Transport Policy最新文献_第10页

What drives inequalities in Low Emission Zones’ impacts on job accessibility? 是什么导致了低排放区对就业可得性影响的不平等？

IF 6.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS

Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.10.029

Charlotte Liotta

Low-emission zones (LEZs) aim to improve urban air quality and reduce emissions but often face public opposition due to their regressive impacts on accessibility. However, the causes of these regressive impacts remain poorly understood. This study investigates the factors driving inequalities in the impacts of LEZs on job accessibility across occupational categories in eight French cities. Using ex-ante open-source data, it computes expected job accessibility losses due to LEZs per occupational category. Additionally, it provides a counterfactual decomposition of the disparities in LEZs’ impacts between six drivers: ownership of polluting vehicles, workers’ residences and workplaces within the LEZ, accessibility of workers’ homes and workplaces via public transportation, and feasibility of active transportation modes for commuting between homes and workplaces. The findings reveal that LEZs are predominantly regressive in six out of the eight cities examined. Despite a higher concentration of high-income workers and jobs within LEZs, resulting in significant accessibility losses for this group, low-income workers bear a greater burden due to the limited availability of public transportation near their residences and workplaces, longer commutes to work, and higher shares of polluting vehicles. These findings help inform potential complementary policies to address the regressive effects of LEZs.

低排放区（LEZs）旨在改善城市空气质量和减少排放，但由于其对可达性的倒退影响，常常遭到公众的反对。然而，人们对造成这些倒退影响的原因仍然知之甚少。本研究调查了法国八个城市的低排放区对不同职业类别的就业可得性的不平等影响因素。通过使用事前公开数据，本研究计算了每个职业类别由于低排放区造成的预期就业可得性损失。此外，该研究还对低排放区的影响在以下六个驱动因素之间的差异进行了反事实分解：污染车辆的拥有率、低排放区内工人的住所和工作场所、工人住所和工作场所通过公共交通的可达性，以及在住所和工作场所之间通勤的主动交通模式的可行性。研究结果表明，在所考察的八个城市中，有六个城市的低排放区主要是递减的。尽管低排放区内的高收入工人和工作岗位较为集中，导致该群体在交通便利性方面遭受重大损失，但低收入工人由于其住所和工作场所附近的公共交通有限、通勤时间较长以及污染车辆比例较高而承受了更大的负担。这些发现有助于为解决低排放区倒退效应的潜在补充政策提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

Emissions reduction of air transport and high-speed rail with policy intervention considering the modal competition in a network market: Environment and welfare implications

IF 6.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS

Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.10.037

Yingzhi Wang, Xiushan Jiang, Jihui Ma

Reducing emissions in the transportation sector is a crucial priority for policymakers aiming to address environmental concerns. This paper builds an analytical model to investigate the environmental and welfare impacts of emissions reduction in air transport (AT) and high-speed rail (HSR), considering their competition within a network market. In particular, we incorporate key factors such as policy interventions and passenger environmental awareness into the model. Our findings show that while emissions reduction generally yields positive outcomes, they can paradoxically generate additional emissions under specific conditions due to increased air transport traffic. Notably, the participation of both AT and HSR in emissions reduction results in the most significant environmental benefits across the transport network in most cases. This scenario mitigates the potential rise in air emissions on the long-haul route via the network effect and modal substitution. Our analysis shows that HSR emissions reduction creates a net environmental improvement compared to the scenario involving only AT emissions reduction. Additionally, HSR emissions reduction enhances both social welfare and HSR profitability, highlighting the crucial role of HSR in reducing emissions, particularly amid ongoing decarbonization in the aviation industry. However, redirecting aviation emissions tax revenue to subsidize HSR, while beneficial for emissions and HSR profitability, may distort market competition, leading to potential welfare losses. Finally, we provide several policy implications.

