Social Problems最新文献

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Correction to: Communication and Decision-Making Processes: Group-level Determinants of State Performance 更正:沟通和决策过程:国家绩效的群体层面决定因素

2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Problems

Pub Date : 2023-03-16 DOI: 10.1093/socpro/spad010

引用次数: 0

Precarious Legal Patchworking: Detained Immigrants’ Access to Justice 不稳定的法律修补：被拘留移民诉诸司法

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Problems

Pub Date : 2023-03-10 DOI: 10.1093/socpro/spad009

Mirian G. Martinez‐Aranda

As immigration enforcement increases, so does the detention of immigrants facing the threat of deportation. Detained without the support of a public defender system—a feature of U.S. immigration law—immigrants face a complex immigration court that is adversarial and can produce dire consequences, including family and community exile, violence, or even death, if they are deported. This paper chronicles the experiences of formerly detained immigrants and how they sought to access justice through multiple means while detained. To win their freedom from detention, they engaged in “precarious legal patchworking” (PLP), during which they haphazardly cobbled together legal resources and assistance from multiple sources, including pro-bono aid, Jailhouse Lawyers, and social networks. PLP speaks to the person’s tenacity amidst precarity, but it also unveils the fragility of this strategy because patchworking can extend detention or complicate one’s case. The lack of access to counsel is a form of legal violence, and stratifying access to representation in this way creates an underclass of people who are systematically denied justice.

随着移民执法的加强，面临驱逐威胁的移民被拘留的情况也在增加。在没有公共辩护系统支持的情况下被拘留——这是美国移民法的一个特点——移民面临一个复杂的移民法庭，这个法庭是对抗性的，如果他们被驱逐出境，可能会产生可怕的后果，包括家庭和社区流亡、暴力，甚至死亡。本文记录了以前被拘留的移民的经历，以及他们在被拘留期间如何通过多种手段寻求司法公正。为了不被拘留，他们进行了“不稳定的法律拼凑”(PLP)，在此期间，他们随意拼凑法律资源和来自多种渠道的援助，包括无偿援助、监狱律师和社会网络。PLP说明了人在不稳定中的坚韧，但它也揭示了这种策略的脆弱性，因为拼凑会延长拘留时间或使一个人的案件复杂化。缺乏获得法律顾问的机会是一种法律暴力，以这种方式将获得代理的机会分层，造成了一个被系统地剥夺正义的下层阶级。

引用次数: 2

Too “Full of Gender” How Activists Conceptualize the Promises and Pitfalls of Gender-Neutral Identity Documents 过于“充满性别”活动家如何看待中性身份证件的承诺和陷阱

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Problems

Pub Date : 2023-03-09 DOI: 10.1093/socpro/spad008

Abigail C. Saguy

The social movements literature identifies a dilemma that activists face between principles of affirming and deconstructing identity. Drawing on in-depth interviews with 85 activists from diverse political perspectives, this article shows that, in discussing identity documents (IDs), progressive activists took a practical approach that recognized both the advantages and drawbacks of recognition. They expressed support both for initiatives that would provide additional sex/gender marker options—beyond M or F—on IDs and those that would remove sex/gender markers from IDs altogether. This article argues that progressives readily perceived the drawbacks of recognition in the case of IDs because this context—more than others—cues concerns about state regulation and surveillance. Conservatives, who advocate for limiting government power in other contexts, were less likely than progressives to support the idea of removing sex/gender markers from government IDs, appealing to other priorities to justify this stance. Together, these findings underscore the extent to which expediency motivates social activists. They also show how both political orientation and social context shape preferences for emphasizing versus de-emphasizing sex/gender.

