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Intuitive prosociality: heterogeneous treatment effects or false positive? 直觉亲社会性:异质性治疗效果还是假阳性?
IF 2.3 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2025.102873
Amanda Kvarven , Eirik Strømland , Gaute Torsvik
This paper uses a randomized experiment on a representative sample from the Norwegian population (N = 1368) to test whether prosocial behavior is intuitive. We use time pressure to capture intuitive decision making and a dictator game to measure prosocial behavior. We also estimate and test for “population heterogeneity” in the effect size. First, we exogenously vary subject experience with economic games to test whether experience influences the treatment effect. Second, we leverage our data structure to conduct a “pseudo meta-analysis,” assessing effect size heterogeneity across several potential sources of heterogeneity. This helps us assess whether prior findings in the literature stem from false positives or genuine heterogeneity in effect sizes. Our results show no evidence that experience with economic experiments moderates the time pressure effect. The estimated heterogeneity in effect sizes in the pseudo meta-analysis is negligible. Further, we cannot reject the null hypothesis of a uniform p-value distribution, and our rejection rate aligns with the expected 5 % from chance alone. These findings support the view that the apparent link between prosocial behavior and intuitive processing is likely due to false positives rather than heterogeneous treatment effects.
本文采用挪威人口代表性样本(N = 1368)的随机实验来检验亲社会行为是否具有直觉性。我们用时间压力来捕捉直觉决策,用独裁者游戏来衡量亲社会行为。我们还估计和检验了效应大小中的“群体异质性”。首先,我们通过经济博弈外生性地改变受试者的经验,以检验经验是否会影响治疗效果。其次,我们利用我们的数据结构进行“伪元分析”,评估几个潜在异质性来源的效应大小异质性。这有助于我们评估文献中的先前发现是源于假阳性还是效应大小的真正异质性。我们的研究结果表明,没有证据表明经济实验的经验会调节时间压力效应。伪荟萃分析中效应大小的估计异质性可以忽略不计。此外,我们不能拒绝统一p值分布的零假设,我们的拒绝率与预期的5%保持一致。这些发现支持了亲社会行为和直觉处理之间的明显联系可能是由于假阳性而不是异质性治疗效果。
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引用次数: 0
Outcome bias in managerial decisions 管理决策的结果偏差
IF 2.3 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2025.102872
Jan C. van Ours
Decisions informed by past events can be distorted when outcomes partially determined by chance are misinterpreted as being purely skill-based. This can lead to outcome bias, where decisions are evaluated based on results rather than on the quality of the performance that produced them. Outcome bias is prevalent across various domains, including managerial decision-making. This paper investigates outcome bias in professional football, a highly competitive industry. The analysis focuses on managers who were replaced mid-season between 2017/18 and 2024/25 in the top divisions of the five major European football leagues. The main finding is that clubs tend to change managers in response to recent match results rather than to underlying performance indicators. This behavior reflects an economically inefficient decision-making process driven by outcome bias.
当部分由偶然决定的结果被误解为纯粹基于技能时,根据过去事件做出的决定可能会被扭曲。这可能导致结果偏差,即决策是根据结果而不是根据产生这些结果的绩效质量来评估的。结果偏差在各个领域都很普遍,包括管理决策。本文研究了职业足球这个竞争激烈的行业的结果偏差。该分析的重点是在2017/18赛季至2024/25赛季期间,在欧洲五大足球联赛的顶级联赛中被替换的主教练。主要的发现是,俱乐部倾向于根据最近的比赛结果而不是基本的表现指标来更换主教练。这种行为反映了由结果偏差驱动的经济上低效的决策过程。
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引用次数: 0
It’s not my money: How windfall income enhances donation 这不是我的钱:意外收入如何促进捐赠
IF 2.3 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2025.102871
Ling Kuai , Haiying Wei
Many individuals tend to donate to charitable organizations after receiving windfall income. However, few empirical studies have focused on the potential links between windfall and donation. This study investigates the impact of the unexpectedness of income on donation. Across two experiments, we demonstrate that, compared to expected income, people are more inclined to donate after receiving windfall income. This effect is serially mediated by psychological ownership and the perceived pain of donation. We explore the moderating effect of the donation payment method and find that the positive effect of windfall income on donations only exists in lump sum donations. This research indicates the relationship between income and donation and offers practical implications to the donation strategies of charitable organizations.