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引用次数: 0

The impact of congestion charging on car ownership: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment 交通拥堵收费对汽车拥有量的影响：来自准自然实验的证据

IF 6.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS

Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.10.039

Craig Morton, Yasir Ali

引用次数: 0

Wild goose chase or not? Equilibrium in a hybrid ride-hailing market 狂热的追逐与否？混合型打车市场的平衡

IF 6.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS

Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.10.026

Xiang Li, Jingyun Ge

We consider a hybrid ride-hailing platform, such as Uber, Lyft, and Didi, offering passengers the choice between a ride-sourcing service and a ride-pooling service. A passenger who chooses the ride-sourcing service can enjoy the trip alone, while passengers who pool can benefit from a lower trip fare; however, the latter may take more travel time (i.e., waiting time and in-vehicle time) and may require passengers to share their ride with strangers. When a passenger is matched to a distant driver, the ride-sourcing or ride-pooling service may get stuck in an inefficient wild-goose-chase (WGC) regime, wherein the driver spends a lot of time picking up passengers. To explore the non-WGC regime of ride-sourcing and ride-pooling services in the hybrid ride-hailing market, we build an equilibrium model that maximizes the profit of the platform, obtain the optimal trip fares of the two services, derive the non-WGC conditions for both services, and then compare them to those in the single market. We find that the interaction between the two services not only contributes to demand shifting effect, which adjusts fares and promotes differentiated pricing strategies, but also alters the non-WGC conditions of each service in the hybrid market, deepening their interdependence so that the waiting time of one service has a non-monotonic effect on the non-WGC regime of the alternative service. Moreover, benefiting from the coordinated complementarity of the two services with each other, passenger demand is more evenly distributed, which enhances real capacity and turnover, reduces the waiting time threshold (WTT) for each service to fall into the WGC regime under the mild condition, and contributes to travel efficiency overall. Such advantages of market diversity lay a solid foundation for ride-hailing market platforms to be able to offer more diverse service options.

我们考虑了 Uber、Lyft 和滴滴等混合打车平台的情况，乘客可以在 "车源服务 "和 "拼车服务 "之间做出选择。选择车源服务的乘客可以独自享受旅程，而拼车的乘客则可以享受较低的车费；但后者可能需要更多的旅行时间（即等待时间和车内时间），而且可能需要乘客与陌生人拼车。当乘客与远方的司机匹配时，乘车外包或拼车服务可能会陷入低效的 "野鹅追逐"（WGC）模式，即司机花费大量时间接送乘客。为了探索混合乘车市场中外包和拼车服务的非WGC机制，我们建立了一个平台利润最大化的均衡模型，得到了两种服务的最优出行票价，推导出了两种服务的非WGC条件，并将其与单一市场中的非WGC条件进行了比较。我们发现，两种服务之间的互动不仅会产生需求转移效应，从而调整票价并促进差异化定价策略，还会改变混合市场中每种服务的非 WGC 条件，加深它们之间的相互依存关系，从而使一种服务的等待时间对另一种服务的非 WGC 制度产生非单调影响。此外，得益于两种服务之间的协调互补，乘客需求分布更加均匀，从而提高了实际运力和周转率，降低了在温和条件下每种服务跌入 WGC 体系的等候时间门槛（WTT），有助于提高整体出行效率。市场多样性的这些优势为打车市场平台能够提供更多样化的服务选择奠定了坚实的基础。

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引用次数: 0

Is port integration a panacea for regions green development: An empirical study of China port city 港口一体化是地区绿色发展的灵丹妙药吗？中国港口城市实证研究

IF 6.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS

Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.10.036

Qifei Ma , Sujuan Li , Peng Jia , Haibo Kuang

Port integration (PI) can eradicate homogeneity and disorderly competition, realize the green intensive development of port cities, and is a crucial step in enhancing port competitiveness. This paper builds an assessment framework for green development efficiency (GDE) that takes social welfare, environmental regulation, economic growth into account, and uses the Super-SBM model to calculate the GDE based on panel data from 113 Chinese port cities from 2003 to 2020. Furthermore, the influence of PI on the GDE of port cities and its transmission mechanism is assessed using the PSM-DID model. The results show that the GDE of port cities has a fluctuating upward trend, but the overall level is low, and the social development index (SDI) can effectively improve the efficiency level. PI can significantly improve the urban GDE, and various robust results show that the above conclusions are credible. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that PI contributes more to the GDE of inland port cities than it does to coastal port cities. The GDE of the small-medium sized cities can be greatly enhanced by PI, and the results are better when the "Government driven + market decided" pattern is used. PI encourages technology innovation, which can enhance the urban GDE. Finally, some policy recommendations are made to encourage the excellent development of Chinese port cities.

