IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2026-01-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2026.106792

Menglin Liu , Ang Liu

Housing constitutes one of the most significant assets for ordinary citizens in China, yet its political implications remain underexplored. Existing political economy theories, largely developed in democratic contexts, predict that property ownership reduces support for redistribution. This study examines whether these expectations hold in China by analyzing the heterogeneous effects of homeownership on policy support for policies related to redistribution. Using nationally representative survey data and combining matching techniques with instrumental variable analysis, we find that homeownership increases support for policies related to redistribution. This positive effect is significantly stronger among employees of state-owned enterprises than among private-sector workers. Mediation analysis further suggests that this relationship operates through channels including family wealth, perceptions of inequality, and marital status. These findings challenge dominant asset-based theories of redistribution and demonstrate that the political consequences of homeownership are fundamentally shaped by institutional context. More broadly, the study highlights how housing functions not only as an economic asset but also as a socio-political mechanism through which states mediate welfare expectations and social stability.

住房是中国普通公民最重要的资产之一，但其政治含义仍未得到充分探讨。现有的主要在民主背景下发展起来的政治经济学理论预测，财产所有权会减少对再分配的支持。本研究通过分析住房所有权对再分配相关政策支持的异质性效应，来检验这些预期在中国是否成立。利用具有全国代表性的调查数据，并结合匹配技术和工具变量分析，我们发现住房所有权增加了对再分配相关政策的支持。这种积极影响在国有企业员工中明显强于私营部门员工。调解分析进一步表明，这种关系通过家庭财富、对不平等的看法和婚姻状况等渠道发挥作用。这些发现挑战了以资产为基础的再分配理论，并证明了住房所有权的政治后果从根本上是由制度背景决定的。更广泛地说，这项研究强调了住房不仅是一种经济资产，而且是一种社会政治机制，国家通过它来调节福利预期和社会稳定。

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引用次数: 0

Anticipation of urban mobility futures beyond adoption: User segmentation across scenarios in two pioneering Chinese cities 对未来城市移动出行的预测：中国两个先行城市的用户细分

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2026-01-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2026.106787

Eunkyung Lee , Juhyun Lee , Hyungchul Chung , Yang Lu

With the advancement of autonomous driving and sharing solutions, future mobility is expected to offer a multi-faceted experience, connecting individuals to their built environments and communities. Ensuring an equitable and smooth transition amid technological and societal uncertainties is a key challenge. This interdisciplinary study seeks to develop a nuanced understanding of the heterogeneous needs of urban residents through segmentation based on their preferences across four possible future mobility situations in two pioneering Chinese cities: Shanghai, a global innovation hub, and Suzhou, a strategic satellite city. Moving beyond traditional adoption-focused models, we emphasize users' anticipated broader benefits of future mobility, especially relating to quality of life. Based on a previous study identifying preferences and perceptions on future mobility, we conducted two separate cluster analyses of responses from 1968 participants. The results revealed that user heterogeneity transcends conventional models, with segments prioritizing privacy, economic pragmatism, or technological enthusiasm, most of which preferred the most transformative mobility future (shared autonomous vehicles). Shanghai's dense, transit-rich environment fosters greater acceptance of shared automated mobility among affluent users, while Suzhou's decentralized structure and dispersed land use produced a unique additional segment of Tech-Aspiring Public Transit Riders. This study underscores the imperative for human-centric, context-sensitive approaches to mobility planning that critically account for user heterogeneity and local urban characteristics. Future mobility may foster societies that are as inclusive as they are innovative.

