Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour最新文献

{"title":"Examining psychological factors associated with pedestrians’ technology use while walking and risky street-crossing behavior: Incorporating heterogeneity effect","authors":"Zeinab Karami ,&nbsp;Kayvan Aghabayk ,&nbsp;Amin Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Sina Rejali","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The widespread integration of technology into everyday life has made pedestrians increasingly susceptible to engaging with distractions. Consequently, it is important to understand the factors that drive their use of technology while walking and the associated risky street-crossing behaviors. Given that smartphone and smartwatch use are among the most common technology-related activities in pedestrian behavior, this study aimed to investigate the influence of behavioral and psychological factors, including fear of missing out (FoMO), mindfulness, nomophobia, self-identity, and self-control on pedestrian technology use while walking (i.e., smartphone and smartwatch use) and their propensity for risky street-crossing behavior. Data were collected from an online survey of 2221 participants in different cities of Iran. A structural equation model (SEM) was developed to explore these relationships, drawing on insights from previous theoretical frameworks. To account for the effect of heterogeneity, the relationship between constructs was explored among different individual groups using Multiple Indicator Multiple Causes (MIMIC) models and Multi-Group Analysis (MGA). The results revealed that mindfulness, followed by nomophobia and self-identity, were the strongest predictors of technology use while walking. Technology use while walking was more frequent among males, individuals aged between 18 and 24, those with prior crash experience and in the trips after 4 pm. In addition, individual characteristics proved to pose a moderating effect on pedestrian technology use and its predictors. FoMO emerged to be a more significant predictor of males’ personality factors and their risky behaviour, while nomophobia, mindfulness, and self-identity were stronger predictors of females’ personality factors, technology use, and risky behaviour. The findings of this study contribute to increasing knowledge in the field of pedestrian safety and inform the development of targeted interventions aimed at mitigating risky behaviours and promoting safer urban environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"109 ","pages":"Pages 770-791"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143100240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Behavioural adaptation to prototype level 3 automated driving systems on public roads","authors":"Barbara Metz ,&nbsp;Johanna Wörle ,&nbsp;Susanne Engel","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Behavioural adaptation refers to changes in user behaviour following the introduction of changes in the road-vehicle-user system. The introduction of automated driving systems (ADS) triggers changes in drivers’ perception, cognition, attitudes, performance, and the driver state as shown in a previous driving simulator study on repeated usage of an ADS (<span><span>Metz et al., 2021</span></span>). The present study aims at overcoming limitations associated with the driving simulator setup and replicates the study design on German public roads using prototype level 3 ADS. Three different versions of a level 3 ADS with different operational design domains (ODD) are compared in a between group design. N = 75 drivers experienced a level 3 ADS during four experimental driving sessions. The drivers were free to activate / deactivate the function as they liked and to spend driving time on self-chosen side tasks. With growing experience, the mental model of the system improves towards more realistic expectations towards system capabilities. At the same time, acceptance and perceived safety increase while stress decreases. Objective indicators of system handling are impacted by the ODD, however there are no changes with repeated usage. The results from the on-road study are compared with the results from the driving simulator and they are discussed with regard to the theory of behavioural adaptation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"109 ","pages":"Pages 1507-1522"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143376575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secondary task solutions to acute and chronic automation-induced underload","authors":"Dan Boguslavsky ,&nbsp;Avinoam Borowsky ,&nbsp;Hadas Chassidim ,&nbsp;Peter A. Hancock","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.01.033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.01.033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Partially automated vehicles (PAVs) relieve human drivers from performing certain basic vehicle control tasks. The human driver remains responsible for automated system supervision despite such support systems. Therefore, long drives with partial automation can induce underload conditions, thereby increasing passive fatigue, impairing situational awareness (SA), and reducing response capacity. As a result, engaging in cognitively demanding tasks has been suggested as an underload countermeasure. The present study examined the acute and chronic effects of adding a Trivia-like Supplementary task as a cognitive non-driving-related task (NDRT) on mitigating driver’s underload and induced passive fatigue. Further, it assessed the impact of the Supplementary task engagement on drivers’ trust, attention and hazard perception (HP) during partially automated driving (PAD). Twenty-four participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (1) PAD with the Supplementary task and notifications of upcoming hazards or (2) PAD with notifications of upcoming hazards only. Participants experienced two forty-minute monotonous driving sessions, one week apart. Each