Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2024.08.014
Meng Wang , Shashank Mehrotra , Nicholas Wong , Jah’inaya Parker , Shannon C. Roberts , Woon Kim , Alicia Romo , William J. Horrey
The effectiveness of the human–machine interface (HMI) in a driving automation system is based, in part, on how it issues alerts and requests to the driver—it must quickly and sufficiently orient the driver to the driving task. While much research on the design of HMIs exists, unique associations and meaningful relationships must be considered collectively to offer guidance for vehicle automation. The purpose of the current study was to: (a) review and synthesize existing research and guidance on HMI design as it related to requests to intervene (RTI) for driving automation systems and (b) propose a clear and comprehensive set of recommendations that could inform future system development and implementation. A thorough literature search and selection process was followed the PRISMA guidelines and resulted in the review of 93 articles. The review’s outcome indicates multimodal alerts are prominent, useful, and effective. Many of the HMIs reported in the literature were similar in that they abided by well-established HMI-design guidelines. A small subset of HMIs established evidence for distinct and innovative design principles. Taken together, this study proposed 10 recommendations for HMI design in driving automation systems, ranging from the utility of auditory versus visual alerts to the timing, sensitivity, and location of alerts.
{"title":"Human-Machine interfaces and vehicle Automation: A review of the literature and recommendations for system Design, Feedback, and alerts","authors":"Meng Wang , Shashank Mehrotra , Nicholas Wong , Jah’inaya Parker , Shannon C. Roberts , Woon Kim , Alicia Romo , William J. Horrey","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.08.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.08.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effectiveness of the human–machine interface (HMI) in a driving automation system is based, in part, on how it issues alerts and requests to the driver—it must quickly and sufficiently orient the driver to the driving task. While much research on the design of<!--> <!-->HMIs<!--> <!-->exists, unique associations and meaningful relationships must be considered collectively to offer guidance for vehicle automation. The purpose of the current study was to: (a) review and synthesize existing research and guidance on HMI design as it related to requests to intervene (RTI) for driving automation systems and (b) propose a clear and comprehensive set of recommendations that could inform future system development and implementation. A thorough literature search and selection process was followed the PRISMA guidelines and resulted in the review of 93 articles. The review’s outcome indicates multimodal alerts are prominent, useful, and effective. Many of the HMIs reported in the literature were similar in that they abided by well-established HMI-design guidelines. A small subset of<!--> <!-->HMIs<!--> <!-->established evidence for distinct and innovative design principles. Taken together, this study proposed 10 recommendations for HMI design in driving automation systems, ranging from the utility of auditory versus visual alerts to the timing, sensitivity, and location of alerts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"107 ","pages":"Pages 549-561"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142356900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.020
Samir H.A. Mohammad , Haneen Farah , Arkady Zgonnikov
Understanding human behavior in overtaking scenarios is crucial for enhancing road safety in mixed traffic with automated vehicles (AVs). Computational models of behavior play a pivotal role in advancing this understanding, as they can provide insight into human behavior generalizing beyond empirical studies. However, existing studies and models of human overtaking behavior have mostly focused on scenarios with simplistic, constant-speed dynamics of oncoming vehicles, disregarding the potential of AVs to proactively influence the decision-making process of the human drivers via implicit communication. Furthermore, despite numerous studies in other scenarios, so far it remained unknown whether overtaking decisions of human drivers are affected by whether they are interacting with an AV or a human-driven vehicle (HDV). To address these gaps, we conducted a “reverse Wizard-of-Oz” driving simulator experiment with 30 participants who repeatedly interacted with oncoming AVs and HDVs, measuring the drivers' gap acceptance decisions and response times. The oncoming vehicles featured time-varying dynamics designed to influence the overtaking decisions of the participants by briefly decelerating and then recovering to their initial speed. We found no evidence of differences in participants' overtaking behavior when interacting with oncoming AVs compared to HDVs. Furthermore, we did not find any evidence of brief decelerations of the oncoming vehicle affecting the decisions or response times of the participants. Cognitive modeling of the obtained data revealed that a generalized drift-diffusion model with dynamic drift rate and velocity-dependent decision bias best explained the gap acceptance outcomes and response times observed in the experiment. Overall, our findings highlight that cognitive models of the kind considered here can provide a generalizable description of human overtaking decisions and their timing. Such models can thus help further advance the ongoing development of safer interactions between human drivers and AVs during overtaking maneuvers.
