在地理上和哲学上改变了西方的突出地位。这篇文章的目的是用一个非殖民化的角度来从理论上对科学实践和发表其结果的过程提出问题。它批评了心理学终结的流水线,尤其是将结果的发表作为构成科学共同体的条件。科学界可以帮助某种理论的传播,但它也可能成为新思想的障碍。它指出,非殖民化是一种替代途径,是打破出版物生产线逻辑的一种可能性。本文以González雷伊的主体性理论为例,倡导将历史-教育-时间三脚架作为解决心理学研究的当代危机的必要要素。文章论证了与市场相关的科学现状决裂的可能性。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Review of General Psychology
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