driving session included four latent but unmaterialized hazardous scenarios. The mental workload was evaluated via objective and subjective methods, passive fatigue was measured using KSS and HP, and attention was assessed via gaze behavior analysis. Contrary to our initial literature-based assumption that driving under PAD without engaging with a Supplementary task would lead to underload, we found that under simulated driving conditions, this monitoring driving task leads to overload rather than underload. Thus, in contrast to our expectations, including a Supplementary task did not counteract mental underload, but rather it relieved the drivers from the primary monitoring task, leading to a reduction in cognitive workload, especially in chronic circumstances. Additionally, both experimental groups maintained high and similar HP performance. The findings suggest that including a Supplementary task and other human–machine interface (HMI), functionalities can modify drivers’ behavior and attention allocation strategies over time in various ways, stressing the crucial importance of a mindful systems design to ensure driver attentiveness across continued usage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"109 ","pages":"Pages 1451-1469"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143349913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“That’s a bit of a tight squeeze!”: A thematic analysis of narrow passage driving interactions using the Perceptual Cycle model","authors":"Peter Youssef,&nbsp;Ben Waterson,&nbsp;Katherine L. Plant","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.01.038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.01.038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ability to accurately represent driver behaviours in microscopic traffic models and for autonomous vehicles to discern human driving behaviours is reliant on having a deep understanding of the behaviour that is being modelled. In spite of this, the decision-making processes undertaken during narrow passage interactions, a high risk and relatively unregulated situation in which a road narrowing means that two opposing vehicles cannot pass through at the same time, remain under investigated. To rectify this limitation, an on-road “think aloud” study was conducted with participants in the UK and supplemented by a video-cued retrospective interview using a shortened version of the Schema World Action Research Method. 175 decision points were then analysed using Neisser’s Perceptual Cycle Model, which highlights the relationships between the information perceived from the narrow passage environment, a driver’s schema, and the actions taken. It was found that drivers conduct four key assessments, including evaluating their interaction partner’s intention and the suitability of give way gaps on both sides of the road, when deciding what actions to take during a narrow passage interaction. These results provide a clearer understanding of how driver behaviour is influenced by different contextual/situational factors in a safety critical driving situation and helps ensure that future mathematical models better reflect driver decision-making during narrow passage interactions. This, in turn, can be used to ensure that autonomous vehicles are able to safely interact with human drivers at narrow passages and that microscopic traffic models are able to produce more accurate outputs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"109 ","pages":"Pages 1383-1401"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143206121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What’s your type? A taxonomy of pedestrian route choice behaviour in cities","authors":"Marcin Wozniak ,&nbsp;Gabriele Filomena ,&nbsp;Adam Wronkowski","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.01.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.01.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pedestrian route choice behaviour has captivated academic inquiry for over a century. Its study has shaped urban planning and influenced the design of more sustainable urban spaces and the discourse on just cities. While existing research has primarily examined the influence of configurational factors or urban elements on pedestrian movement, their interplay remains poorly understood. This paper addresses this gap by examining how the configurational properties of the street network and the distribution of urban elements shape pedestrian route choice behaviour. Walking tasks and in-depth interviews were conducted in Poznań (Poland) with 18 participants. The 36 routes and their attributes were tracked using GPS devices, while the interviews provided insights into the participants’ decision-making processes and preferences. The analysis resulted in the definition of a taxonomy of pedestrian types based on their route choice behaviour. These types encompass various preferences and strategies, including prioritising comfort, rational decisions, spontaneity, reliance on landmarks, and environmental cues. Moreover, the analysis revealed variations in route's geometry, length, and predictability across the five types. Overall, our findings emphasise the multifaceted nature of pedestrian behaviour as influenced by a combination of “objective” environmental factors, subjective perceptions, and emergent dynamic factors. Elements like weather, crowds, traffic, noise, seasonality, and time of day emerged as additional but significant determinants of decisions. Finally, while green areas and landmarks did impact route choice behaviour, other more nuanced elements - such as paving patterns, storefronts, or prior experiences and memories - also played a role in shaping the participants’ routes, adding further uncertainty around pedestrian behavioural patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"109 ","pages":"Pages 1257-1274"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-determined motivation and driving styles as dependent on