{"title":"In the driver's mind: Modeling the dynamics of human overtaking decisions in interactions with oncoming automated vehicles","authors":"Samir H.A. Mohammad , Haneen Farah , Arkady Zgonnikov","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding human behavior in overtaking scenarios is crucial for enhancing road safety in mixed traffic with automated vehicles (AVs). Computational models of behavior play a pivotal role in advancing this understanding, as they can provide insight into human behavior generalizing beyond empirical studies. However, existing studies and models of human overtaking behavior have mostly focused on scenarios with simplistic, constant-speed dynamics of oncoming vehicles, disregarding the potential of AVs to proactively influence the decision-making process of the human drivers via implicit communication. Furthermore, despite numerous studies in other scenarios, so far it remained unknown whether overtaking decisions of human drivers are affected by whether they are interacting with an AV or a human-driven vehicle (HDV). To address these gaps, we conducted a “reverse Wizard-of-Oz” driving simulator experiment with 30 participants who repeatedly interacted with oncoming AVs and HDVs, measuring the drivers' gap acceptance decisions and response times. The oncoming vehicles featured time-varying dynamics designed to influence the overtaking decisions of the participants by briefly decelerating and then recovering to their initial speed. We found no evidence of differences in participants' overtaking behavior when interacting with oncoming AVs compared to HDVs. Furthermore, we did not find any evidence of brief decelerations of the oncoming vehicle affecting the decisions or response times of the participants. Cognitive modeling of the obtained data revealed that a generalized drift-diffusion model with dynamic drift rate and velocity-dependent decision bias best explained the gap acceptance outcomes and response times observed in the experiment. Overall, our findings highlight that cognitive models of the kind considered here can provide a generalizable description of human overtaking decisions and their timing. Such models can thus help further advance the ongoing development of safer interactions between human drivers and AVs during overtaking maneuvers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"107 ","pages":"Pages 562-577"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2024.07.025
Shiyan Yang, Kyle M. Wilson, Brook Shiferaw, Trey Roady, Jonny Kuo, Michael G. Lenné
Objective
The paper aims to integrate interior and exterior sensing signals to explore gaze-context connections for more context-aware driver attention management.
Background
Driving context is important for crash risk assessment, but little is known about how it modulates attention requirements for developing driver monitoring systems.
Method
Twenty-four participants drove a Tesla Model S equipped with Autopilot on the highway, during which driver gaze, headway, speed, and driving mode were sampled from the driver monitoring system, Mobileye, and CAN Bus. These signals were processed and synchronized over each single gaze fixation and incorporated into a Bayesian generalized linear model to assess the effects of dynamic contextual factors on the duration of individual gaze fixation.
Results
During car following, gaze fixations on eccentric locations in the road scene were shorter. Changes in headway led to longer fixations on the lead vehicle. Moreover, higher vehicle speed and larger acceleration/deceleration, regardless of being in the manual or assisted driving mode, led to longer fixations on the road center. In addition, driving mode itself had a small effect on fixation duration.
Conclusion
Sensor fusion, along with computation models, explains the connections between driver attention and dynamic context in real-world driving.
Application: The gaze-context connections provide insight into developing more context-sensitive gaze metrics to support adaptive driver attention management.