随着自动驾驶和共享解决方案的发展，未来的移动出行有望提供多方面的体验，将个人与他们的建筑环境和社区联系起来。在技术和社会的不确定性中确保公平和顺利的过渡是一项关键挑战。本跨学科研究旨在通过对中国两个开拓性城市（全球创新中心上海和战略卫星城苏州）四种可能的未来交通状况的偏好进行细分，对城市居民的异质需求进行细致入微的理解。超越传统的以采用为中心的模式，我们强调用户对未来移动出行的更广泛好处的预期，特别是与生活质量有关的好处。基于先前的一项研究确定了对未来流动性的偏好和看法，我们对1968名参与者的回答进行了两次单独的聚类分析。结果显示，用户的异质性超越了传统模型，细分市场优先考虑隐私、经济实用主义或技术热情，其中大多数人更喜欢最具变革性的移动未来（共享自动驾驶汽车）。上海密集、交通丰富的环境促进了富裕用户对共享自动交通的更大接受度，而苏州分散的结构和分散的土地使用产生了一个独特的、渴望科技的公共交通乘客群体。这项研究强调了以人为中心、对环境敏感的交通规划方法的必要性，这种方法要充分考虑用户异质性和当地城市特征。未来的流动性可能会催生一个既包容又创新的社会。

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引用次数: 0

Street vendors in the post-COVID-19 era: A conservation of resources theory perspective 后新冠肺炎时代的街头小贩：资源保护理论视角

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2026.106784

Sheeja Krishnakumar

Street vendors sell goods or services in public spaces, playing a significant role in urban economies by providing convenient products to consumers. This paper focuses on the socio-economic, working conditions, psychological, and official support for street vendors after the pandemic through the lens of the Conservation of Resources (COR) theory. The paper analyses the responses from 302 street vendors in selected residential and commercial places in Bangalore, India. For doing business confidently, proper working conditions and official support are significant compared to social, economic, psychological, and family functioning aspects is confirmed through this study. From the analysis, the confidence to do street vending is possible through the support from officials and good working conditions that contribute to street vendors' psychological well-being. Hence, as per the COR theory, official support and adequate working conditions inhibit further resource depletion and stimulate resource gain phases, improving psychological well-being.

街头小贩在公共场所出售商品或服务，为消费者提供便利的产品，在城市经济中发挥着重要作用。本文以资源保护理论为视角，关注疫情后街头小贩的社会经济、工作条件、心理和官方支持。本文分析了印度班加罗尔选定的住宅和商业场所的302名街头小贩的反应。通过本研究证实，与社会、经济、心理和家庭功能方面相比，适当的工作条件和官方支持对于自信地开展业务具有重要意义。从分析来看，政府的支持和良好的工作条件有助于摊贩的心理健康，从而使他们有信心做街头摊贩。因此，根据COR理论，官方的支持和适当的工作条件抑制了资源的进一步枯竭，刺激了资源的获得阶段，改善了心理健康。

引用次数: 0

Does access to public rental housing alleviate housing precarity among young low- and middle-income renters? Evidence from Guangzhou, China 获得公共租住房屋能否纾缓中低收入青年租客的住屋不稳？来自中国广州的证据

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2026-01-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2026.106780

Lin Chen , Kaiqing Huo , Eddie Chi-Man Hui , Haitao Du

While there has been a proliferation of literature on housing precarity in recent years, less attention has been paid to the development of the Housing Precarity Index (HPI) and the comparison of levels of housing precarity between the public and private rented sectors. To address these gaps, this article draws on data from the 2019 Guangzhou Housing Survey and introduces a novel approach to developing the Housing Precarity Index (HPI) by integrating six dimensions: perceived tenure security, housing affordability, housing quality, commuting, access to public education and healthcare, and access to surrounding living facilities. Using robust quantitative methods, this article disentangles the relationship between rental types and the magnitude of housing precarity, as well as the role of hukou in this relationship. Research results indicate that access to public rental housing can alleviate housing precarity for young, low- and middle-income renters compared to private renting. Furthermore, hukou status does not moderate the relationship between rental types and housing precarity. The experiences of housing precarity among young low- and middle-income renters in China are likely to be mirrored in other developing countries, particularly those with similar housing systems. This article calls for future research on housing precarity in developing countries.