许多人在获得意外收入后倾向于捐赠给慈善组织。然而,很少有实证研究关注意外之财和捐赠之间的潜在联系。本研究探讨收入的意外性对捐赠的影响。通过两个实验,我们证明,与预期收入相比,人们在获得意外收入后更倾向于捐赠。这种效应是由心理所有权和捐赠的感知痛苦依次介导的。研究了捐赠支付方式的调节作用,发现意外收入对捐赠的正向影响仅存在于一次性捐赠中。本研究揭示了收入与捐赠的关系,对慈善组织的捐赠策略具有现实意义。
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引用次数: 0
Would you lie for me? Lying behavior in a principal-agent relationship 你会为我撒谎吗?委托代理关系中的说谎行为
IF 2.3 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2025.102869
Christoph Bühren , Astrid Dannenberg , Elina Wiederhold
People do not always lie for personal gain; sometimes, they lie to benefit others whom they are economically dependent on. We investigate this phenomenon in an online experiment with 1,200 Prolific participants, using a principal-agent framework. Principals design contracts that reward agents based on their reporting behavior, while agents have the opportunity to overreport in order to increase the principal’s payout. We implement three experimental treatments that vary whether agents are informed about the potential reward for overreporting or prompted to consider it before making their decision. Our findings show that most principals choose either a generous contract that is independent of the agent’s reporting behavior or a contract that rewards overreporting. While agents are generally reluctant to lie, their willingness to lie increases when the benefits of doing so are made salient or when they are forced to think about them. These results highlight how psychological framing of incentives can influence ethical behavior in economic relationships.
人们并不总是为了个人利益而撒谎;有时,他们说谎是为了让他们在经济上依赖的人受益。我们使用委托-代理框架,对1200名多产参与者进行了在线实验,研究了这一现象。委托人设计契约,根据代理人的报告行为奖励代理人,而代理人有机会夸大报告,以增加委托人的报酬。我们实施了三种实验性的处理方法,不同的处理方法是告知代理过度报告的潜在奖励,还是提示代理在做出决定之前考虑它。我们的研究结果表明,大多数委托人要么选择与代理人报告行为无关的慷慨合同,要么选择奖励超额报告的合同。虽然代理人通常不愿意撒谎,但当这样做的好处被突出或被迫考虑这些好处时,他们的撒谎意愿会增加。这些结果强调了激励的心理框架如何影响经济关系中的道德行为。
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引用次数: 0
Paying none, some or all? Between-subject random incentives and preferences towards risk and time 不支付,部分还是全部?主体间随机激励和对风险和时间的偏好
IF 2.3 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2025.102870
Noémi Berlin , Emmanuel Kemel , Vincent Lenglin , Antoine Nebout
In the context of risk and time preferences, the within-subject random incentive system (Within-RIS) is the standard real-incentive mechanism in economic experiments: each subject has one choice randomly selected for payment. In a variation, Within-RIS is applied to a fraction of subjects only: each subject has a probability π of being selected and has one choice randomly selected for payment. This paper assesses the validity of this mechanism called the hybrid random incentive system (Hybrid-RIS) by investigating if/how the selection probability affects elicited risk and time preferences. We report an experiment conducted with 335 subjects across four treatments, varying the selection probability to 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1. Using raw data statistics and structural estimations of preference parameters, we find that elicited time preferences remain stable, while risk aversion is lower when the selection probability is null. However, there are no significant differences among the non-null selection probabilities. These findings suggest that Hybrid-RIS does not distort elicited risk and time preferences.