社会运动文献指出了活动家在确认身份和解构身份的原则之间面临的困境。本文从不同的政治角度对85名活动家进行了深入采访，结果表明，在讨论身份证件时，进步活动家采取了一种切实可行的方法，既认识到了承认的优点，也认识到了认可的缺点。他们表示支持在身份证上提供除M或F之外的额外性别/性别标记选项的举措，也支持从身份证中完全删除性别/性别标志的举措。这篇文章认为，进步派很容易察觉到身份证识别的缺陷，因为这种情况比其他情况更能引发人们对国家监管和监督的担忧。主张在其他情况下限制政府权力的保守派比进步派不太可能支持从政府身份证中删除性别/性别标记的想法，并呼吁其他优先事项来证明这一立场的合理性。总之，这些发现强调了权宜之计在多大程度上激励了社会活动家。他们还展示了政治取向和社会背景如何塑造强调与不强调性别/性别的偏好。

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引用次数: 0

Vaccine Hesitancy and the Accumulation of Distrust 疫苗犹豫和不信任的积累

2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Problems

Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.1093/socpro/spad006

Claire Laurier Decoteau, Paige L Sweet

Abstract Scholarship on vaccine hesitancy portrays racially marginalized populations as undervaccinated, undereducated, or under the influence of social movements. However, these explanations cannot account for vaccine hesitancy among the Somali diaspora in Minneapolis. Drawing on interviews with Somali parents and health, education, and government professionals in Minneapolis, we argue that vaccine hesitancy among marginalized populations stems from accumulated distrust. Somalis’ distrust is relationally produced through their interactions with the healthcare system, where they experience both epistemic and corporeal harm. When health experts ignore Somalis’ history, knowledge, and embodied experiences, distrust accumulates. Our account reveals different expressions of vaccine hesitancy, thus highlighting the contingent, relational, and cumulative nature of distrust.

关于疫苗犹豫的学术研究将种族边缘化人群描述为未接种疫苗、受教育程度低或受社会运动影响的人群。然而，这些解释不能解释明尼阿波利斯的索马里侨民对疫苗的犹豫。通过对索马里父母以及明尼阿波利斯的卫生、教育和政府专业人员的采访，我们认为边缘化人群对疫苗的犹豫源于累积的不信任。索马里人的不信任是通过他们与医疗系统的互动产生的，在那里他们经历了认知和身体上的伤害。当卫生专家忽视索马里人的历史、知识和具体经验时，不信任就会积累起来。我们的报告揭示了疫苗犹豫的不同表现形式，从而突出了不信任的偶然性、相关性和累积性。

引用次数: 0

On Our Own: Social Distance, Physical Loneliness, and Structural Isolation in the COVID-19 Pandemic 我们自己：新冠肺炎大流行中的社交距离、身体孤独和结构隔离

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Problems

Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1093/socpro/spad003

E. Klinenberg, Jenny K. Leigh

The early months of the COVID-19 pandemic were defined by distance and isolation, raising concerns about widespread loneliness. Drawing on 55 in-depth interviews with residents of New York City who lived alone during the first wave of the pandemic, this article examines the experience of living alone and dealing with loneliness during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, asking: What are the specific aspects of being or feeling alone that cause distress? Four key themes emerged from the interviews. First, although most interviewees reported experiencing loneliness at some point during the pandemic, they described themselves as being quite socially connected to friends and family. Second, being physically alone was especially distressing. Third, city residents who lived alone struggled with the loss of everyday interactions with neighbors and familiar strangers who had previously provided regular companionship in public gathering places. Fourth, solo dwellers reported that despite the social and emotional challenges of living alone, feeling abandoned or marginalized by society at large – a phenomenon that we refer to as “structural isolation” – was ultimately a greater emotional burden. These findings highlight the importance of social and structural dimensions of loneliness, helping to sharpen our existing sociological conceptualization of loneliness.