虽然近年来关于住房不稳定性的文献大量涌现，但很少有人关注住房不稳定性指数（HPI）的发展以及公共和私人租赁部门之间住房不稳定性水平的比较。为了解决这些差距，本文借鉴了2019年广州住房调查的数据，并引入了一种新的方法来开发住房不稳定性指数（HPI），通过整合六个维度：感知使用权安全、住房负担能力、住房质量、通勤、获得公共教育和医疗保健以及获得周围生活设施。本文采用稳健的定量方法，理清了租赁类型与住房不稳定性程度之间的关系，以及户口在这种关系中的作用。研究结果表明，与私人租赁相比，获得公共租赁住房可以缓解年轻人、低收入和中等收入租房者的住房不稳定性。此外，户口状况并不能调节租赁类型与住房不稳定性之间的关系。中国低收入和中等收入青年租房者的住房不稳定经历可能会在其他发展中国家得到反映，特别是那些拥有类似住房制度的国家。这篇文章呼吁对发展中国家的住房不稳定性进行进一步的研究。

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引用次数: 0

Tracking interdependent policymaking: Intercity linkages and driving mechanisms of housing purchase restriction policy in China's three major megalopolitan areas 跟踪相互依存的政策制定：中国三大都市区住房限购政策的城际联系与驱动机制

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2026.106794

Xize Wang , Ke Song , Qiong Liu , Ou Minghao , Lin Fang , Yanjun Liu

This paper examines the interdependent politics of policymaking through the lens of policy movement, conceptualizing it as a relation-based process embedded in shifting political-economic contexts. Focusing on housing purchase restrictions (HPR) in China, we model intercity HPR linkages to identify their network patterns and relational mechanisms across the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and Pearl River Delta (PRD) megalopolitan areas from 2016 to 2023. Four main findings emerge. First, shifting national political-economic priorities foreground HPR linkages: delegated local discretion after 2016 has encouraged widespread HPR movement, whereas the post-2021 stabilization mandate has systematically dismantled these linkages. Second, reflecting this shift, the evolution of intercity HPR linkages follows a shared inverted U-shaped trajectory. Third, hierarchical relations remain a defining feature of linkage patterns despite emergent network tendencies: the BTH and YRD linkages exhibit strong concentration around core cities, while the PRD maintains a comparatively polycentric structure. Fourth, inertia and context-contingent relational mechanisms jointly govern this evolution. Temporally, inertia is punctuated by critical turning points in 2016 and 2021 that reset dominant relational logics of linkage formation. Spatially, geographical proximity endures but is increasingly overshadowed by non-geographical relations, especially regional leadership exercised either administratively or economically. These findings refine theoretical understanding of interdependent policymaking under fragmented authoritarianism and provide practical insights for more coherent regional housing governance.

本文通过政策运动的视角考察了政策制定的相互依赖政治，将其概念化为嵌入在不断变化的政治经济背景中的基于关系的过程。本文以中国的住房限购政策为研究对象，对2016 - 2023年京津冀、长三角和珠三角城市群的城市间住房限购政策联系进行了建模，以确定其网络模式和关系机制。主要有四个发现。首先，国家政治经济优先事项的变化前景了HPR联系：2016年之后授予的地方自由裁量权鼓励了广泛的HPR运动，而2021年后的稳定任务则系统地拆除了这些联系。其次，反映这一转变的是城际HPR联系的演变遵循一个共同的倒u型轨迹。第三，尽管新兴的网络趋势，层级关系仍然是联系模式的一个决定性特征：北京和长三角的联系在核心城市周围表现出强烈的集中，而珠三角则保持相对多中心的结构。第四，惯性和情境-偶然关系机制共同支配着这种演变。从时间上看，2016年和2021年的关键转折点打破了惯性，重新设定了联动形成的主要关系逻辑。在空间上，地理上的接近性仍然存在，但越来越被非地理关系所掩盖，特别是在行政或经济上行使的区域领导。这些发现完善了对支离破碎的威权主义下相互依赖的政策制定的理论理解，并为更连贯的区域住房治理提供了实践见解。

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引用次数: 0

Shrinking on the margins: Spatial inequality in neighborhood perceptions and housing prices 边际萎缩：邻里认知和房价的空间不平等

