Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour最新文献_第3页

Modelling young distracted driver's collision avoidance behaviour in a connected environment 模拟年轻分心驾驶员在互联环境中的避碰行为

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2025.103495

Qikai Qu , Yasir Ali , Yongjun Shen , Qiong Bao , Md Mazharul Haque

A connected environment can assist drivers in collision-prone situations, thereby minimising consequent crash risk. However, whether the same connected environment can also assist distracted drivers remains unclear. As such, this study examines the influence of a connected environment on young distracted drivers' collision avoidance behaviour. Fifty-one drivers with valid driving licenses participated in the connected environment driving simulator experiment. To understand the effects of the connected environment on warning hazard response time and warning collision avoidance time, separate grouped random parameters hazard-based duration models with heterogeneity in means were developed. The results suggest that relative to no warning information, young distracted drivers exhibited a faster hazard response and better collision avoidance performance in the connected environment. When specific warning information was provided, the hazard response and collision avoidance performance of young distracted drivers were better than simple warning information. When early warning information was provided, young distracted drivers demonstrated enhanced hazard response and collision avoidance performance in comparison to the late warnings. Further, the timing of warning information significantly affected drivers' hazard response, while the informational content markedly influenced their collision avoidance performance. These findings can assist in the development of advanced collision avoidance warning systems in a connected environment.

连接的环境可以在容易发生碰撞的情况下帮助驾驶员，从而最大限度地降低随之而来的碰撞风险。然而，同样的联网环境是否也能帮助分心的司机仍不清楚。因此，本研究考察了互联环境对年轻分心司机避碰行为的影响。51名持有有效驾照的驾驶员参加了互联环境驾驶模拟器实验。为了解互联环境对预警危险响应时间和预警避碰时间的影响，建立了均值异质性的独立分组随机参数风险持续时间模型。结果表明，相对于没有警告信息，年轻分心司机在互联环境中表现出更快的危险反应和更好的碰撞避免性能。当提供特定的警告信息时，年轻分心驾驶员的危险响应和避碰性能优于简单的警告信息。当提供早期预警信息时，与晚期预警相比，分心的年轻司机表现出更强的危险反应和碰撞避免性能。此外，警示信息的时间对驾驶员的危险反应有显著影响，而警示信息的内容对驾驶员的避碰行为有显著影响。这些发现有助于在互联环境中开发先进的避碰预警系统。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring user heterogeneity in autonomous vehicle acceptance: A moderated mediation model based on extended TAM 探索自动驾驶汽车接受度中的用户异质性：一个基于扩展TAM的调节中介模型

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2025.103502

Ulugbek Vahobjon Ugli Ismatullaev , Sang-Ho Kim , Kyuho Maeng

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have the potential to revolutionize personal mobility. However, public acceptance remains a significant barrier to their adoption. This study developed an extended technology acceptance model by integrating behavioral, technological, and personality-related factors. Using survey data from 509 respondents in South Korea, we applied partial least squares structural equation modeling and bootstrapped multi-group analysis to examine moderated mediation effects across five demographic variables: age, gender, education, income, and driving experience. The results indicate that intention to use is the strongest predictor of actual use, with attitude and trust exerting significant influences on behavioral intentions. Technological perceptions, such as relative advantage, compatibility, and complexity, also influenced perceived usefulness, ease of use, and trust. Personality traits played a minimal direct role: openness was positively associated with subjective norms, while neuroticism was linked to privacy concerns, but other hypothesized effects were not statistically supported. Significant subgroup differences emerged, with gender and income being the most influential moderators of indirect pathways, highlighting the conditional nature of AV adoption. These findings extend the TAM framework by integrating demographic moderators and personality factors while underscoring their limited explanatory contribution, and they provide practical implications for tailoring AV deployment strategies to diverse user groups.