港口一体化（PI）可以消除同质化和无序竞争，实现港口城市的绿色集约发展，是提升港口竞争力的关键一步。本文构建了一个综合考虑社会福利、环境规制、经济增长等因素的绿色发展效率（GDE）评估框架，并基于 2003-2020 年中国 113 个港口城市的面板数据，利用超级-SBM 模型计算了港口城市的绿色发展效率。此外，还利用 PSM-DID 模型评估了 PI 对港口城市 GDE 的影响及其传导机制。结果表明，港口城市 GDE 呈波动上升趋势，但总体水平较低，而社会发展指数（SDI）能有效提高效率水平。PI 可以明显改善城市 GDE，各种稳健结果表明上述结论是可信的。异质性分析表明，与沿海港口城市相比，PI 对内陆港口城市 GDE 的贡献更大。中小城市的 GDE 可以通过 PI 得到大幅提升，而采用 "政府推动+市场决定 "模式的效果更好。郫县鼓励技术创新，可以提高城市 GDE。最后，提出了一些鼓励中国港口城市卓越发展的政策建议。

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引用次数: 0

Multi-level governance and modal thinking: Tensions in electric mobility transitions in European cities 多级治理和模式思维：欧洲城市电动交通转型中的紧张关系

IF 6.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS

Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.10.035

Hannah Budnitz , Marek Jaskólski , Marianne Knapskog , Aleksandra Lis-Plesińska , Filip Schmidt , Rafał Szymanowski , Jasmijn van der Craats , Tim Schwanen

Innovations around electric vehicle (EV) technology are viewed as a promising pathway to rapidly decarbonise transport systems in transition studies. However, the mobility histories and path dependencies that shape these transitions are spatially uneven both horizontally across different geographies and vertically between different scales of authority and responsibility. As such, they are rooted in the assumptions and power relations that underlay the policy processes of city and metropolitan governance. This study takes the novel approach of comparing these processes both horizontally between cities and vertically between levels of government. The analysis is based on 50 expert interviews with local and national actors involved in delivering policy related to electric mobility in four European cities: Bristol, United Kingdom; Oslo, Norway; Poznań, Poland, and Utrecht, Netherlands. In all four cities, national, inter- and supra-national pressures generate a perception among some interviewees that the transition to electric mobility, and particularly the electrification of private cars, is inevitable. Yet because modal thinking permeates urban transport policymaking, the majority of our experts define sustainable and just urban mobility as that involving modes other than the private car. A key contribution of this study is revealing this tension between national EV priorities and urban aims to reduce car traffic, which subconsciously influences local policymakers’ perceptions of the transition to electric mobility. The study also offers new insights into how city and metropolitan policymakers can be more inclusive, innovative, and locally-responsive in shaping policies for accommodating both EVs and new modes like e-scooters.

在转型研究中，围绕电动汽车（EV）技术的创新被视为快速实现交通系统脱碳的可行途径。然而，形成这些转型的流动历史和路径依赖在空间上是不平衡的，在不同地域之间是横向的，在不同权力和责任范围之间是纵向的。因此，它们植根于城市和大都市治理政策过程中的假设和权力关系。本研究采用了一种新颖的方法，对这些过程在城市之间进行横向比较，在各级政府之间进行纵向比较。分析基于 50 次专家访谈，访谈对象是欧洲四个城市中参与电动交通相关政策实施的地方和国家参与者：这四个城市是：英国布里斯托尔、挪威奥斯陆、波兰波兹南和荷兰乌得勒支。在所有这四个城市中，国家、国家间和超国家的压力使一些受访者认为向电动交通，尤其是私家车电动化过渡是不可避免的。然而，由于模式思维渗透到城市交通决策中，我们的大多数专家将可持续和公正的城市交通定义为涉及私家车以外的交通模式。本研究的主要贡献在于揭示了国家电动汽车优先事项与城市减少汽车交通量目标之间的矛盾，这种矛盾潜移默化地影响着地方决策者对电动交通转型的看法。这项研究还为城市和大都市决策者如何以更具包容性、创新性和地方响应性的方式制定政策，以适应电动汽车和电动滑板车等新型交通方式提供了新的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Decarbonization costs for the Swedish heavy-duty road fleet: Circular economy insights on electric truck batteries 瑞典重型公路车队的脱碳成本：关于电动卡车电池的循环经济见解