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2026.106771

Putu Indah Adnyani , Donghyun Kim , Gi-Hyoug Cho

Shrinking cities often mask stark intra-urban disparities, yet conventional socioeconomic data seldom capture the subtle environmental cues that shape residents' daily experience. This study measures how neighborhood-level visual perception evolves in Miryang, a small declining city in South Korea, and how those perceptions are capitalized into housing prices. We assemble a longitudinal panel of street view images from 2016 and 2023, apply a pre-trained Place Pulse deep-learning model to score six perceptual attributes (safety, beauty, liveliness, wealth, boredom and depression), and link the resulting measures to 1799 housing transactions through hedonic price models that control for structural, locational and temporal factors.

The analysis reveals two intertwined patterns. First, perceived safety, beauty and liveliness improved or held steady in the historic center but deteriorated across many peripheral streets, accentuating a long-standing core–periphery divide. Second, the housing market rewarded positive perceptual change in the center, yet showed little response where perceptions darkened, leaving vulnerable districts without either improved surroundings or compensating wealth effects.

These findings demonstrate the value of integrating computer-vision perception metrics with property data to provide planners with a timely, low-cost diagnostic of neighborhood appeal. Targeting streets where perceptual decline is deepest and market signals are weakest could prevent demographic shrinkage from further entrenching spatial inequality.

不断缩小的城市往往掩盖了城市内部明显的差异，然而传统的社会经济数据很少能捕捉到影响居民日常体验的微妙环境线索。这项研究测量了韩国密阳（一个衰落的小城市）社区层面的视觉感知是如何演变的，以及这些感知是如何被转化为房价的。我们组装了2016年和2023年街景图像的纵向面板，应用预训练的Place Pulse深度学习模型对六个感知属性（安全、美丽、活力、财富、无聊和抑郁）进行评分，并通过控制结构、位置和时间因素的享乐价格模型将结果测量与1799笔住房交易联系起来。分析揭示了两种相互交织的模式。首先，历史中心的安全、美观和活力得到改善或保持稳定，但在许多外围街道上却恶化了，凸显了长期存在的核心与外围的鸿沟。其次，房地产市场奖励了中心地区积极的感知变化，但在感知变暗的地区几乎没有反应，导致脆弱地区既没有改善环境，也没有补偿财富效应。这些发现证明了将计算机视觉感知指标与物业数据相结合，为规划者提供及时、低成本的社区吸引力诊断的价值。瞄准那些感知衰退最深、市场信号最弱的街道，可以防止人口萎缩进一步加剧空间不平等。

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引用次数: 0

Impact of the urban environment on self-perception of health in a medium-sized European city: A mixed-methods study 欧洲一个中等城市的城市环境对自我健康感知的影响：一项混合方法研究

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2025.106730

Áxel De León Marcos , Víctor Quesada-Cubo

This mixed-methods study explores how the urban environment influences self-perceived health, with particular attention to the generational differences that became evident during and after the COVID-19 pandemic call for urban planning strategies that respond to all dimensions of health. The research was carried out in a medium-sized Spanish city, combining qualitative data from 27 in-depth interviews and quantitative survey responses from 185 residents across neighbourhoods with varying environmental characteristics. Although the study initially focused on built environment factors such as green space access, walkability, and infrastructure quality, the qualitative findings showed that mental health—especially among younger participants—emerged as a central factor shaping health perceptions. Feelings of isolation, hopelessness, and confinement were frequently described by younger respondents, often tied to perceptions of spatial and social marginalization in their living environments. In contrast, older participants reported greater resilience and a more positive outlook on their health. These findings highlight the need to address mental health disparities within urban policy and underscore the importance of creating inclusive, equitable environments that support psychological well-being across age groups. The study demonstrates the value of allowing emergent themes to guide mixed-methods research and points to the need for urban planning strategies that integrate improvements in the physical environment with attention to the emotional experiences of residents, particularly in post-pandemic settings.