自动驾驶汽车（AVs）有可能彻底改变个人出行方式。然而，公众接受度仍然是采用它们的一个重大障碍。本研究通过整合行为、技术和个性相关因素，建立了一个扩展的技术接受模型。利用509名韩国受访者的调查数据，我们应用偏最小二乘结构方程模型和自引导多组分析来检验年龄、性别、教育程度、收入和驾驶经验这五个人口变量的调节中介效应。结果表明，使用意向是实际使用的最强预测因子，态度和信任对行为意向有显著影响。技术感知，如相对优势、兼容性和复杂性，也会影响感知的有用性、易用性和信任。性格特征的直接作用最小：开放性与主观规范呈正相关，而神经质与隐私担忧相关，但其他假设的影响没有统计支持。出现了显著的亚组差异，性别和收入是间接途径最具影响力的调节因素，突出了AV采用的条件性质。这些发现通过整合人口统计调节因子和个性因素扩展了TAM框架，同时强调了它们有限的解释贡献，并为针对不同用户群体定制AV部署策略提供了实际意义。

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引用次数: 0

Wrong-way riding behavior among e-bike riders: The roles of willingness and intention 电动自行车骑行者的错误骑行行为：意愿和意图的作用

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2025.103500

Hongjun Cui , Mingzheng Zhang , Minqing Zhu , Xiaotao Yuan

Wrong-way riding (WWR) among e-bike riders, as a typical traffic violation, has become a significant contributor to road crashes. However, most prior studies have focused separately on sociodemographic and environmental factors of WWR among e-bike riders, leaving the psychosocial factors and cognitive decision-making processes largely underexplored. To fill this gap, this study adopted the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the prototype willingness model (PWM), and the integrated model of the TPB and the PWM to investigate WWR behavior among e-bike riders. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to compare the explanatory power of the three models and to identify the key psychological predictors and cognitive decision-making pathways associated with WWR behavior. Data were collected via an online survey of 709 e-bike users in China. The results showed that the TPB, the PWM, and the integrated model all effectively explained WWR behavior among e-bike riders, with the integrated model demonstrating the strongest explanatory power. Both behavioral intention and behavioral willingness significantly influenced WWR behavior, with behavioral willingness exerting a stronger effect. These findings suggest that WWR behavior is predominantly driven by social reactive decision-making rather than reasoned decision-making. Descriptive norms were the strongest predictor of both behavioral intention and behavioral willingness. Attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and prototype perception were also significant predictors of WWR behavior among e-bike riders. Finally, based on the findings of this study, specific intervention strategies were proposed to reduce the incidence of WWR among e-bike riders, aiming to enhance e-bike traffic safety.

电动自行车逆行是典型的交通违规行为，已成为道路交通事故的重要原因。然而，以往的研究大多集中在社会人口学和环境因素上，而对社会心理因素和认知决策过程的探索不足。为了填补这一空白，本研究采用计划行为理论（TPB）、原型意愿模型（PWM）以及原型意愿模型与原型意愿模型的集成模型来研究电动自行车骑行者的WWR行为。采用结构方程模型（SEM）比较三种模型的解释能力，并确定与WWR行为相关的关键心理预测因子和认知决策途径。数据是通过对709名中国电动自行车用户的在线调查收集的。结果表明，TPB、PWM和综合模型均能有效解释电动自行车骑行者的WWR行为，其中综合模型的解释力最强。行为意向和行为意愿均显著影响员工WWR行为，其中行为意愿的影响更强。这些发现表明，WWR行为主要是由社会反应性决策而不是理性决策驱动的。描述性规范是行为意向和行为意愿的最强预测因子。态度、感知行为控制和原型感知也是电动自行车骑行者WWR行为的显著预测因子。最后，根据研究结果，提出了具体的干预策略，以降低电动自行车骑行者的WWR发生率，以提高电动自行车的交通安全性。

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引用次数: 0

Public acceptance of on-street charging for electric vehicles in China: An extension of the UTAUT model 中国公众对电动汽车道路充电的接受程度：UTAUT模式的延伸