{"title":"Sensor fusion to connect gaze fixation with dynamic driving context for driver attention management","authors":"Shiyan Yang, Kyle M. Wilson, Brook Shiferaw, Trey Roady, Jonny Kuo, Michael G. Lenné","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.07.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.07.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The paper aims to integrate interior and exterior sensing signals to explore gaze-context connections for more context-aware driver attention management.</div></div><div><h3>Background</h3><div>Driving context is important for crash risk assessment, but little is known about how it modulates attention requirements for developing driver monitoring systems.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Twenty-four participants drove a Tesla Model S equipped with Autopilot on the highway, during which driver gaze, headway, speed, and driving mode were sampled from the driver monitoring system, Mobileye, and CAN Bus. These signals were processed and synchronized over each single gaze fixation and incorporated into a Bayesian generalized linear model to assess the effects of dynamic contextual factors on the duration of individual gaze fixation.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During car following, gaze fixations on eccentric locations in the road scene were shorter. Changes in headway led to longer fixations on the lead vehicle. Moreover, higher vehicle speed and larger acceleration/deceleration, regardless of being in the manual or assisted driving mode, led to longer fixations on the road center. In addition, driving mode itself had a small effect on fixation duration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Sensor fusion, along with computation models, explains the connections between driver attention and dynamic context in real-world driving.</div><div><em>Application</em>: The gaze-context connections provide insight into developing more context-sensitive gaze metrics to support adaptive driver attention management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"107 ","pages":"Pages 578-588"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142424266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Maintaining an appropriate level of trust is critical for driving safety in autonomous vehicles. While enhancing the driver’s situation awareness (SA) of system information in autonomous driving is known to significantly promote trust calibration, it remains unclear whether enhancing the driver’s SA of the external context during driving contributes to this calibration. This study addresses this gap by improving SA of the external context during Level 3 (L3) driving automation across various driving environments. Driving contexts were manipulated using distinct road conditions containing low, medium, or high contextual risks. To enhance driver’s SA of the driving context, we redesigned the in-vehicle central control panel to display real-time perceptual and predictive information about the external driving context. We hypothesized that SA of driving contexts would facilitate trust calibration rather than merely enhancing trust, allowing trust to adjust to appropriate levels under different driving conditions. Experiment 1 examined the impact of perceptual information about the road, traffic infrastructure, and surrounding vehicles on drivers’ trust. We found that driver’s trust decreased with increased contextual risk only when the reconfigured panel was used, while the number of accidents was not affected. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of predictive information about the external context on drivers’ trust by marking safe and dangerous zones around driver’s vehicle with green and red areas, respectively. We revealed that the predictive information calibrated the trust according to road conditions and increased overall trust levels, while the number of accidents was not affected. Together, these findings suggest that enhancing perception and prediction of external contexts helps drivers align their trust with contextual risk levels in L3 driving automation without compromising driving safety.
{"title":"Trust calibration through perceptual and predictive information of the external context in autonomous vehicle","authors":"Qi Gao, Lehan Chen, Yanwei Shi, Yuxuan Luo, Mowei Shen, Zaifeng Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Maintaining an appropriate level of trust is critical for driving safety in autonomous vehicles. While enhancing the driver’s situation awareness (SA) of system information in autonomous driving is known to significantly promote trust calibration, it remains unclear whether enhancing the driver’s SA of the external context during driving contributes to this calibration. This study addresses this gap by improving SA of the external context during Level 3 (L3) driving automation across various driving environments. Driving contexts were manipulated using distinct road conditions containing low, medium, or high contextual risks. To enhance driver’s SA of the driving context, we redesigned the in-vehicle central control panel to display real-time perceptual and predictive information about the external driving context. We hypothesized that SA of driving contexts would facilitate trust calibration rather than merely enhancing trust, allowing trust to adjust to appropriate levels under different driving conditions. Experiment 1 examined the impact of perceptual information about the road, traffic infrastructure, and surrounding vehicles on drivers’ trust. We found that driver’s trust decreased with increased contextual risk only when the reconfigured panel was used, while the number of accidents was not affected. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of predictive information about the external context on drivers’ trust by marking safe and dangerous zones around driver’s vehicle with green and red areas, respectively. We revealed that the predictive information calibrated the trust according to road conditions and increased overall trust levels, while the number of accidents was not affected. Together, these findings suggest that enhancing perception and prediction of external contexts helps drivers align their trust with contextual risk levels in L3 driving automation without compromising driving safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"107 ","pages":"Pages 537-548"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142356899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.011
Laura Martínez-Buelvas , Andry Rakotonirainy , Deanna Grant-Smith , Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios
As technological development towards connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) continues to rise, addressing the challenges associated with their integration is crucial, especially regarding public acceptance. This study explores the acceptability of CAVs, focusing on their potential role in enhancing safety and justice within the transport system. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a diverse participant group, including 18 car drivers (aged 20–79, M = 48.3, SD = 18.77) and 12 pedestrians (aged 18–61, M = 36.0, SD = 12.94). Thematic analysis was employed to identify and contextualise factors influencing CAV acceptability, encompassing usefulness, ease of use, effectiveness, affordability, and social acceptability. Results emphasised safety as a top priority for both drivers and pedestrians. Trust and system reliability were also common concerns, varying with participants’ roles and transport experiences. Both drivers and pedestrians identified cost and economic benefits as significant barriers to CAV acceptance. Moreover, shared apprehensions about justice in adopting CAVs acknowledged the imperfections inherent in technological advancements. Participants supported CAVs but raised concerns about potential harm to vulnerable road users. Both car drivers and pedestrians expressed concerns that introducing CAVs could exacerbate existing injustices these road users face. This study offers valuable insights into how individual differences influence CAV acceptability, contributing to understanding their preparedness to adopt advanced automotive technologies.