这项混合方法研究探讨了城市环境如何影响自我感知的健康，特别关注在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间和之后变得明显的代际差异，呼吁城市规划战略应对健康的各个方面。该研究在西班牙一个中等城市进行，结合了来自27个深度访谈的定性数据和来自不同环境特征社区185名居民的定量调查反馈。虽然这项研究最初关注的是建筑环境因素，如绿地可达性、可步行性和基础设施质量，但定性研究结果表明，心理健康——尤其是年轻参与者——成为塑造健康观念的核心因素。年轻的受访者经常描述孤立、绝望和禁闭的感觉，这往往与他们在生活环境中感到空间和社会边缘化有关。相比之下，年龄较大的参与者报告说，他们的适应能力更强，对自己的健康前景也更乐观。这些发现突出表明，有必要在城市政策范围内解决心理健康差异问题，并强调创造包容、公平的环境，支持各年龄组心理健康的重要性。该研究表明，允许新兴主题指导混合方法研究的价值，并指出需要制定城市规划战略，将改善自然环境与关注居民的情感体验结合起来，特别是在大流行后的环境中。

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引用次数: 0

Does homeownership increase happiness? Empirical evidence from Korean Labor and Income Panel Study Data 拥有住房能增加幸福感吗？来自韩国劳动和收入小组研究数据的经验证据

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2026.106785

Sunyoung Lee, Jangik Jin

Homeownership is widely recognized as a key determinant of individual happiness; however, previous research has shown mixed results regarding its effects. This study investigates the relationship between homeownership and happiness in Korea, with a focus on temporal dynamics and spatial variation. Utilizing panel data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study (KLIPS) from 2009 to 2023, we apply a panel event study model to analyze the anticipation, short-term, adaptation, and long-term effects of homeownership. The findings reveal three key insights. First, homeownership leads to a significant short-term increase in happiness, peaking immediately after acquisition but gradually declining over time due to hedonic adaptation. Second, the happiness effects vary by housing type and size: apartment (APT) ownership is associated with the highest average happiness, and transitions from non-apartments to apartments generate the most substantial gains. Notably, both upsizing and downsizing are linked to increased happiness, except in rural areas, suggesting that ownership itself plays a more critical role than size alone. Third, spatial differences are evident; homeownership enhances happiness in urban areas, including both the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) and non-SMA regions, but has no statistically significant effect in rural areas. These results suggest the importance of considering spatial context and housing characteristics in designing housing policy. In particular, policy efforts should aim to support the long-term emotional well-being of homeowners by tailoring strategies to regional conditions and addressing the varied needs of different housing types and household preferences.

房屋所有权被广泛认为是个人幸福的关键决定因素；然而，之前的研究显示，关于它的影响，结果好坏参半。本研究调查了韩国住房所有权与幸福感之间的关系，重点关注时间动态和空间变化。利用2009年至2023年韩国劳动和收入面板研究（KLIPS）的面板数据，我们应用面板事件研究模型来分析住房所有权的预期、短期、适应和长期影响。研究结果揭示了三个关键的见解。首先，房屋所有权会导致幸福感在短期内显著增加，在获得后立即达到峰值，但随着时间的推移，由于享乐适应而逐渐下降。其次，幸福效应因住房类型和大小而异：公寓（APT）所有权与最高的平均幸福相关，从非公寓到公寓的过渡产生了最实质性的收益。值得注意的是，除农村地区外，扩大规模和缩小规模都与幸福感增加有关，这表明所有权本身比规模本身起着更重要的作用。三是空间差异明显；在包括首都圈（SMA）和非SMA地区在内的城市地区，住房拥有率提高了幸福感，但在农村地区没有统计学意义上的显著影响。这些结果表明，在设计住房政策时考虑空间文脉和住房特征的重要性。特别是，政策努力应着眼于支持房主的长期情感福祉，根据区域情况制定战略，解决不同住房类型和家庭偏好的不同需求。

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引用次数: 0

Secondary city regionalism: China's cross boundary development projects 二级城市区域化：中国跨界发展项目