IF 6.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS

Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.10.033

Elmira Parviziomran, Rickard Bergqvist

This study analyzes decarbonization costs for the Swedish heavy-duty road fleet under five scenarios, one taken from the EUCalc model as a reference scenario and four others driven by interviews: a high-speed transition with 100% battery electric vehicles (BEVs) across all distances; a high-speed transition with BEVs taking 100% of the market in local and regional distances and 40% in long distances, with the remaining 60% being fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) by 2050; a low-speed transition with BEVs market share increasing by 15% every five years, starting at 10% from 2025 for local and 2030 for regional and long distances; and a low-speed transition similar to the previous scenario, but with 60% of the electrified long-distance fleet to be FCVs. The system's expenses are then calculated through numerical modeling. The study links research on the costs of sustainability transition to a circular economy by analyzing the effect of charging range and temperature on battery degradation for BEVs and their impact on the batteries' valorization. In full electrification scenarios, despite lower operating expenses, the system incurs a higher total cost because of higher investment expenses. Charging–discharging pattern and temperature impact the remaining capacity, and therefore salvage value, of end-of-life batteries.

本研究分析了瑞典重型公路车队在五种情景下的脱碳成本，其中一种情景来自 EUCalc 模型，作为参考情景，另外四种情景则由访谈得出：高速过渡方案，在所有距离上 100% 使用电池电动车 (BEV)；高速过渡方案，在本地和区域距离上 100% 使用电池电动车，在长途距离上使用 40% 的电池电动车，到 2050 年，其余 60% 使用燃料电池车 (FCV)；低速过渡方案，电池电动车的市场份额每五年增加 15%，本地距离从 2025 年起增加 10%，区域距离和长途距离从 2030 年起增加 10%；低速过渡方案与前一方案类似，但 60% 的电气化长途车队将使用 FCV。然后通过数字模型计算出该系统的费用。该研究通过分析充电范围和温度对 BEV 电池降解的影响及其对电池价值的影响，将可持续性过渡到循环经济的成本研究联系起来。在完全电气化的情况下，尽管运营成本较低，但由于投资成本较高，系统的总成本也较高。充电-放电模式和温度会影响报废电池的剩余容量，从而影响其残值。

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引用次数: 0

Logistics Performance Index-driven in operational planning for logistics companies: A smart transportation approach 物流公司运营规划中的物流绩效指数驱动：智能运输方法

IF 6.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS

Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.10.034

Niloofar Dini , Saeed Yaghoubi , Hamideh Bahrami

The responsibility of Logistics Companies (LCs) extends beyond simply handling logistical processes and choosing transportation routes; they focus on being competitive and efficient in their operations. In multiple origins and destinations networks, LCs attempt to select the most optimal routes from each point. To address this challenge and reduce the time needed to identify potential routes, a novel method has been developed in this research for LCs. In operational planning, additional factors need to be considered to increase efficiency, customer satisfaction, and competitiveness. To confront this issue, the study proposes a novel model and contributions, inspired by the LPI, to apply the transformative impact of smart ports, the integration of smart containers, the choices of clearing and forwarding agents and port operators, and time uncertainty in the multi-objective framework. Specifically, the mathematical model's objectives include cost, time, customer satisfaction, and environmental impact in the periodic multimodal network. An innovative customer satisfaction function is introduced by integrating the selection of smart containers and smart ports, emphasizing their impact on enhancing customer satisfaction, while addressing time uncertainty through a chance-constrained approach and coefficients of variation. The model is solved using goal programming, and the results show that smart ports and smart containers can majorly affect transportation time and customer satisfaction. Furthermore, comparing the results to other studies demonstrates its superiority in decision-making for LCs, particularly by including time uncertainty and the role of clearing and forwarding agents and port operators. Therefore, the model holds practical significance in lowering costs, enhancing customer satisfaction, and facilitating smart international logistics. This research offers insights that are not only useful for the LCs but also for other stakeholders in the transport industry.

物流公司（LCs）的责任不仅仅是处理物流流程和选择运输路线，它们还注重在运营中提高竞争力和效率。在多个出发地和目的地网络中，物流公司试图从每个点选择最优路线。为了应对这一挑战并减少确定潜在路线所需的时间，本研究为物流公司开发了一种新方法。在运营规划中，还需要考虑其他因素，以提高效率、客户满意度和竞争力。为解决这一问题，本研究受 LPI 的启发，提出了一个新颖的模型和贡献，将智能港口的变革性影响、智能集装箱的集成、清算和转运代理及港口运营商的选择以及时间不确定性应用于多目标框架中。具体来说，数学模型的目标包括定期多式联运网络中的成本、时间、客户满意度和环境影响。通过整合智能集装箱和智能港口的选择，引入了创新的客户满意度函数，强调它们对提高客户满意度的影响，同时通过机会约束方法和变异系数解决时间不确定性问题。结果表明，智能港口和智能集装箱会对运输时间和客户满意度产生重大影响。此外，与其他研究结果相比，该模型在信用证决策方面更具优势，特别是通过将时间不确定性以及清算和转运代理及港口运营商的作用纳入其中。因此，该模型在降低成本、提高客户满意度和促进智能国际物流方面具有实际意义。这项研究提出的见解不仅对信用证公司有用，而且对运输业的其他利益相关者也很有帮助。