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2025.103504

Kongjin Zhu, Yiting Qian, Ning Guo

Sufficient charging infrastructures are essential for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). To improve availability and accessibility, many governments have advanced policy initiatives to implement EV charging network expansion and infrastructure upgrades. On-street charging, which provides flexible recharging services for EVs via deploying charging infrastructures on roadside, are emerging in many countries and regions. However, the public behavioral intention to accept and adopt this new charging pattern remains unclear. Understanding consumer acceptance is essential to facilitate its widespread adoption, as it ultimately determines the success of on-street charging whenever it becomes widely available. This study, therefore, introduces an extended unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model that incorporates two additional latent factors, perceived risk and government support. A field survey was conducted to gather data from 478 valid respondents. The regression analysis method and moderation analysis are employed to validate the model, identify the key determinants, and investigate the impacts of moderating variables such as gender, age, education, monthly income, driving experience, EV ownership and on-street parking frequency. The results indicate that performance expectancy and government support are the key determinants of the public acceptance of on-street charging. Furthermore, social influence has a positive impact on acceptance, while perceived risk has a negative impact on acceptance, and effort expectancy has little effect on acceptance. Gender, age, education, driving experience and EV ownership serve as significant moderating variables. The findings suggest recommendations for policymakers and providers in devising effective adoption strategies. It highlights the importance of substantial government support through not only efficient policy instruments but also infrastructure investment to foster on-street charging adoption.

充足的充电基础设施对于电动汽车的广泛采用至关重要。为了提高电动汽车的可用性和可及性，许多政府都提出了政策举措，以实施电动汽车充电网络扩张和基础设施升级。在许多国家和地区，通过在路边部署充电基础设施，为电动汽车提供灵活的充电服务的道路充电正在兴起。然而，公众接受和采用这种新的收费模式的行为意愿尚不明确。了解消费者的接受程度对于促进其广泛采用至关重要，因为它最终决定了道路充电的成功与否。因此，本研究引入了一个扩展的技术接受和使用统一理论（UTAUT）模型，该模型包含了两个额外的潜在因素，感知风险和政府支持。我们进行了实地调查，收集了478名有效受访者的数据。采用回归分析和调节分析方法对模型进行验证，找出关键影响因素，并考察性别、年龄、教育程度、月收入、驾驶经验、电动汽车保有量和路边停车频率等调节变量对模型的影响。结果表明，绩效预期和政府支持是公众接受道路收费的关键决定因素。社会影响对接受度有正向影响，感知风险对接受度有负向影响，努力期望对接受度影响不大。性别、年龄、教育程度、驾驶经验和电动汽车保有量是显著的调节变量。研究结果为决策者和提供者制定有效的采用战略提出了建议。它强调了政府大力支持的重要性，不仅要通过有效的政策工具，还要通过基础设施投资来促进道路收费的采用。

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引用次数: 0

Adaptation and validity of the human-machine-interaction-interdependence questionnaire in Chinese drivers 中国驾驶员人机交互依赖问卷的适应性和有效性

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2026.103561

Yidan Ma , Na Gu , Long Sun

Human–machine interactions in autonomous vehicles profoundly affect traffic safety. The present study aims to adapt the Human–Machine–Interaction–Interdependence Questionnaire (HMII) and examine how HMII scores vary across different levels of driving automation and its relationship with trust in automation and traffic safety outcomes. A total of 722 drivers aged 18–60 years were randomly assigned to different situations and asked to complete the HMII and Trust in Automated (TIA) scale. Validity was assessed by exploring the relationships among the HMII factors, trust in automation, penalty points and traffic crashes and by calculating the differences in the HMII factors between the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Level 2 and Level 3 situations. The Chinese version of the HMII contains seven factors: mutual dependence, conflict, power, information certainty (system-to-human), information certainty (human-to-system), future interdependence (system-to-human), and future interdependence (human-to-system). All factors exhibited reliability coefficients greater than 0.8. Exploratory factor analysis (n = 332) and confirmatory factor analysis (n = 332) confirmed the 7-factor structure. The significant differences between the SAE Level 2 and Level 3 situations indicate that the discriminant validity for the HMII is acceptable. Conflict and information certainty (system-to-human and human-to-system) can significantly predict trust in automation and penalty points, whereas mutual dependence and conflict can significantly predict traffic crashes. These findings suggest that the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the HMII are acceptable and that it can be used to assess drivers' perceptions of driver–vehicle cooperation in China.