the perception of traffic climate by Turkish and Israeli drivers","authors":"Bilgesu Kaçan-Bibican ,&nbsp;Türker Özkan ,&nbsp;Orit Taubman – Ben-Ari","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.01.034","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.01.034","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The human factor is a prominent cause of traffic accidents. The formation of an individual’s driving style has been found to be influenced by a variety of variables. In this study, the goal is to examine the moderating effects of the country (Israel and Türkiye) and the traffic climate on the relationship between the motivation for safe driving and driving styles. A Background Information Form, a Safe Driving Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SD-SRQ), the Traffic Climate Scale (TCS), and the Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory (MDSI) were used as instruments; data was collected from 471 Israeli and 400 Turkish participants. The contribution of the interaction between the motivation for safe driving and the traffic culture/climate in Israel and Türkiye on driving styles was examined by a moderated moderation analysis. The analysis showed that the two countries are differently impacted by traffic climate and safe driving motivation. The study’s key finding is that while emotionally demanding traffic and autonomous forms of motivation and amotivation have an impact on the patient-careful driving style in Türkiye, traffic climate which is emotionally demanding and requires abilities and skills, together with controlled forms of motivation and amotivation have an impact on dissociative and anxious driving styles in Israel. Suggestions for further research as well as potential practical implications are discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"109 ","pages":"Pages 1182-1196"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Steering decisions: Exploring the impact of perceived value and perceived risk on consumer intentions for adopting driverless cars in China","authors":"Weiwei Zhu,&nbsp;Yingwen Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.12.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.12.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For the sustainable evolution and cutting-edge advancements in driverless cars, a profound comprehension of consumer acceptance is paramount for both automotive manufacturers and policymakers. The comprehensive study delves deeply into the underlying factors influencing consumers' behavioral intentions towards driverless cars emphasizing perceived value and perceived risk. These two constructs are both conceptualized as formative second-order structures, encompassing the basic components of perceived value and perceived risk. The empirical findings reveal a positive correlation between perceived value and consumers' behavioral intention to use driverless cars, whereas perceived risk exhibits a negative correlation. Furthermore, the study validates that travel experience positively moderates the impact of perceived value on behavioral intention. To foster the adoption of driverless cars, measures should be taken to enhance consumers' perception of value and mitigate potential risks associated with their usage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"109 ","pages":"Pages 164-179"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does information provision always enable drivers to make better decisions?–A study on decision-making dilemmas at uncontrolled intersections","authors":"Miaomiao Yang,&nbsp;Qiong Bao,&nbsp;Yongjun Shen,&nbsp;Qikai Qu,&nbsp;Rui Zhang,&nbsp;Tianyuan Han,&nbsp;Huansong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.12.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.12.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The safety implications of two vehicles encountering at uncontrolled intersections remain a significant concern. Despite the availability of connected information, drivers might still face decision-making dilemmas that pose potential risks to traffic safety. To explore the impact of connected information in such interactive dilemmas on driving decisions and traffic operation, a video-based preemptive/yielding (P/Y) decision-making experiment involving 62 straight-going (SG) and 62 left-turning (LT) drivers was conducted under connected information provision. Recognizing the potential adverse effects on operational efficiency if both drivers choose to yield and the threat to traffic safety in scenarios where both opt for preemptive actions, the joint decisions made by SG and LT drivers were treated as response outcomes. Three interactive dilemmas conditions, the provision of turning information, and individual characteristics attributes were considered as explanatory variables. By developing a random regret minimization mixed multinomial logit model, this study examined the effects of connected information on joint decisions and their subsequent influence on potential traffic safety and operational efficiency. The findings indicate that (1) different dilemma conditions significantly influence joint decisions. The high probability of Y-Y and P-P joint decisions suggests that even with the availability of connected information, better driving decisions may not always be achieved. Notably, providing connected information in dilemma condition (2) (where the SG vehicle had a smaller speed but a closer distance to the intersection than the LT vehicle) increases the likelihood of heterogeneous Y-P joint decisions, thus benefiting overall traffic operations. (2) Turning information generally contributes to traffic operations by increasing Y-P joint decisions, yet it also exacerbates potentially hazardous interactions, marked by an increase in both sides choosing preemptive behaviors (P-P joint decisions). This emphasizes the need for traffic authorities to regulate left-turning vehicles’ turn signal usage. (3) Heterogeneous individual