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Pay all subjects or pay only some? An experiment on decision-making under risk and ambiguity 付给所有受试者还是只付给部分受试者?风险和模糊条件下的决策实验
IF 2.5 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2024.102757
Ilke Aydogan , Loïc Berger , Vincent Théroude

We investigate the validity of a double random incentive system where only a subset of subjects is paid for one of their choices. By focusing on individual decision-making under risk and ambiguity, we show that using either a standard random incentive system, where all subjects are paid, or a double random system, where only 10% of subjects are paid, yields similar preference elicitation results. These findings suggest that adopting a double random incentive system could significantly reduce experimental costs and logistic efforts, thereby facilitating the exploration of individual decision-making in larger-scale and higher-stakes experiments.

我们研究了双随机激励系统的有效性,在该系统中,只有一部分受试者会为他们的一项选择获得报酬。通过关注风险和模糊条件下的个人决策,我们发现,无论是使用标准随机激励系统(即所有受试者都获得报酬),还是使用双随机激励系统(即只有 10% 的受试者获得报酬),都能产生类似的偏好激发结果。这些研究结果表明,采用双随机激励系统可以大大降低实验成本和后勤工作,从而促进在更大规模和更高风险的实验中对个人决策的探索。
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引用次数: 0
Decision-makers self-servingly navigate the equality-efficiency trade-off of free partner choice in social dilemmas among unequals 在不平等者之间的社会困境中,决策者自以为是地驾驭自由选择伙伴的平等-效率权衡
IF 2.5 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2024.102758
Luuk L. Snijder , Mirre Stallen , Jörg Gross

Cooperation is more likely upheld when individuals can choose their interaction partner. However, when individuals differ in their endowment or ability to cooperate, free partner choice can lead to segregation and increase inequality. To understand how decision-makers can decrease such inequality, we conducted an incentivized and preregistered experiment in which participants (n=500) differed in their endowment and cooperation productivity. First, we investigated how these individual differences impacted cooperation and inequality under free partner choice in a public goods game. Next, we calculated if and how decision-makers should restrict partner choice if their goal is to decrease inequality. Finally, we studied whether decision-makers actually did decrease inequality when asked to allocate endowment and productivity factors between individuals, and combine individuals into pairs of interaction partners for a two-player public goods game. Our results show that without interventions, free partner choice, indeed, leads to segregation and increases inequality. To mitigate such inequality, decision-makers should curb free partner choice and force individuals who were assigned different endowments and productivities to form pairs with each other. However, this comes at the cost of lower overall cooperation and earnings, showing that the restriction of partner choice results in an equality-efficiency trade-off. Participants who acted as third-parties were actually more likely to prioritize inequality reduction over efficiency maximization, by forcing individuals with unequal endowment and productivity levels to form pairs with each other. However, decision-makers who had a ‘stake in the game’ self-servingly navigated the equality-efficiency trade-off by preferring partner choice interventions that benefited themselves. These preferences were partly explained by norms on public good cooperation and redistribution, and participants’ social preferences. Results reveal potential conflicts on how to govern free partner choice stemming from diverging preferences ‘among unequals’.

当个体可以选择互动伙伴时,合作更有可能得到维护。然而,当个体的禀赋或合作能力不同时,自由选择伙伴可能会导致隔离并加剧不平等。为了了解决策者如何才能减少这种不平等,我们进行了一项预先登记的激励实验,在实验中,参与者(人数=500)的禀赋和合作能力各不相同。首先,我们研究了在公共产品博弈中,在自由选择合作伙伴的情况下,这些个体差异如何影响合作和不平等。接着,我们计算了如果决策者的目标是减少不平等,他们是否应该限制伙伴选择以及如何限制。最后,我们研究了当决策者被要求在个体之间分配禀赋和生产力要素,并将个体组合成双人公共物品博弈的互动伙伴对时,他们是否确实减少了不平等。我们的研究结果表明,在没有干预措施的情况下,自由选择伙伴确实会导致隔离并加剧不平等。为了缓解这种不平等,决策者应该限制自由选择伙伴的行为,迫使被分配到不同禀赋和生产率的个体结成对子。然而,这样做的代价是整体合作和收益的降低,这表明限制伙伴选择会导致平等与效率之间的权衡。作为第三方的参与者实际上更倾向于减少不平等,而不是效率最大化,因为他们迫使禀赋和生产力水平不平等的个体相互结成对子。然而,那些 "与游戏有利害关系 "的决策者则自作主张地在平等与效率之间进行权衡,他们更倾向于选择对自己有利的伙伴。这些偏好的部分原因在于公益合作和再分配规范以及参与者的社会偏好。研究结果揭示了 "不平等者 "之间的偏好差异可能导致在如何管理自由伙伴选择问题上的冲突。
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引用次数: 0
The usage of apologies and group cooperation 使用道歉和小组合作
IF 2.5 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2024.102755
Jonathan Yeo , Shi Zhuo