自动驾驶汽车的人机交互深刻影响着交通安全。本研究旨在调整人机交互相互依赖问卷（HMII），并研究HMII分数在不同驾驶自动化水平上的变化及其与自动化信任和交通安全结果的关系。共有722名年龄在18-60岁之间的司机被随机分配到不同的情况下，并被要求完成HMII和信任自动化（TIA）量表。通过探索HMII因素、对自动化的信任、罚分和交通事故之间的关系，以及计算美国汽车工程师学会（SAE） 2级和3级情况下HMII因素的差异，来评估效度。中文版HMII包含7个要素：相互依赖、冲突、权力、信息确定性（系统对人）、信息确定性（人对系统）、未来相互依存（系统对人）、未来相互依存（人对系统）。各因子的信度系数均大于0.8。探索性因子分析（n = 332）和验证性因子分析（n = 332）证实了7因子结构。SAE 2级和3级情况之间的显著差异表明，HMII的判别效度是可以接受的。冲突和信息确定性（系统对人和人对系统）可以显著预测自动化的信任和罚分，而相互依赖和冲突可以显著预测交通崩溃。这些研究结果表明，中国版人机交互指数的信度和效度是可以接受的，可以用来评估中国驾驶员对驾驶-车辆合作的看法。

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引用次数: 0

Understanding drivers' attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours about distracted driving and the relationship with perceptions of related road rules 了解驾驶员对分心驾驶的态度、信念和行为，以及与相关道路规则感知的关系

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2026.103566

Sina Rejali , Sherrie-Anne Kaye , Natalie Watson-Brown , Teresa Senserrick , Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios

Distracted driving remains a significant road safety concern. To address the issue, it is important to understand drivers' perceptions of distractions and the related road rules. Accordingly, this study has three objectives. The first was to investigate drivers' beliefs and behaviours regarding distracted driving by expanding the Susceptibility to Distracted Driving Questionnaire. The second was to explore drivers' perceptions of current distracted driving rules by using the extended Value-Belief-Norm Theory and open-ended questions and to examine how beliefs and behaviours about distractions shape their views on road rules. The third was to assess the extent to which drivers perceive a need for broader distracted driving legislation and how their perceptions of current road rules contribute to this perceived need. Data were collected from 494 participants (aged 17 to 83 years), residing in Queensland, Australia, through an online questionnaire. Findings indicated a moderate level of engagement with both technological and non-technological distractions, with no significant difference observed between their levels of engagement. However, participants reported more favourable attitudes and a higher sense of control over technology-related distractions than non-technological distractions. Results also showed that while distracted driving rules were seen as fair and allowing freedom while driving, they were viewed as moderately effective and somewhat complex. Further, most participants supported the need for improved distracted driving rules, with lower perceived effectiveness and higher complexity of current rules linked to greater support. Results indicated that higher engagement with non-technological distractions was negatively associated with perceived effectiveness of rules, while greater risk compensation was linked to lower perceived fairness, and higher perceived control over distractions was significantly associated with lower perceived freedom.

分心驾驶仍然是一个重大的道路安全问题。为了解决这个问题，了解驾驶员对分心的感知以及相关的道路规则是很重要的。因此，本研究有三个目标。首先是通过扩展分心驾驶敏感性问卷调查司机对分心驾驶的信念和行为。第二个是通过使用扩展的价值-信念-规范理论和开放式问题来探索驾驶员对当前分心驾驶规则的看法，并检查关于分心的信念和行为如何影响他们对道路规则的看法。第三个是评估司机认为需要更广泛的分心驾驶立法的程度，以及他们对当前道路规则的看法如何促进这种感知需求。通过在线问卷调查，从居住在澳大利亚昆士兰州的494名参与者（17至83岁）中收集数据。研究结果表明，技术和非技术干扰的参与程度都是中等的，两者的参与程度没有显著差异。然而，与非技术干扰相比，参与者对与技术相关的干扰表现出更积极的态度和更高的控制感。结果还显示，虽然分心驾驶规则被认为是公平的，允许自由驾驶，但它们被认为是中等有效的，有点复杂。此外，大多数参与者支持改进分心驾驶规则的必要性，当前规则的低感知有效性和高复杂性与更多的支持相关。结果表明，较高的非技术干扰与规则的感知有效性呈负相关，而较高的风险补偿与较低的感知公平性相关，较高的感知控制干扰与较低的感知自由显著相关。