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2026.106795

Yi Li , Nicholas A. Phelps , Guoliang Xu

This study examines the modalities of recent city regionalism, initiated by secondary cities, in post-reform China. Academic and policy discourse has centred on the emergence of, and state rescaling for, global city regions. However, the role and strategizing of secondary cities within their respective city regions have often been overlooked. This study fills a gap by examining city regionalism from the ‘outside in’, focusing on secondary city authorities' strategies to reap the benefits of agglomeration and buffer the effects of marginalization by mobilizing cross boundary development opportunities. Based on fieldwork, we identified three types of cross boundary developments: new towns, industrial parks, and innovation enclaves. The regionalization strategies and partnership programs launched by secondary cities highlight how they identify and exploit niches within city regions. This article notes how future research can pay more attention to the agency of secondary cities and the emergence and characteristics of inter-urban places within city regions.

本研究探讨了改革开放后中国由二线城市发起的城市区域主义模式。学术和政策讨论集中在全球城市地区的出现和国家规模的重新调整上。然而，二级城市在其各自城市区域内的作用和战略往往被忽视。本研究通过从“由外而内”考察城市区域主义来填补这一空白，重点关注二级城市当局通过调动跨界发展机会来获得集聚效益和缓冲边缘化影响的策略。根据实地调查，我们确定了三种类型的跨界发展：新市镇、工业园区和创新飞地。二级城市启动的区域化战略和伙伴关系计划突出了它们如何识别和利用城市区域内的利基市场。本文指出，未来的研究应更多地关注二级城市的中介作用以及城市区域内城市间场所的出现和特征。

引用次数: 0

Urban accessibility and digital transformation: A bibliometric study of the 15-Minute City and smart city technologies 城市可达性和数字化转型：15分钟城市和智慧城市技术的文献计量学研究

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2026.106797

Ionuț Nica , Camelia Delcea , Ștefan Ionescu

In this study, we examine how the concepts of the “15 Minute City” and “Smart City Technologies” intersect, highlighting their importance in promoting urban sustainability and digital transformation. A bibliometric analysis was carried out for this purpose, using the RStudio software solution (Bibliometrix package, biblioshiny function), the dataset covering scientific publications in the field from 1979 to 2024, but also taking into account the guidelines of the PRISMA-SEGRESS guidelines to ensure traceability and methodological transparency. The results obtained indicate a high degree of relevance of emerging technologies, such as 6G and digital twins used in streamlining urban mobility, accessibility and environmental sustainability. There was also a significant increase in scientific publications between 2017 and 2023, suggesting an increased degree of academic scientific interest, due to both accelerated urban challenges and the global momentum towards digitalization and digital transformation. This research also identifies limitations and gaps, particularly those related to the social equity impacts of Smart City technologies, as well as their integration into resilient urban planning frameworks. In addition, practical implications for e-commerce are highlighted, where improved infrastructure can facilitate business development through increased accessibility and sustainable service delivery. Future research directions should further examine the socio-economic impact of these models, in particular their potential to reduce digital divides and promote inclusive urban economies.

在本研究中，我们研究了“15分钟城市”和“智慧城市技术”的概念如何交叉，强调了它们在促进城市可持续发展和数字化转型方面的重要性。为此，使用RStudio软件解决方案（Bibliometrix软件包，biblioshiny功能）进行了文献计量分析，数据集涵盖了1979年至2024年该领域的科学出版物，但也考虑了PRISMA-SEGRESS指南的指导方针，以确保可追溯性和方法透明度。所获得的结果表明，新兴技术（如6G和数字孪生）在简化城市交通、可达性和环境可持续性方面具有高度相关性。2017年至2023年期间，科学出版物也显著增加，这表明由于城市挑战的加速以及全球数字化和数字化转型的势头，学术科学兴趣程度有所提高。本研究还确定了限制和差距，特别是与智慧城市技术的社会公平影响以及将其纳入弹性城市规划框架有关的限制和差距。此外，还强调了对电子商务的实际影响，其中改进的基础设施可以通过增加可及性和可持续的服务提供来促进业务发展。未来的研究方向应进一步研究这些模式的社会经济影响，特别是它们在缩小数字鸿沟和促进包容性城市经济方面的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

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