{"title":"A multi-road user evaluation of the acceptance of connected and automated vehicles through the lenses of safety and justice","authors":"Laura Martínez-Buelvas , Andry Rakotonirainy , Deanna Grant-Smith , Oscar Oviedo-Trespalacios","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As technological development towards connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) continues to rise, addressing the challenges associated with their integration is crucial, especially regarding public acceptance. This study explores the acceptability of CAVs, focusing on their potential role in enhancing safety and justice within the transport system. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a diverse participant group, including 18 car drivers (aged 20–79, M = 48.3, SD = 18.77) and 12 pedestrians (aged 18–61, M = 36.0, SD = 12.94). Thematic analysis was employed to identify and contextualise factors influencing CAV acceptability, encompassing usefulness, ease of use, effectiveness, affordability, and social acceptability. Results emphasised safety as a top priority for both drivers and pedestrians. Trust and system reliability were also common concerns, varying with participants’ roles and transport experiences. Both drivers and pedestrians identified cost and economic benefits as significant barriers to CAV acceptance. Moreover, shared apprehensions about justice in adopting CAVs acknowledged the imperfections inherent in technological advancements. Participants supported CAVs but raised concerns about potential harm to vulnerable road users. Both car drivers and pedestrians expressed concerns that introducing CAVs could exacerbate existing injustices these road users face. This study offers valuable insights into how individual differences influence CAV acceptability, contributing to understanding their preparedness to adopt advanced automotive technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"107 ","pages":"Pages 521-536"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142327645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.017
Zhenya Tang , Jianliang Hao , Xizi Wang
The rapid growth of dockless bike-sharing has revolutionized urban transportation. However, the disorderly parking of dockless shared bikes has emerged as a critical challenge, significantly hindering the benefits of this system by causing obstructions, safety hazards, and public nuisance. This study aims to investigate users’ orderly parking behavior of dockless shared bikes through the lens of deterrence theory. Our findings reveal that punishment severity, punishment certainty, personal norm, and descriptive norm have significant positive effects on users’ attitudes towards orderly parking, which in turn positively influences their orderly parking behavior. This study contributes to the literature by extending the application of deterrence theory to the context of dockless bike-sharing and providing empirical evidence on the role of deterrence factors in shaping users’ orderly parking behavior. Our findings offer valuable insights for bike-sharing operators and policymakers to develop effective strategies.
{"title":"Park smart or face the music: Understanding users’ orderly parking behavior of dockless shared bikes from the perspective of deterrence theory","authors":"Zhenya Tang , Jianliang Hao , Xizi Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid growth of dockless bike-sharing has revolutionized urban transportation. However, the disorderly parking of dockless shared bikes has emerged as a critical challenge, significantly hindering the benefits of this system by causing obstructions, safety hazards, and public nuisance. This study aims to investigate users’ orderly parking behavior of dockless shared bikes through the lens of deterrence theory. Our findings reveal that punishment severity, punishment certainty, personal norm, and descriptive norm have significant positive effects on users’ attitudes towards orderly parking, which in turn positively influences their orderly parking behavior. This study contributes to the literature by extending the application of deterrence theory to the context of dockless bike-sharing and providing empirical evidence on the role of deterrence factors in shaping users’ orderly parking behavior. Our findings offer valuable insights for bike-sharing operators and policymakers to develop effective strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"107 ","pages":"Pages 507-520"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142322384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-25DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.016
Tingzhen Wang , Yan Ge , Weina Qu
Emotions that occur while driving, especially anger, can significantly impact driving-related safety. Due to the potential risks of aggressive driving behaviour, which include hazardous driving and traffic accidents, it is important to explore strategies to effectively manage anger, thereby enhancing driving-related safety. This study aimed to investigate the relationships among psychological resilience, cognitive emotional regulation, driving anger, and the expression of driving anger. A total of 350 drivers (aged 21–50 years) completed online questionnaires, including the Connor–Davidson Psychological Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), the Driving Anger Scale (DAS), and the Driver Anger Expression Inventory (DAX). The results indicated that a higher level of psychological resilience is associated with a greater tendency to employ positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and a greater tendency to exhibit more adaptive expressions of driving anger. In contrast, a lower level of psychological resilience is associated with negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies, resulting in elevated levels of driving anger and a higher frequency of nonadaptive expressions. Additionally, cognitive emotion regulation mediated the relationship between psychological resilience and driving anger. These findings suggest that drivers with high levels of psychological resilience and those who engage in effective cognitive emotion regulation strategies are more likely to remain calm in irritating driving situations, thereby enhancing overall driving-related safety.