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引用次数: 0

Perceptional gaps between professionals and drivers on automotive data privacy 专业人员和驾驶员对汽车数据隐私的认知差距

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2026.103558

Seongjin Cho, Hokyoung Ryu, Jieun Kim

The proliferation of autonomous driving and advanced mobility services, alongside increasing regulatory demands for safety and compliance, has led to a dramatic increase in the collection of personal and vehicle data. This data-centric automotive industry has created a sharp tension between automotive professionals and drivers regarding data privacy. The present study addresses the gap of how different stakeholders perceive risks and their underlying cognitive structuring of data collected in-vehicle. Based on 97 types of vehicle and personal data derived from global automaker policies and regulatory frameworks, we employed open card-sorting experiments with 30 participants, followed by hierarchical clustering and network analysis. Results show distinct mental structures: professionals tend to group special-category (e.g., genetic information, religious beliefs, union membership) and body-related data, treating them as an interconnected high-risk cluster; drivers show a tendency of grouping personally identifiable information, such as passport numbers, addresses, and emergency contacts at high risk and forming broader clusters regarding mandatory vehicle telematics. Network analysis further evinced this divergence: while professional networks prioritize regulatory compliance with centralized “compliance hubs” (biometrics, health data), drivers focus on personal traceability via “traceability hubs” (name-address-contact triads). This indicates that in-vehicle consent mechanisms should align with the driver's cognitive model, contextual factors, and item-specific risks to ensure effective data privacy and ethical governance.

自动驾驶和先进移动服务的普及，以及对安全性和合规性的监管要求不断提高，导致个人和车辆数据的收集急剧增加。这个以数据为中心的汽车行业在数据隐私方面造成了汽车专业人士和司机之间的紧张关系。本研究解决了不同利益相关者如何感知风险及其对车内收集数据的潜在认知结构的差距。基于来自全球汽车制造商政策和监管框架的97种车辆和个人数据，我们采用30名参与者的开放式卡片分类实验，然后进行分层聚类和网络分析。结果表明：专业人员倾向于将特殊类别（如遗传信息、宗教信仰、工会成员资格）和身体相关数据分组，将其视为相互关联的高风险集群；司机倾向于将个人身份信息（如护照号码、地址和高风险紧急联系人）分组，并就强制性车辆远程信息处理形成更广泛的集群。网络分析进一步证明了这种差异：专业网络通过集中的“合规中心”（生物识别、健康数据）优先考虑法规遵从性，而司机则通过“可追溯中心”（姓名、地址、联系人三元组）关注个人可追溯性。这表明车内同意机制应与驾驶员的认知模型、环境因素和特定项目风险保持一致，以确保有效的数据隐私和道德治理。

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引用次数: 0

Are you willing to share your charging piles of electric vehicles? A case study in Shanghai using a modified UTAUT framework 你愿意分享你的电动汽车充电桩吗？使用改进的UTAUT框架在上海的案例研究