Using a repeated public goods game, we experimentally examine how apologies support mutual cooperation in groups. In two treatments where participants can send either public or private apologies, contributions increase by 0.43 and 0.87 standard deviations respectively, compared to a control treatment. Examining the mechanisms, we find much consistency in the usage of apologies: participants apologise when contributing less than others and subsequently make amends by raising contributions. Recipients of apologies also believe that apologisers are more caring and will contribute more. While there are only minimal differences in the effects of sending and receiving individual apologies across the private and public treatments, we find that sincere apology usage by groups is strongly associated with higher group cooperation, especially in the public treatment.

我们利用重复公共物品博弈,通过实验研究了道歉如何支持群体中的相互合作。在两个处理中,参与者可以公开或私下道歉,与对照处理相比,贡献分别增加了 0.43 和 0.87 个标准差。在研究其机制时,我们发现道歉的使用非常一致:参与者在贡献少于他人时道歉,随后通过提高贡献来弥补。道歉的接受者也认为道歉者更有爱心,会做出更多贡献。虽然在私人和公共处理中,发送和接收个人道歉的效果差异很小,但我们发现,群体真诚道歉与更高的群体合作密切相关,尤其是在公共处理中。
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引用次数: 0
Replication: The money illusion effect in a Brazilian sample and meta-analyses 复制:巴西样本中的金钱幻觉效应和元分析
IF 2.5 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2024.102744
Mariana de Moraes Ferreira , Milena Yumi Tsushima Santiago , Rafael Bastos , Daniel Fatori , Rodrigo Sardinha Borborema , Leonardo Seda , Marcelo Camargo Batistuzzo

Shafir, Diamond, and Tversky (1997, Money illusion, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), 341–374) described the phenomenon of money illusion as the inclination to consider money without adequately taking into account the inflation factor, emphasizing nominal values rather than real ones. This study aims to replicate the four conditions outlined in the original research by Shafir and colleagues, adapted to the Brazilian context: problems that include different financial decision-making situations (regarding earnings, transactions, contracts) that might be affected by money illusion. This cross-sectional and pre-registered study evaluated the money illusion in a sample of 372 Brazilian participants and was conducted via mobile phone/computer. The results found were very similar to the original findings: depending on the terms used (real, nominal, or neutral framing), participants showed varying inclinations towards opting for economically advantageous opportunities. Based on these findings, it is plausible that the money illusion effect may exhibit cultural independence. This assertion is substantiated by the replication of the effect within a distinct cultural context from the original study. To reinforce the empirical basis of this assertion, future investigations should analyze these findings across diverse cultural settings.

Shafir、Diamond 和 Tversky(1997 年,《货币幻觉》,《经济学季刊》,112(2),341-374)将货币幻觉现象描述为在考虑货币时没有充分考虑通货膨胀因素,强调名义价值而非实际价值的倾向。本研究旨在复制沙菲尔及其同事的原始研究中概述的四种情况,并根据巴西的情况进行调整:包括可能受到货币幻觉影响的不同财务决策情况(关于收入、交易、合同)的问题。这项横断面预注册研究通过手机/电脑对 372 名巴西参与者的金钱幻觉进行了评估。研究结果与最初的发现非常相似:根据所使用的术语(实际、名义或中性框架),参与者表现出不同的倾向,选择经济上有利的机会。根据这些发现,金钱幻觉效应可能表现出文化独立性。在与最初研究不同的文化背景下对该效应的复制证实了这一论断。为了加强这一论断的实证基础,未来的研究应该在不同的文化背景下对这些发现进行分析。
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引用次数: 0
Choose for others as you would choose for yourself? A layered analysis of probabilistic preferential choice across social distances 为他人选择就像为自己选择一样?跨越社会距离的概率优先选择分层分析
IF 2.5 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-08-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2024.102754
Daniel R. Cavagnaro , Xiaozhi Yang , Michel Regenwetter