新冠肺炎大流行的最初几个月是由距离和隔离定义的，这引发了人们对普遍孤独的担忧。本文对第一波疫情期间独自生活的纽约市居民进行了55次深入采访，研究了新冠肺炎疫情最初几个月的独自生活和应对孤独的经历，并提出了以下问题：独自生活或感觉孤独会导致痛苦的具体方面是什么？采访中出现了四个关键主题。首先，尽管大多数受访者报告称在疫情期间的某个时候经历了孤独，但他们表示自己与朋友和家人的社交联系非常紧密。其次，身体上的孤独尤其令人痛苦。第三，独自生活的城市居民正在努力摆脱与邻居和熟悉的陌生人的日常互动，这些陌生人以前在公共聚会场所提供定期陪伴。第四，单身居民报告说，尽管独自生活带来了社会和情感挑战，但感觉被整个社会抛弃或边缘化——我们称之为“结构性孤立”的现象——最终是更大的情感负担。这些发现突出了孤独的社会和结构维度的重要性，有助于强化我们现有的孤独的社会学概念。

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引用次数: 2

Beyond Biological Essentialism: White Nationalism, Health Disparities Data, and the Cultivation of Lay Agnotology 超越生物本质主义:白人民族主义、健康差异数据和外行不可知论的培养

2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Problems

Pub Date : 2023-02-28 DOI: 10.1093/socpro/spad007

Kushan Dasgupta, Nicole Iturriaga, Aaron Panofsky

Abstract Scholars and practitioners position health disparities research as an important tool for redressing race-based inequities and re-conceptualizing racialized health outcomes in non-essentialist terms. Given this context, we explore a peculiar phenomenon, which is the circulation of such research among white nationalists. We discover that white nationalists incorporate and respond to health disparities research not solely to defend racist and essentialist reasoning, but also to project a discourse that indicts the science establishment for ostensibly incorporating liberal politics, corrupting inquiry, and obfuscating understanding of biology in the name of anti-racism or social constructionism. We term this practice “lay agnotology,” as it involves white nationalists capitalizing on their role as non-specialists to charge the health disparities field and its expert contributors with an alleged set of institutionalized biases that produce ignorance about the “truth” of race. We connect this finding to the literature on racialized ignorance, as it demonstrates how stories about the institutional nature of science can be as central to myth-making about race as stories about the scientific nature of people.

学者和从业者将健康差异研究定位为解决基于种族的不平等和以非本质主义术语重新概念化种族化健康结果的重要工具。在这种背景下，我们探讨了一个特殊的现象，即这种研究在白人民族主义者中流传。我们发现，白人民族主义者纳入并回应健康差异研究，不仅是为了捍卫种族主义和本质主义的推理，也是为了提出一种话语，指责科学机构表面上纳入自由政治，腐败的调查，并以反种族主义或社会建构主义的名义混淆对生物学的理解。我们把这种做法称为“外行不可知论”，因为它涉及到白人民族主义者利用他们非专业人士的角色，用所谓的一系列制度化偏见来指责健康差距领域及其专家贡献者，这些偏见导致了对种族“真相”的无知。我们将这一发现与关于种族化无知的文献联系起来，因为它证明了关于科学的制度本质的故事如何能像关于人的科学本质的故事一样，成为制造种族神话的核心。

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引用次数: 0

Communication and Decision-Making Processes: Group-level Determinants of State Performance 沟通与决策过程:国家绩效的群体层面决定因素

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Problems

Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1093/socpro/spad002

Luiz Vilaça

Dominant explanations for variation in performance between state organizations focus on macro-level factors, such as political support, and meso-level factors, such as civil service capacity. However, these factors cannot account for why different groups within the same state organization perform better than others. I leverage a comparative analysis of state officials working under particularly challenging circumstances—task forces of prosecutors investigating high-level corruption in Brazil—to develop a framework to explain how small-group communication and decision-making processes affect performance. Drawing on document analysis and 124 original interviews with federal investigators, I argue that, even when we account for macro- and meso-level factors, prosecutors performed better when they cultivated frequent communication and collective decision-making. This study shows the mechanisms through which these processes affect performance: while frequent communication enables group members to generate knowledge connections that help them make unforeseen discoveries, collective decision-making helps build defensive alignment, which allows members to protect the group from external pressures and manage internal tensions.