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2026.103527

Xiaofeng Pan , Ling Jin

The development of electric vehicle (EV) still suffers from the lack of sufficient charging facilities. Therefore, the idea of private charging pile sharing (PCPS) of EVs is proposed. To encourage people to participate in such projects, this paper aims to identify the factors influencing people's willingness of sharing their private charging piles using a modified UTAUT modeling framework, where a key modification lies in re-conceptualizing Facilitating Conditions as a foundational construct that shapes other constructs. A case study was carried out in Shanghai, China, in which 361 valid observations were collected and both single-group and multiple-group analyses were conducted. The findings are summarized as follows. First, the hypotheses proposed in the modified UTAUT framework are generally supported. Second, among the considered constructs, Facilitation Conditions has the largest total effect on behavioral intention, although this effect is entirely indirect. The second largest effect comes from Social Influence, which is also the strongest direct determinant. Conversely, the effect of Effort Expectancy is insignificant. Third, there are heterogeneous effects across different socio-demographic groups. Specifically, females' intention is more strongly driven by Performance Expectancy, whereas males' intention is solely affected by Social Influence. Charging frequency also moderates the formation of Performance Expectancy. Based on these conclusions, tailored policy implications were proposed for different stakeholders and user groups.

电动汽车的发展仍然受到充电设施不足的困扰。为此，提出了电动汽车私人充电桩共享（ppps）的概念。为了鼓励人们参与此类项目，本文旨在通过修改后的UTAUT建模框架来确定影响人们共享私人充电桩意愿的因素，其中的关键修改在于将便利条件重新定义为塑造其他构式的基础构式。本研究以中国上海为例，收集了361个有效观察值，并进行了单组和多组分析。研究结果总结如下。首先，修改后的UTAUT框架中提出的假设普遍得到支持。第二，在所考虑的构念中，促进条件对行为意向的总影响最大，尽管这种影响完全是间接的。第二大影响来自社会影响，这也是最强的直接决定因素。相反，努力预期的影响是微不足道的。第三，在不同的社会人口群体中存在异质效应。具体而言，女性的意愿更受绩效预期的驱动，而男性的意愿仅受社会影响的影响。充电频率也会调节性能预期的形成。基于这些结论，针对不同的利益相关者和用户群体提出了量身定制的政策含义。

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引用次数: 0

Hazard warning lights or pictogram on a display? Investigating drivers' mental workload, behavior, and signal preference while overtaking a robotaxi equipped with rear communication systems during passenger drop-off 危险警示灯或象形文字显示？在乘客下车时，调查司机在超车时的心理负荷、行为和信号偏好

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2026.103533

Aïsha Sahaï , Onoriu Puscasu , Marie Niepceron , Thomas Jacquet , Natacha Métayer

This study aimed to investigate the impact of different rear external human-machine interfaces (eHMI) signals sent by a robotaxi during passenger drop-off on a following human driver. Twenty-five participants completed four rides on a closed track, including the overtaking of a stopped robotaxi during passenger drop-off. When the participants' car was either 30 m or 60 m from the stationary robotaxi, a passenger exited it. The robotaxi communicated its intention to remain at stop using either a rear external display showing a pictogram (Display condition, 2 trials) or the conventional hazard warning lights (Hazard warning lights condition, 2 trials). After each ride, the participants rated the visibility and use of the eHMI signal, and their mental workload during the overtaking maneuver, using questionnaires. At the end of the experiment, the participants indicated their preferred eHMI signal and participated in semi-structured interviews aimed at assessing their understanding of the eHMI signals. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models comparisons. The results indicated high levels of visibility and use of the eHMI signal in the Display condition, with most participants preferring this signal. Additionally, although the participants reported lower mental workload in the Hazard warning lights condition than in the Display condition, their mental workload remained at moderate intensity in the latter. Furthermore, the analysis of the participants' vehicle behavior showed that the participants had lower approach and overtaking speeds in the Display condition than in the Hazard warning lights condition, suggesting a more cautious driving behavior. These findings suggest that the eHMI signal in the Display condition may serve as a desirable and safety-enhancing means of communication for following human drivers.