The present study examines the effect of social distance on choice behavior through the lens of a probabilistic modeling framework. In an experiment, participants made incentive-compatible choices between lotteries in three different social distance conditions: self, friend, and stranger. We conduct a layered, within-subjects analysis that considers four properties of preferential choice. These properties vary in their granularity. At the coarsest level, we test whether choices are consistent with transitive underlying preferences. At a finer level of granularity, we evaluate whether each participant is best described as having fixed preferences with random errors or probabilistic preferences with error-free choices. In the latter case, we further distinguish three different bounds on response error rates. At the finest level, we identify the specific transitive preference ranking of the choice options that best describes a person’s choices. At each level of the analysis, we find that the stability between the self and friend conditions exceeds that between the self and stranger conditions. Stability increases with the coarseness of the analysis: Nearly all people are consistent with transitive preferences regardless of the social distance condition, but only for very few do we infer the same preference ranking in every social distance condition. Overall, while it matters whether one makes a choice on behalf of a friend versus for a stranger, the differences are most apparent when analyzing the data at a detailed level of granularity.

本研究通过概率模型框架的视角,探讨了社会距离对选择行为的影响。在一项实验中,受试者在三种不同的社会距离条件下(自己、朋友和陌生人)对彩票做出了激励相容的选择。我们进行了分层的主体内分析,考虑了优先选择的四个属性。这些属性的粒度各不相同。在最粗略的层次上,我们测试选择是否与传递性基本偏好相一致。在更精细的层次上,我们会评估每个参与者是具有随机误差的固定偏好,还是具有无误选择的概率偏好。在后一种情况下,我们进一步区分了三种不同的回答错误率界限。在最精细的层次上,我们确定了最能描述一个人选择的选项的具体反式偏好排序。在每个分析层次上,我们都会发现,自我条件和朋友条件之间的稳定性都超过了自我条件和陌生人条件之间的稳定性。稳定性随着分析的粗略程度而增加:无论社会距离条件如何,几乎所有的人都符合传递性偏好,但只有极少数人在每种社会距离条件下都能推断出相同的偏好排序。总的来说,虽然一个人是代表朋友还是代表陌生人做出选择很重要,但在详细分析数据时,差异是最明显的。
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引用次数: 0
The leadership fallacy: How misattribution of leadership leads to a blaming game 领导力谬误:错误归因领导力如何导致指责游戏
IF 2.5 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2024.102753
Nikola Frollová , Marcel Tkáčik , Petr Houdek

Assigning responsibility for a project’s success or failure is key to organizational performance, yet attribution fallacies often interfere. Our experimental study (N=339) shows team members mistakenly attribute too much influence to their leaders on task outcomes. Despite task outcomes being randomly determined by easy or hard difficulty rather than leadership, leaders received undue credit or blame. Leaders assessed their teams more negatively in difficult tasks, except for female leaders, who were more lenient in assessing both conditions than men. Leaders' self-assessments did not differ between experimental conditions, confirming their self-motivated evaluation; moreover completing an easy task boosted their confidence for harder challenges. Our study shows that attributional errors manifest differently in the evaluation of leaders and followers and demonstrates that success in simpler tasks can increase leaders' confidence, potentially leading to riskier behaviors.