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引用次数: 0

Public support for a safe system approach to reducing motor vehicle crash deaths in the United States 公众支持采用安全系统方法减少美国机动车撞车死亡人数

IF 6.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS

Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.10.031

Johnathon P. Ehsani , Jeffrey P. Michael , Shannon Frattaroli , Keshia M. Pollack Porter , Gayane Yenokyan , Ahmed Sabit

Conventional road safety strategies are yielding diminishing returns. The Safe System approach is based on the premise that human errors will occur on the roadway and that the system should be designed to accommodate these errors, so they do not result in death or serious injury. Elements of the system include the roadway infrastructure, vehicle engineering, and speed management.Political support for U.S. Safe System implementation gained momentum with $5 billion in appropriated funds in the 2021 Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. The purpose of this study was to measure public support for Safe System implementation. We fielded a nationally representative survey of US adults from May 4 to June 10, 2022 (N = 2274). We measured whether respondents considered individual- or systems-oriented approaches as the most effective way to prevent traffic deaths. We also assessed support for various roadway interventions and vehicle safety technologies. Most respondents agreed that system-level changes were the most effective way to prevent traffic deaths. Endorsement for system-level changes was significantly higher among younger age groups. Support for roadway improvements and vehicle safety technologies varied according to the type of intervention that was proposed. Public support for a Safe System approach is high, particularly among younger adults, which suggests that the momentum for the movement can be sustained over the long term.

传统的道路安全策略收益越来越低。安全系统 "方法的前提是，在道路上会出现人为失误，而系统的设计应考虑到这些失误，使其不会导致死亡或重伤。该系统的要素包括道路基础设施、车辆工程和速度管理。2021 年《两党基础设施法》拨款 50 亿美元，为美国安全系统的实施提供了政治支持。本研究旨在衡量公众对安全系统实施的支持程度。我们于 2022 年 5 月 4 日至 6 月 10 日对美国成年人进行了一次具有全国代表性的调查（N = 2274）。我们衡量了受访者是认为以个人为导向还是以系统为导向的方法是预防交通死亡的最有效方法。我们还评估了对各种道路干预措施和车辆安全技术的支持程度。大多数受访者都认为，系统层面的变革是预防交通死亡的最有效方法。年轻群体对系统层面变革的支持率明显更高。对道路改善和车辆安全技术的支持因建议的干预类型而异。公众对 "安全系统 "方法的支持率很高，尤其是在年轻人中，这表明这一运动的势头可以长期保持下去。

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引用次数: 0

Pilots’ desire to become future space tourism pilots: Polynomial regression using response surface analysis

IF 6.3 2区工程技术 Q1 ECONOMICS

Transport Policy

Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.10.032

Robert A. Goehlich , Ralf Bebenroth

In this study, we investigated the impact of pilots’ motivation on their desire to be space tourism pilots or to remain in their current occupation (adherence). We analyzed the feedback obtained from a survey questionnaire on a sample consisting of 106 pilots with flying experience. In particular, we compared the pilots’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivations to investigate two outcomes: the desire to become future space pilots or to remain as air pilots. Applying the self-determination theory, we found that intrinsic motivation mattered more than extrinsic motivation. Furthermore, by applying response surface analysis as our statistical tool, it was revealed that motivation for the desire to be space pilots differed from that for adherence. To be more precise, motivation (intrinsic and extrinsic) correlated positively with desire to become space pilots, with higher motivation being associated with a steeper increase. In contrast, motivation correlated negatively with adherence (maintaining status quo). Moreover, pilots who experienced mid-level motivation preferred to stay at their “old” profession while highly motivated pilots were less hesitant to become space pilots. Further, we discovered that for desire a linear effect of motivation was predominant, while for adherence a quadratic effect of motivation was more pronounced. The policy and managerial implications of the results are discussed.

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引用次数: 0