对国家组织之间绩效差异的主要解释集中在宏观层面的因素上，如政治支持，以及微观层面的因素，如公务员能力。然而，这些因素并不能解释为什么同一个国家组织中的不同群体表现得比其他群体更好。我对在特别具有挑战性的情况下工作的国家官员——调查巴西高层腐败的检察官工作队——进行了比较分析，以制定一个框架来解释小团体沟通和决策过程如何影响绩效。根据文件分析和对联邦调查人员的124次原始采访，我认为，即使考虑到宏观和微观因素，检察官在培养频繁的沟通和集体决策时也表现得更好。这项研究展示了这些过程影响绩效的机制：虽然频繁的沟通使团队成员能够产生知识联系，帮助他们做出不可预见的发现，但集体决策有助于建立防御联盟，使成员能够保护团队免受外部压力并管理内部紧张局势。

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引用次数: 0

How Long Does Madness Take? Time and the Construction of Mental Illness in Community Mental Health Work 疯狂需要多长时间？时间与社区精神卫生工作中精神疾病的构建

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Problems

Pub Date : 2023-02-25 DOI: 10.1093/socpro/spad005

Owen Whooley

How do temporal understandings shape the construction of social problems and the work of addressing them? This article takes up a social problem with an explicit time dimension – severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) – to advocate for a focus on time in the analysis of social problems. Drawing on interviews with community mental health workers (n=100) and observations of a police department and a psychiatric emergency department, I show how the work of these organizations yields two distinct sociotemporal orders – what I deem pursuing quick closure for police and rushing to wait for emergency hospital staff. The sociotemporal orders influence how these workers construct and approach the problem of SPMI. While these sociotemporal orders enable coordination within organizations, they produce temporal incongruence across organizations, which leads to conflict and undermines wider system coordination. Because police and hospital staff are not on the same time, their organizations are not on the same page. This article underscores the extent to which local constructions of social problems carry temporal assumptions that have practical effects on the work of ameliorating such problems. I conclude by discussing how this temporal analysis provides insight into the operation of power in community mental health.

时间上的理解如何塑造社会问题的构建和解决这些问题的工作？本文探讨了一个具有明确时间维度的社会问题——严重和持续性精神疾病（SPMI）——以倡导在分析社会问题时关注时间。根据对社区精神卫生工作者（n=100）的采访以及对警察局和精神病急诊科的观察，我展示了这些组织的工作是如何产生两种不同的社会时间秩序的——我认为是追求警察的快速关闭和匆忙等待急诊医院工作人员。社会时间秩序影响着这些工作者如何构建和处理SPMI问题。虽然这些社会时间秩序能够实现组织内部的协调，但它们会在组织之间产生时间上的不一致，从而导致冲突并破坏更广泛的系统协调。由于警察和医院工作人员不在同一时间，他们的组织也不在同一起。这篇文章强调了社会问题的局部结构在多大程度上带有时间假设，这些假设对改善这些问题的工作具有实际影响。最后，我讨论了这种时间分析如何深入了解权力在社区心理健康中的运作。

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引用次数: 0

Live and (Let) Die – Shifting Legitimacies and Organizational Mortality in American Higher Education, 1944–2018 生存和(让)死亡——1944-2018年美国高等教育的转移合法性和组织死亡率

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Problems

Pub Date : 2023-02-17 DOI: 10.1093/socpro/spad001

Mike Zapp, Clarissa Dahmen

Sociologists of U.S. higher education have emphasized the sector’s historical expansion, which has limited the attention given to the dynamics of organizational closure. Drawing on an original dataset comprising colleges and universities across all sectors and tiers, we show how general expansion is tempered by 354 organizational closures between 1944 and 2018. Closures cluster in time between 1964 and 1974 and after 2008 reflecting shifting causes of and responses to legitimacy loss. Analyses provide support for hypotheses drawn from institutional theory, and, while controlling for a number of variables, identify two main causes of college mortality. These are demographic exclusivity, i.e., women’s and (historically) Black college status, and accreditation. Mortality of exclusionary institutions is further associated with social activism and the system-wide diffusion of related group-differentiated study programs, particularly in the period 1944–1979. By contrast, accreditation becomes more important in the post-1980 period.