{"title":"The role of psychological resilience in driving anger expression: The mediating effect of cognitive emotion regulation","authors":"Tingzhen Wang , Yan Ge , Weina Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Emotions that occur while driving, especially anger, can significantly impact driving-related safety. Due to the potential risks of aggressive driving behaviour, which include hazardous driving and traffic accidents, it is important to explore strategies to effectively manage anger, thereby enhancing driving-related safety. This study aimed to investigate the relationships among psychological resilience, cognitive emotional regulation, driving anger, and the expression of driving anger. A total of 350 drivers (aged 21–50 years) completed online questionnaires, including the Connor–Davidson Psychological Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), the Driving Anger Scale (DAS), and the Driver Anger Expression Inventory (DAX). The results indicated that a higher level of psychological resilience is associated with a greater tendency to employ positive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and a greater tendency to exhibit more adaptive expressions of driving anger. In contrast, a lower level of psychological resilience is associated with negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies, resulting in elevated levels of driving anger and a higher frequency of nonadaptive expressions. Additionally, cognitive emotion regulation mediated the relationship between psychological resilience and driving anger. These findings suggest that drivers with high levels of psychological resilience and those who engage in effective cognitive emotion regulation strategies are more likely to remain calm in irritating driving situations, thereby enhancing overall driving-related safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"107 ","pages":"Pages 496-506"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142318962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and technology-based distraction on driving performance. In this study, using a simulator radio system was considered as a technology-based distraction factor. Driving performance was measured using three parameters: the number of collisions with obstacles, reaction time, and lateral deviation of the car. Participants were divided into case and control groups based on their scores from the Connors Adult ADHD Disorder Questionnaire. They participated in driving experiments under two scenarios: 1) without interacting with the radio system, and 2) while interacting with the radio system. The findings revealed that interacting with the radio system led to a significant increase in the number of collisions, reaction time, and lateral deviation (P-value < 0.05). ADHD, in combination with the distraction factor (working with the radio system) while driving, had a significant impact on increasing the number of collisions and reaction time (P-value < 0.05). However, it did not have a significant effect on the degree of lateral deviation (P-value > 0.05). Engaging in a secondary task (working with the radio system) while driving reduced the driver’s situational awareness and impaired cognitive function, resulting in an increase in the number of collisions, reaction time, and lateral deviation. The distraction factor exacerbated the already poor concentration and attention of individuals with ADHD, further impairing their decision-making and driving reactions. Therefore, ADHD and technology-based distractions had a synergistic effect on driving performance.