在风险偏好和时间偏好的背景下,主体内随机激励系统(Within-RIS)是经济实验中标准的真实激励机制,即每个主体随机选择一个支付方式。在一种变化中,Within-RIS只应用于一小部分受试者:每个受试者被选中的概率为π,并且随机选择一个选项进行支付。本文通过研究选择概率是否/如何影响风险偏好和时间偏好来评估这种称为混合随机激励系统(hybrid - ris)的机制的有效性。我们报告了一项实验,对335名受试者进行了四种处理,选择概率分别为0、0.1、0.5和1。使用原始数据统计和偏好参数的结构估计,我们发现当选择概率为零时,引发的时间偏好保持稳定,而风险厌恶较低。然而,非零选择概率之间没有显著差异。这些发现表明Hybrid-RIS不会扭曲诱导的风险和时间偏好。
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引用次数: 0
Conflict frames in the wild: win-lose frames are more common, but mixed and win-win frames are more effective 野外的冲突框架:输赢框架更常见,但混合和双赢框架更有效
IF 2.3 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2025.102868
Johann M. Majer , John-Oliver Engler , Emma Saxena , Andreas Mojzisch
In controlled studies, conflicts are often interpreted as win-lose situations. Yet, it remains unclear whether this tendency extends to real-world conflicts. To address this question, we examine two competing perspectives on conflict frame prevalence: one assuming that win-lose frames dominate in real-world conflicts and another suggesting that win-win frames are more common. Drawing on conflict resolution and coalition bargaining theory, we test the hypothesis that win-win frames are more effective than win-lose frames in influencing both interdependent counterparts and independent third parties. Results of two archival studies using political participation data reveal that win-lose frames were more frequent in real-world conflicts than win-win frames. However, while win-lose frames were the most common, mixed frames proved to be the most effective in influencing interdependent counterparts. Additionally, both win-win and mixed frames had the strongest impact on independent third parties. Our findings highlight a fundamental gap between how people typically interpret conflict and how effectively conflict frames influence others.
在对照研究中,冲突通常被解释为输赢的情况。然而,目前尚不清楚这种趋势是否会延伸到现实世界的冲突中。为了解决这个问题,我们研究了冲突框架流行的两种相互竞争的观点:一种假设输赢框架在现实世界的冲突中占主导地位,另一种假设认为双赢框架更常见。利用冲突解决和联盟议价理论,我们检验了双赢框架在影响相互依赖的对手和独立的第三方方面比输赢框架更有效的假设。两项使用政治参与数据的档案研究结果表明,在现实世界的冲突中,输赢框架比双赢框架更常见。然而,虽然输赢框架是最常见的,但混合框架在影响相互依赖的对应物方面证明是最有效的。此外,双赢和混合框架对独立第三方的影响最大。我们的发现强调了人们通常如何解释冲突和冲突框架如何有效地影响他人之间的根本差距。
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引用次数: 0
Scarcity mindset as a predictor of cryptocurrency investments 稀缺心态是加密货币投资的预测因素
IF 2.3 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2025.102867
George Rooney, Cäzilia Loibl
The often lottery-like, speculative process of investing in cryptocurrency may be particularly interesting to investors with a scarcity mindset because the prospect of large gains can be attractive when financial resources are considered to be inadequate to satisfy needs or wants. Data from the National Financial Capability Study for 2021 (n = 2,364) and 2018 (n = 1634) confirm a direct and positive association between a scarcity mindset and cryptocurrency investing when established predictors of investment behavior are controlled. The role of scarcity mindset also holds for other risky investments. The study extends the understanding of behavioral mechanisms that explain risky financial decisions.
对于具有稀缺性思维的投资者来说,投资加密货币的投机过程可能特别有趣,因为当金融资源被认为不足以满足需求时,巨额收益的前景可能会很有吸引力。2021年(n = 2364)和2018年(n = 1634)的国家财务能力研究数据证实,当既定的投资行为预测因素得到控制时,稀缺心态与加密货币投资之间存在直接和积极的关联。稀缺心态的作用也适用于其他风险投资。这项研究扩展了对解释风险金融决策的行为机制的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Transcranial stimulation over the right temporoparietal junction decreases outcome bias 经颅刺激右颞顶交界处减少结果偏倚
IF 2.3 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2025.102856
Jianbiao Li, Zenghui Liu, Xiaofei Niu
Outcome bias is the phenomenon that people often evaluate a decision more favorably if it leads to a good outcome than if it leads to a bad outcome. Although outcome bias is ubiquitous in decision evaluation, its neural mechanism remain unknown. We use transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to stimulate the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ), a cortical region associated with intention inference, to investigate the role of the rTPJ in outcome bias. We find that anodal stimulation over the rTPJ reduces outcome bias, regardless of whether the evaluators are independent third parties or non-independent second parties. This anodal stimulation effect is driven by making participants more concerned about decision intentions. Our findings provide the causal evidence for the role of the rTPJ in outcome bias and thus shed light on the neural mechanism underlying outcome bias.