characteristics tend to lead to diverse joint decisions, particularly concerning penalty record, accident history, and driving skill. Surprisingly, the heterogeneity of education, income, and driving experience presents a higher probability of homogeneous joint decisions. Overall, this study contributes significantly to understanding the determinants influencing interactive driving decision-making under connected information provision, aiming to the advancement of more efficient and safer vehicle-connected transportation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"109 ","pages":"Pages 320-335"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design intent gets lost in translation: Cooperative steering expectations and consumer willingness to steer with partial driving automation","authors":"Alexandra S. Mueller ,&nbsp;Marel Montgomery ,&nbsp;Jessica B. Cicchino ,&nbsp;Joseph V. Calvanelli Jr.","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.01.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2025.01.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Partially automated (Level 2) systems have design factors that may influence driver behavior, such as shared steering control (i.e., cooperative steering). A fundamental characteristic of cooperative steering is that the lane-centering support remains on while the driver steers within the lane. At the time this study was conducted, Ford and Nissan systems had this cooperative design philosophy, whereas Tesla and General Motors (GM) systems did not.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>An online multimedia survey of 1,260 owners of Tesla, GM, Ford, and Nissan vehicles equipped with partial automation gave us insight into their understanding of their systems’ cooperability.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We found that automaker design intent does not always translate into consumer understanding because most respondents, from all owner groups, thought their systems were cooperative. Likewise, many drivers with hands-on-required systems thought they could be used hands-free for extended periods, whereas some people with hands-free-capable systems thought they could not use their systems that way. Nevertheless, after presenting video-based driving situations that varied in hazardousness, we found that cooperability has a situation-specific influence. Specifically, cooperative-system owners were more likely to want to steer to the side of the lane in all scenarios and have their hands on the wheel than noncooperative-system owners in scenarios with a large vehicle present in the adjacent lane.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Given the growing concern around driver disengagement and system misuse, our findings suggest that cooperative steering is not only a relatively intuitive design philosophy, but it also may help to maintain driver engagement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"109 ","pages":"Pages 992-1006"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of driver vigilance level for various cognitive distractions when drivers use advanced driving assistance functions","authors":"Mengjiao Wu ,&nbsp;Xuesong Wang ,&nbsp;Chris Lee ,&nbsp;Shikun Liu ,&nbsp;Jiawen Chen ,&nbsp;Yiran Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.12.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.12.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>According to the World Health Organization report, 162 countries have enacted legislation prohibiting distracted driving. The regulations on distracted driving mainly restrict physical and visual distractions related to the use of handheld phones, with less restrictions on cognitive distractions. However, it is not yet clear which cognitive distracted driving behaviors may lead to significant decrease in driver vigilance. The purpose of this study is to assess how different cognitive distractions affect driver vigilance when drivers use advanced driving assistance functions in a monotonous driving highway environment. Using a driving simulator and external devices, the multi-dimensional including mental workload, vigilance reaction time and accuracy, eye movement data were collected from 31 participants. Cognitive distractions types included visual-manual-cognitive distraction tasks, auditory-cognitive distraction tasks and a no-distraction task. Three Multiple Criteria Decision-Making methods were used to evaluate the driver vigilance level during different types of cognitive distractions. The results indicate that participants exhibited lower vigilance levels during visual-manual-cognitive distraction tasks (L3 and L2) compared to auditory-cognitive distraction tasks (L2 and L1) and the no-distraction task (L1). This was due to the nature of the visual-manual-cognitive tasks, such as the message-sending task, which involve both language generation and comprehension, requiring higher levels of brain activation and attention resources. Therefore, visual-manual-cognitive distraction tasks should be limited when drivers use advanced driving assistance functions. In contrast, simple auditory-cognitive distractions, such as listening to new tasks, helped drivers remain alert and maintained vigilance levels comparable to the no-distraction task. This indicates that the auditory-cognitive distractions that involve language comprehension can assist drivers in maintaining an appropriate stimulation level, thereby preventing a decrease in vigilance associated with mind-wandering. Therefore, auditory-cognitive distractions involving language comprehension can be permitted in simple driving environments. As the vigilance level was lower at moderate level for auditory-cognitive involving working memory(1-back), it is recommended to warn this type of distraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"109 ","pages":"Pages 571-587"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143099978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}