分配项目成败的责任是组织绩效的关键,然而归因谬误却经常干扰项目的实施。我们的实验研究(N=339)表明,团队成员错误地将任务结果的影响过多地归因于领导。尽管任务结果是由难易随机决定的,而不是由领导决定的,但领导却得到了过多的信任或指责。在困难任务中,领导者对团队的评价更为负面,但女性领导者除外,她们在两种情况下对团队的评价都比男性领导者宽松。领导者的自我评价在不同的实验条件下没有差异,这证实了他们的自我评价是出于自我动机;此外,完成一项简单的任务增强了他们应对更难挑战的信心。我们的研究表明,归因错误在领导者和追随者的评价中表现不同,并证明了在简单任务中的成功可以增强领导者的信心,从而有可能导致更高风险的行为。
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引用次数: 0
Institutional quarantine and dishonest behavior 制度隔离和不诚实行为
IF 2.5 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2024.102756
Wenhua Wang , Peikun Chen , Jianbiao Li, Xiaofei Niu

Quarantine has been implemented worldwide to mitigate the spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Although recent literature has outlined the mental and psychological costs of quarantine, its ethical costs are not fully understood. In two online experiments conducted during an institutional quarantine event (481 participants), we find that institutional quarantine leads to more dishonest behavior, including lying about the outcome of a random-draw task and overreporting one’s performance in a real-effort task to gain financial benefits. By directly manipulating individuals’ perceived psychological ownership, we provide suggestive evidence that psychological ownership may be one mechanism underlying the relationship between institutional quarantine and dishonest behavior. A complementary experiment (226 participants) suggests that anxiety and frustration may also serve as explanatory factors for this effect. We then discuss the implications of our findings, which may inspire approaches to mitigate the negative effects of institutional quarantine on honesty.

为减少 COVID-19 等传染病的传播,世界各地都实施了隔离措施。虽然最近的文献概述了隔离的精神和心理成本,但对其道德成本还没有充分了解。在一次机构检疫活动中进行的两项在线实验(481 名参与者)中,我们发现机构检疫会导致更多的不诚实行为,包括谎报随机抽签任务的结果和多报自己在实际努力任务中的表现以获得经济利益。通过直接操纵个体感知到的心理所有权,我们提供了暗示性证据,证明心理所有权可能是制度隔离与不诚实行为之间关系的一种潜在机制。一项补充实验(226 名参与者)表明,焦虑和挫败感也可能是这种效应的解释因素。然后,我们讨论了我们的发现的意义,这些发现可能会启发我们采取一些方法来减轻制度隔离对诚实的负面影响。
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引用次数: 0
Gender, choice of task, and the effect of feedback on competition: An experiment 性别、任务选择和反馈对竞争的影响:一项实验
IF 2.5 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2024.102743
Alexandra Baier , Brent Davis , Tarek Jaber-Lopez

We conduct a laboratory experiment to examine gender differences in task choices and competitiveness: Individuals have the option to self-select into one of two stereotypically different tasks and subsequently decide whether or not to engage in competition while receiving one of three different feedback treatments. Compared to a control setting, we study the effect of providing relative performance feedback (rankings), and additionally the effect of providing information about the gender of the competitors. We find a significant gender gap in the choice of the male task, only when presenting the ranking in addition to the gender composition of the group. Turning to the decision to enter competition, we observe that task choice, combined with ranking feedback on performance, reduces the gender gap in competition entry in both tasks compared to the control. The dynamics over treatments reveal that men primarily respond to feedback in the male task, while women respond to feedback in the word task. These findings highlight that gender differences in task choice and competitiveness are contingent on feedback, the underlying task, and the task choice set.

我们通过实验室实验来研究任务选择和竞争性方面的性别差异:个体可以从两个刻板印象不同的任务中自主选择一个,然后决定是否参与竞争,同时接受三种不同的反馈处理。与对照组相比,我们研究了提供相对绩效反馈(排名)的效果,以及提供竞争者性别信息的效果。我们发现,只有在提供排名和小组性别组成信息的情况下,选择男性任务的性别差异才会明显。在决定是否参加比赛方面,我们注意到,与对照组相比,任务选择与成绩排名反馈相结合,减少了两项任务中参加比赛的性别差距。处理的动态变化表明,男性主要对男性任务中的反馈做出反应,而女性则对单词任务中的反馈做出反应。这些发现突出表明,任务选择和竞争中的性别差异取决于反馈、基本任务和任务选择集。
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引用次数: 0
Competition, confidence and gender: Shifting the focus from the overconfident to the realistic 竞争、自信和性别:将关注点从过度自信转向实事求是
IF 2.5 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2024.102746
Tünde Lénárd , Dániel Horn , Hubert János Kiss