{"title":"The synergistic effect of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and technology-based inattention on reduction of driving performance","authors":"Hassan Mandali , Mohammad Ghorbani , Neda Molamehdizadeh , Jamileh Abolghasemi , Hossein Ebrahimi","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and technology-based distraction on driving performance. In this study, using a simulator radio system was considered as a technology-based distraction factor. Driving performance was measured using three parameters: the number of collisions with obstacles, reaction time, and lateral deviation of the car. Participants were divided into case and control groups based on their scores from the Connors Adult ADHD Disorder Questionnaire. They participated in driving experiments under two scenarios: 1) without interacting with the radio system, and 2) while interacting with the radio system. The findings revealed that interacting with the radio system led to a significant increase in the number of collisions, reaction time, and lateral deviation (P-value < 0.05). ADHD, in combination with the distraction factor (working with the radio system) while driving, had a significant impact on increasing the number of collisions and reaction time (P-value < 0.05). However, it did not have a significant effect on the degree of lateral deviation (P-value > 0.05). Engaging in a secondary task (working with the radio system) while driving reduced the driver’s situational awareness and impaired cognitive function, resulting in an increase in the number of collisions, reaction time, and lateral deviation. The distraction factor exacerbated the already poor concentration and attention of individuals with ADHD, further impairing their decision-making and driving reactions. Therefore, ADHD and technology-based distractions had a synergistic effect on driving performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"107 ","pages":"Pages 484-495"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142318961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-20DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2024.09.012
Changshuai Wang , Yongcheng Shao , Tong Zhu , Chengcheng Xu , Nan Zheng
Due to the vision obstruction caused by visually blind obstacles on urban roads, pedestrians suffer a high crash risk in pedestrian-vehicle conflicts. At the same time, the connected information can potentially improve driver behaviour with an earlier warning and driving aids. To ensure safer interactions between pedestrians and motor vehicles in the middle section of urban roads, this simulator-based study aims to investigate drivers’ behaviour under the influence of connected information and predict crash risk during their interaction with pedestrians on urban roads, involving six conflict scenarios based on real-world traffic situations. The test employed a mixed experimental design, with connected information as the between-subject variable. A total of 70 participants were divided into a control group and an experimental group to complete the test. Results from linear mixed-effects models indicated that the presence of connected information and crosswalks positively influenced driver braking behaviour, resulting in a shorter reaction time, longer braking duration and distance, smaller maximum deceleration, and a reduced standard deviation of deceleration. Conversely, visual obstacles led to longer reaction times, while parked cars and buses negatively affected driver behaviour. Further, aggressive drivers exhibited poorer braking behaviour compared to neutral drivers. An explainable machine learning model was developed to predict pedestrian-vehicle crash risks during interactions, demonstrating satisfactory predictive accuracy. The presence of connected information and crosswalks was found to have a positive effect on reducing crash risks and improving safety margins. These findings provide valuable insights for implementing connected driving technology and developing measures to enhance pedestrian safety.
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Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2024.08.030
Vanessa Stange , Lena Behrens , Kerstin Kuhlmann , Tobias Schräder , Leon Johann Brettin , Markus Maurer
Driverless or autonomous vehicles (AVs) have the potential to address children’s mobility disadvantage by enabling them to become more independent from their parents and other adult drivers before they reach the legal age for obtaining a driver’s license. In an online contextual interview study, we interviewed N=22 parents of underage children from Germany to investigate their willingness to use AVs for unaccompanied transportation of their children. The goal of the interview study was to investigate whether AVs are a suitable option to support unaccompanied transportation of children from the parents’ perspective and how these AVs should be designed considering the parents’ concerns and needs. In contrast to former acceptance studies, we familiarized the participants with an existing AV concept called autoELF. We created a user scenario to enable the parents to better imagine the situation. In the study, parents first described their children’s current mobility in a normal week. Parents were then asked about the expected benefits, concerns, child-related prerequisites and technical requirements for using AVs, as well as the possibilities for integrating AVs into their family’s mobility. Results showed that AVs can be a solution to provide children with unaccompanied transportation. In contrast to previous studies, the majority of parents interviewed in this study were willing to use the AV for the transportation of unaccompanied children, but only after parents had gained initial experience with the vehicle and trained their children in its use. Regarding the unaccompanied use by their children, parents based their consent to use the AV on their children’s emotional and cognitive abilities rather than on their age. In their children’s daily mobility, parents intended to replace most of the previously accompanied car journeys during leisure time with the autoELF vehicle without compromising their children’s active mobility, such as walking or bicycling. In contrast to previous literature, only a few parents cited school commuting as a use case for the autoELF vehicle. Our qualitative interview study highlights the potential of AVs for unaccompanied child transportation. Moreover, it stresses the importance to use specific, tangible concept when investigating family AVs. In the next phase of the research project, a physical prototype of the autoELF vehicle was tested with children and older adults as the primary user groups.