本研究旨在探讨自动驾驶出租车在乘客下车时发送的不同后置人机接口（eHMI）信号对后续人类司机的影响。25名参与者在封闭的赛道上完成了四次骑行，包括在乘客下车时超车。当参与者的车距离静止的机器人出租车30米或60米时，一名乘客下了车。自动驾驶出租车通过显示象形文字的后置外部显示器（显示条件，2次试验）或传统的危险警示灯（危险警示灯条件，2次试验）来传达其保持停车的意图。每次骑行结束后，参与者通过问卷对eHMI信号的可见度和使用情况以及他们在超车过程中的心理负荷进行打分。在实验结束时，参与者表明了他们喜欢的eHMI信号，并参加了旨在评估他们对eHMI信号理解程度的半结构化访谈。数据分析采用线性混合效应模型比较。结果表明，在显示条件下，eHMI信号的可见度和使用程度很高，大多数参与者更喜欢这个信号。此外，尽管参与者在危险警示灯条件下的心理负荷低于展示条件下的心理负荷，但后者的心理负荷仍保持在中等强度。此外，对被试车辆行为的分析表明，在显示条件下，被试的接近和超车速度低于危险警示灯条件下，表明被试的驾驶行为更加谨慎。这些研究结果表明，显示状态下的eHMI信号可以作为一种理想的、增强安全的通信手段，用于跟随人类驾驶员。

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引用次数: 0

A content analysis exploring adaptive cruise control and forward collision warning systems in vehicle manuals 汽车手册中自适应巡航控制和前方碰撞预警系统的内容分析

IF 4.4 2区工程技术 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED

Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour

Pub Date : 2026-03-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2026.103549

Michelle Nicolls, June Engeland, Grégoire S. Larue

Despite advancements in vehicle technology such as adaptive cruise control (ACC) and forward collision warnings (FCW), rear-end crashes remain an overrepresented crash type. Given the increasing penetration rate of ACC and FCW, it is timely to explore the functions, limitations, and customisations of these systems as specified in vehicle manuals. The current study employed a content analysis to explore a) whether these systems align with recommended safe following distances and b) whether limitations of these systems are related to areas associated with rear-end crashes. A sub-group of the top 200 registered vehicles in Queensland, Australia (n = 55 models) were represented in the content analysis. After removing ineligible vehicles (i.e., registrations of a non-motor vehicle, not manufactured during 2013–2023) and sourcing vehicle manuals (i.e., from Australian manufacturers and third-party websites, email requests to manufactures), a total of 41 models (20 makes) were included. Extracted data was coded to reflect the functions, limitations, and customisable features of these systems. Findings identified a small number of ACC systems aligned with the recommended safe following distance, with the remaining manuals providing insufficient or ambiguous information. Both ACC and FCW systems were limited in common driving situations, including conditions known to contribute to rear-end crashes. Reliance on drivers to use ACC only in appropriate conditions may lead to improper use, reducing the effectiveness of this system in reducing rear-end crashes. Moving forward, it appears warranted that information on ACC and FCW is consistent across manuals to provide drivers with clear and comprehensive detail.

尽管自适应巡航控制系统（ACC）和前方碰撞预警系统（FCW）等汽车技术取得了进步，但追尾事故仍然是一种常见的碰撞类型。鉴于ACC和FCW的普及率越来越高，我们有必要根据车辆手册的规定，对这些系统的功能、限制和定制进行探讨。目前的研究采用了内容分析来探讨a)这些系统是否符合建议的安全跟随距离，b)这些系统的局限性是否与追尾事故相关的区域有关。内容分析中代表了澳大利亚昆士兰州前200名注册车辆的子组（n = 55种车型）。在剔除不合格车辆（即非机动车注册，非2013-2023年生产）和采购车辆手册（即从澳大利亚制造商和第三方网站，向制造商发送电子邮件请求）后，共包括41个车型（20个品牌）。对提取的数据进行编码，以反映这些系统的功能、限制和可定制特性。调查结果表明，少数ACC系统符合建议的安全跟随距离，其余手册提供的信息不充分或含糊不清。ACC和FCW系统在常见的驾驶情况下都受到限制，包括已知会导致追尾事故的情况。仅在适当情况下依赖驾驶员使用ACC可能会导致使用不当，从而降低该系统减少追尾事故的有效性。展望未来，各手册中ACC和FCW的信息应该是一致的，以便为驾驶员提供清晰全面的细节。

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引用次数: 0