结果偏差是一种现象,人们往往更倾向于评价一个决定,如果它导致一个好的结果,而不是一个坏的结果。虽然结果偏差在决策评价中普遍存在,但其神经机制尚不清楚。我们使用经颅直流电刺激(tDCS)来刺激与意图推断相关的皮层区域右颞顶交界处(rTPJ),以研究rTPJ在结果偏差中的作用。我们发现,无论评估者是独立的第三方还是非独立的第二方,对rTPJ的阳极刺激都能减少结果偏差。这种阳极刺激效应是通过使参与者更加关注决策意图来驱动的。我们的研究结果为rTPJ在结果偏倚中的作用提供了因果证据,从而揭示了结果偏倚的神经机制。
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引用次数: 0
Economic crimes and trust toward political institutions: evidence from online fraud victimization and related policy interventions in Italy 经济犯罪与对政治制度的信任:来自意大利网络欺诈受害和相关政策干预的证据
IF 2.3 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-10-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2025.102857
Flaviana Palmisano
In the last decades, increasing attention has been devoted, both in the academic and political arena, to understand the determinants of distrust in political institutions and to identify actions that can be put into place to restore this peculiar form of social capital. Using data from a representative survey of the Italian population over the 2013–2021 period, this paper focuses on the role exerted by a specific form of economic crime – namely online fraud – to weaken political trust. The findings indicate a strong and statistically significant negative association between victimization by online fraud and trust in various political institutions. This relationship remains robust across multiple checks, including Oster (2019) sensitivity test for unobserved confounding factors. The analysis further suggests that policy interventions aimed at reducing the risk of online fraud may also serve, instrumentally, to rebuild confidence in political institutions.
在过去的几十年里,无论是在学术领域还是在政治领域,人们都越来越重视了解政治机构中不信任的决定因素,并确定可以采取哪些行动来恢复这种特殊形式的社会资本。本文利用2013-2021年期间意大利人口代表性调查的数据,重点研究了一种特定形式的经济犯罪——即网络欺诈——对削弱政治信任所起的作用。研究结果表明,网络欺诈受害者与对各种政治机构的信任之间存在着强烈的、统计上显著的负相关。这种关系在多次检查中仍然稳固,包括Oster(2019)对未观察到的混杂因素的敏感性测试。分析进一步表明,旨在降低网络欺诈风险的政策干预也可能有助于重建对政治机构的信心。
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引用次数: 0
Income and boredom: Evidence from 30 countries 收入和无聊:来自30个国家的证据
IF 2.3 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2025-09-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2025.102847
Sergio Pirla , Daniel Navarro-Martinez , Stefan Pfattheicher , Jordi Quoidbach
For decades, researchers, governments, and policymakers have sought to understand how financial scarcity affects people’s well-being and quality of life. In this paper, we show that past studies have overlooked a fundamental psychological aspect of being poor: boredom. Using data from over 60,000 individuals across 30 countries, we find a robust negative association between income and daily experiences of boredom. In fact, compared with high-income earners, low-income individuals not only feel bored more often, but their experience of boredom is more closely linked to other negative states such as loneliness, worry, and anxiety. While the relationship between income and boredom does not differ between white- and blue-collar occupations, it is significantly stronger among individuals whose primary source of income consists of social transfers, such as unemployment benefits or pensions. Our results pave the way for future research and policies that take boredom into account and address the full extent of the psychological tax exerted by financial hardship.
几十年来,研究人员、政府和政策制定者一直试图了解金融稀缺如何影响人们的福祉和生活质量。在本文中,我们表明,过去的研究忽视了贫穷的一个基本心理方面:无聊。利用来自30个国家的6万多人的数据,我们发现收入和日常无聊经历之间存在强烈的负相关。事实上,与高收入者相比,低收入者不仅更容易感到无聊,而且他们的无聊体验与其他负面状态(如孤独、担忧和焦虑)联系更紧密。虽然收入和无聊之间的关系在白领和蓝领职业之间没有区别,但在主要收入来源包括社会转移的个人中,这种关系明显更强,比如失业救济金或养老金。我们的研究结果为未来的研究和政策铺平了道路,这些研究和政策将无聊考虑在内,并充分解决经济困难带来的心理税。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Economic Psychology
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