美国高等教育的社会学家强调了该部门的历史扩张，这限制了对组织关闭动态的关注。利用包含所有部门和层次的学院和大学的原始数据集，我们展示了1944年至2018年期间354个组织关闭如何缓和了总体扩张。关闭的时间集中在1964年至1974年之间和2008年之后，反映了合法性丧失的原因和应对措施的变化。分析为从制度理论中得出的假设提供了支持，并且在控制了许多变量的同时，确定了大学死亡率的两个主要原因。这些是人口统计学上的排他性，即女性和(历史上)黑人大学的地位，以及认证。排他性机构的死亡率进一步与社会行动主义和相关群体差异研究项目的全系统扩散有关，特别是在1944-1979年期间。相比之下，认证在1980年后变得更加重要。

引用次数: 0

"The Squeaky Wheel Gets the Grease": Rental Assistance Applicants' Quests for a Rationed and Scarce Resource. "吱吱作响的轮子得到润滑油"：租金援助申请者对定量配给的稀缺资源的追求》（Rental Assistance Applicants' Quests for a Rationed and Scarce Resource.

IF 3.2 2区社会学 Q1 SOCIOLOGY

Social Problems

Pub Date : 2023-02-01 Epub Date: 2021-08-17 DOI: 10.1093/socpro/spab035

Danya E Keene, Alana Rosenberg, Penelope Schlesinger, Shannon Whittaker, Linda Niccolai, Kim M Blankenship

In 2016, only one in five eligible U.S. households received rental assistance and waiting lists averaged two years nationally. The gap between available rental assistance and need requires systems to allocate this scarce resource. The way potential rental assistance recipients experience and navigate these systems is likely to shape who ultimately receives assistance. We draw on repeated qualitative interviews (N=238) with low-income New Haven residents (N=54) to examine how participants understand and navigate rental assistance applications and waiting lists. Participants encountered multiple challenges in their search for rental assistance. They described an opaque and complex application and waiting process requiring significant knowledge to navigate. They also described considerable labor associated with monitoring waiting lists, a challenge made more difficult for some by their lack of a stable address. Additionally, participants described significant labor and knowledge required to strategically navigate prioritization systems that often required them to advocate for their deservingness of scarce housing resources. Our findings suggest that the allocation of rental assistance through complex processes that depend on applicant knowledge, labor, and advocacy may create barriers to housing, particularly for more vulnerable and marginalized housing seekers.

2016 年，只有五分之一符合条件的美国家庭获得了租房援助，全国平均等待时间为两年。可用租房援助与需求之间的差距需要系统来分配这一稀缺资源。潜在的租房补助领取者体验和驾驭这些系统的方式很可能会影响最终获得补助的人。我们通过对纽黑文低收入居民（54 人）的反复定性访谈（238 人），研究了参与者如何理解和驾驭租金援助申请和等待名单。参与者在寻找租房援助时遇到了多重挑战。他们描述了一个不透明且复杂的申请和等待过程，需要大量的知识才能驾驭。他们还描述了与监督等候名单相关的大量工作，由于缺乏稳定的地址，一些人面临的挑战变得更加困难。此外，参加者还描述了在战略上驾驭优先次序系统所需的大量人力和知识，这些系统往往要求他们为自己应得的稀缺住房资源进行宣传。我们的研究结果表明，通过复杂的程序分配租房补助取决于申请人的知识、劳动和宣传，这可能会给住房造成障碍，尤其是对更弱势和边缘化的住房寻求者而言。

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引用次数: 12

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