无人驾驶或自动驾驶汽车（AVs）有可能解决儿童交通不便的问题，使他们在达到获得驾照的法定年龄之前，能够更加独立于父母和其他成人司机。在一项在线情境访谈研究中，我们采访了 N=22 位德国未成年儿童的父母，调查他们是否愿意使用无人驾驶汽车接送子女。访谈研究的目的是从家长的角度出发，调查无人驾驶汽车是否是支持无人陪伴儿童交通的合适选择，以及考虑到家长的担忧和需求，应如何设计这些无人驾驶汽车。与以往的接受度研究不同的是，我们让参与者熟悉一种名为 autoELF 的现有 AV 概念。我们创建了一个用户情景，让家长更好地想象当时的情况。在研究中，家长们首先描述了他们的孩子目前在正常一周内的行动能力。然后，家长们被问及使用自动视像系统的预期好处、顾虑、与儿童相关的先决条件和技术要求，以及将自动视像系统融入家庭移动的可能性。结果表明，自动驾驶汽车是为儿童提供无陪伴交通的一种解决方案。与以往研究不同的是，本研究中大多数受访家长都愿意使用自动驾驶汽车接送无人陪伴儿童，但前提是家长必须获得使用汽车的初步经验，并对子女进行使用培训。关于子女在无人陪伴的情况下使用 AV 的问题，家长同意使用 AV 的依据是子女的情感和认知能力，而不是他们的年龄。在子女的日常出行方面，家长们希望在不影响子女步行或骑自行车等主动出行方式的前提下，用自动驾驶汽车取代以前闲暇时的大部分陪同乘车出行。与以往文献不同的是，只有少数家长将上下学作为自动驾驶汽车的使用案例。我们的定性访谈研究强调了无人陪伴儿童交通使用自动驾驶汽车的潜力。此外，它还强调了在调查家庭自动驾驶汽车时使用具体、实际概念的重要性。在研究项目的下一阶段，以儿童和老年人为主要用户群，对自动驾驶汽车的实物原型进行了测试。
{"title":"Parents’ perspectives on transporting their children in autonomous vehicles – A contextual interview study with parents in Germany","authors":"Vanessa Stange , Lena Behrens , Kerstin Kuhlmann , Tobias Schräder , Leon Johann Brettin , Markus Maurer","doi":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.08.030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.trf.2024.08.030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Driverless or autonomous vehicles (AVs) have the potential to address children’s mobility disadvantage by enabling them to become more independent from their parents and other adult drivers before they reach the legal age for obtaining a driver’s license. In an online contextual interview study, we interviewed <em>N</em>=22 parents of underage children from Germany to investigate their willingness to use AVs for unaccompanied transportation of their children. The goal of the interview study was to investigate whether AVs are a suitable option to support unaccompanied transportation of children from the parents’ perspective and how these AVs should be designed considering the parents’ concerns and needs. In contrast to former acceptance studies, we familiarized the participants with an existing AV concept called autoELF. We created a user scenario to enable the parents to better imagine the situation. In the study, parents first described their children’s current mobility in a normal week. Parents were then asked about the expected benefits, concerns, child-related prerequisites and technical requirements for using AVs, as well as the possibilities for integrating AVs into their family’s mobility. Results showed that AVs can be a solution to provide children with unaccompanied transportation. In contrast to previous studies, the majority of parents interviewed in this study were willing to use the AV for the transportation of unaccompanied children, but only after parents had gained initial experience with the vehicle and trained their children in its use. Regarding the unaccompanied use by their children, parents based their consent to use the AV on their children’s emotional and cognitive abilities rather than on their age. In their children’s daily mobility, parents intended to replace most of the previously accompanied car journeys during leisure time with the autoELF vehicle without compromising their children’s active mobility, such as walking or bicycling. In contrast to previous literature, only a few parents cited school commuting as a use case for the autoELF vehicle. Our qualitative interview study highlights the potential of AVs for unaccompanied child transportation. Moreover, it stresses the importance to use specific, tangible concept when investigating family AVs. In the next phase of the research project, a physical prototype of the autoELF vehicle was tested with children and older adults as the primary user groups.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48355,"journal":{"name":"Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour","volume":"107 ","pages":"Pages 436-463"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369847824002377/pdfft?md5=b79ac5284197cd65c0bd95e4a78aa25f&pid=1-s2.0-S1369847824002377-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142272750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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