The gender gap in competitiveness is argued to explain gender differences in later life outcomes, including career choices and the gender wage gap. In experimental settings, a prevalent explanation attributes this gap to males being more (over)confident than females (we call this the compositional channel). While our lab-in-the-field study using data from students in 53 classrooms (N > 1000) reproduces this finding, it also uncovers a second, potentially more impactful channel of confidence contributing to the gender gap in competitiveness (the preference channel). To disentangle the two channels, we propose a more precise measure of confidence based on whether the subjects’ believed performance rank exceeds, coincides with or falls short of their actual performance in a real-effort task. We label categories of this Guessed - Actual Performance (GAP) difference as overconfident, realistic or underconfident, respectively. Surprisingly, there is no gender difference in competitiveness within the over- and underconfident subgroups, while a significant gender gap exists among the realistic. So, even if both genders had the same level of confidence, a persistent gender gap in preference (or taste) for competition would remain in the realistic group. This finding is robust across all specifications, challenging previous theories about the overconfidence of men being the main driver of the relationship between confidence and the gender gap in competition.

有人认为,竞争力方面的性别差距可以解释两性在日后生活结果中的差异,包括职业选择和两性工资差距。在实验环境中,一种普遍的解释将这种差距归因于男性比女性更(过度)自信(我们称之为 "构成渠道")。我们的实地实验室研究使用了 53 个班级(N > 1000)学生的数据,再现了这一发现,同时也发现了第二个可能对性别竞争力差距影响更大的自信渠道(偏好渠道)。为了区分这两个渠道,我们提出了一种更精确的信心测量方法,它基于受试者在实际努力任务中相信的成绩排名是否超过、符合或低于他们的实际成绩。我们将这种 "猜测-实际表现"(GAP)差异分别标记为过度自信、现实自信或不足自信。令人惊讶的是,在过度自信和缺乏自信的亚组中,竞争力没有性别差异,而在现实的亚组中,却存在明显的性别差异。因此,即使男女具有相同的自信水平,在现实组中,对竞争的偏好(或品味)仍会存在持续的性别差距。这一发现在所有规格中都是稳健的,这对之前关于男性过度自信是自信与竞争中性别差距之间关系的主要驱动力的理论提出了挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Feelings and alcohol consumption 情感与饮酒
IF 2.5 2区 经济学 Q2 ECONOMICS Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.joep.2024.102745
Efi Vasileiou , Lara Agnoli , Steve Charters , Nikolaos Georgantzis

Consumption choices depend on the feelings experienced in the period preceding a consumer's decisions. We confirm this hypothesis using a large sample of Italian consumers collected by ISTAT (the Italian National Statistics Institute) as part of the multi-purpose survey “Indagine multiscopo sulle famiglie: Aspetti della vita quotidiana” (n = 114,052). Specifically, positive feelings are associated with wine and beer consumption, while negative feelings relate to spirits consumption. The latter pattern is common among men and women, whereas the former is only applicable to male consumers. Additionally, older consumers drink more following a period of positive feelings, whereas younger consumers drink less. Our two-level modelling strategy confirms the mediating role of personal characteristics in explaining the relation between feelings and alcohol consumption.

消费选择取决于消费者在做出决定前的一段时间内所经历的感受。我们利用意大利国家统计局(ISTAT)在 "Indagine multiscopo sulle famiglie: Aspetti della vita quotidiana"(n=114,052)多功能调查中收集的大量意大利消费者样本证实了这一假设。具体而言,积极情绪与葡萄酒和啤酒消费有关,而消极情绪则与烈性酒消费有关。后一种模式在男性和女性中都很常见,而前一种模式只适用于男性消费者。此外,年龄较大的消费者在出现积极情绪后会喝得更多,而年轻消费者则喝得较少。我们的双层建模策略证实了个人特征在解释情感与酒精消费之间的关系时所起的中介作用。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Economic Psychology
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