IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105468

Hiroyuki Usui

The delineation of cost-efficient urban areas, considering their morphological dynamics including urban expansion and shrinkage, is essential to compare present and future urban areas and evaluate the effectiveness of policies to achieve a cost-efficient and spatially compact city. Nevertheless, we lack the methods for investigating the relationship between the dynamics of cost-efficient urban areas and the associated costs of infrastructure connections (road networks). To address this issue, we develop a new method for investigating this relationship. The results of a case study conducted in the prefectures surrounding Tokyo showed that (1) most cost-efficient urban areas are statistically categorised as being at equilibrium, indicating no significant urban expansion for new building generation, aggregation, or urban shrinkage regarding vacant plot generation and fragmentation; and (2) the minimum connection cost per building ranges from 3.8 to 7.7 and tends to be temporally stable in each prefecture. Therefore, we conclude that cost-efficient urban areas are stable in their dynamics and connection costs per building. The stability regarding morphological dynamics, the optimal criteria for determining the spatial extent of cost-efficient urban areas and the minimum cost per building are significant when we compare present urban areas with cost-efficient ones.

考虑到包括城市扩张和收缩在内的城市形态动态，划定具有成本效益的城市区域对于比较现在和未来的城市区域以及评估实现具有成本效益和空间紧凑的城市的政策效果至关重要。然而，我们缺乏研究成本效益型城区动态与基础设施连接（道路网络）相关成本之间关系的方法。为了解决这个问题，我们开发了一种新方法来研究这种关系。在东京周边都道府县进行的案例研究结果表明：(1) 大多数成本效益型城区在统计上被归类为处于均衡状态，表明在新建筑的产生、聚集方面没有明显的城区扩张，在空置地块的产生和破碎方面也没有明显的城区萎缩；(2) 每栋建筑的最低连接成本从 3.8 到 7.7 不等，并且在每个都道府县都趋于时间稳定。因此，我们得出结论，具有成本效益的城区在其动态和每栋建筑的连接成本方面是稳定的。当我们将现有城区与成本效益型城区进行比较时，形态动态的稳定性、确定成本效益型城区空间范围的最佳标准以及每栋建筑物的最低成本都非常重要。

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引用次数: 0

Complete streets meet fragmented policies: Sidewalks in 30 U.S. cities 完整的街道与零散的政策：美国 30 个城市的人行道

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105588

Laura Messier

This article contributes a qualitative analysis of the sidewalk policies of the 30 most populous cities in the United States, using a social-ecological framework to relate sidewalk policies to health outcomes. The study identifies barriers to achieving walkability and equity and opportunities for future improvement with a structured review of sidewalk ownership, planning, assessment, and financing and synthesis of common motivations for existing approaches. The cities studied have Complete Streets and Vision Zero policies, both of which prioritize pedestrian infrastructure, yet the sidewalk policies which could operationalize those goals assign responsibility to the abutting property owner in 77 % of cities. Only three cities - San Francisco, Denver, and Austin - have “equitable” policies. Widespread shortfalls in funding for sidewalk projects often undermine equity goals, regardless of policy. While sidewalk networks are required to meet walkability goals, policies largely take a patchwork approach. Thinking of sidewalk infrastructure as separate from the abutting private property offers an opportunity to realize additional funding sources and institutional capacity and, along with State and Federal support, an opportunity for sidewalk policies and networks which better support ambitious municipal goals.

本文对美国人口最多的 30 个城市的人行道政策进行了定性分析，采用社会生态框架将人行道政策与健康结果联系起来。研究通过对人行道所有权、规划、评估和融资的结构性审查，以及对现有方法共同动机的综合分析，确定了实现步行便利性和公平性的障碍，以及未来改进的机会。所研究的城市都制定了 "完整街道"（Complete Streets）和 "零愿景"（Vision Zero）政策，这两项政策都将行人基础设施列为优先事项，但在 77% 的城市中，可以实现这些目标的人行道政策却将责任分配给了毗邻的业主。只有旧金山、丹佛和奥斯汀三个城市制定了 "公平 "政策。无论政策如何，人行道项目资金的普遍短缺往往会损害公平目标。虽然人行道网络是实现步行目标的必要条件，但政策大多采取修修补补的方式。将人行道基础设施与毗邻的私有财产分开考虑，为实现更多的资金来源和机构能力提供了机会，加上州政府和联邦政府的支持，人行道政策和网络有机会更好地支持雄心勃勃的市政目标。

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引用次数: 0

Quadruple Helix co-creation and cities: Behavioral and institutional changes in innovation capacities and cultures 四重螺旋共同创造与城市：创新能力和创新文化的行为和体制变化

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105579

Raphaël James Somerville Stephens

Recent research has shown that civil society increasingly participates in innovation processes and outcomes. In collaborating with the research, private and public sectors, civil society organizations form part of what has been called the “Quadruple Helix” of innovation. The processes whereby these four helices co-innovate have been conceptualized under the term “co-creation”. This being a relatively new mode of innovation, the field of co-creation research has only recently begun to reveal the multiplicity of co-creation practices in existence. This budding research field can therefore benefit from significantly more empirical research on the diversity of co-creation experiences. Cities and city-regions deserve particular attention because they are the locus of many Quadruple Helix co-creation processes, due to the density and diversity of activities, capacities and urban problems they behold. In the present research, we contribute a significant base of evidence to show some of the potential benefits that (Quadruple Helix) co-creation could bring to city innovations. From the combined review of experiences in twenty-four city-focused co-creation projects, our study draws a typology of three types of co-creation outcomes which could benefit cities. We find these outcomes to be (i) holistic approaches, which enhance territorial resources and relocalize value chains, (ii) inter-helix mediations, which help forge trust, develop common innovation languages and build new data and knowledge communities, and (iii) enhanced prototyping and ideation capacities. We argue that these three types of co-creation outcomes can help foster behavioral and institutional changes in urban innovation cultures, which could in turn better align city innovations with societal needs.

最近的研究表明，民间社会越来越多地参与创新进程和成果。在与研究、私营和公共部门的合作中，民间社会组织构成了所谓创新 "四螺旋 "的一部分。这四个螺旋共同创新的过程被概念化为 "共同创造"。作为一种相对较新的创新模式，共同创造研究领域最近才开始揭示现存的多种共同创造实践。因此，对共同创造经验的多样性进行更多的实证研究，将使这一崭露头角的研究领域受益匪浅。城市和城市区域值得特别关注，因为它们是许多 "四重螺旋 "共创过程的所在地，其活动、能力和城市问题具有密度和多样性。在本研究中，我们提供了一个重要的证据库，以显示（四重螺旋）共同创造可能给城市创新带来的一些潜在益处。通过对二十四个以城市为重点的共同创造项目的经验进行综合审查，我们的研究得出了三种类型的共同创造成果，这些成果可以使城市受益。我们发现这些成果是：(i) 整体性方法，可增强地域资源并重新定位价值链；(ii) 螺旋间中介，有助于建立信任、发展共同的创新语言并建立新的数据和知识社区；(iii) 增强原型设计和构思能力。我们认为，这三类共创成果有助于促进城市创新文化的行为和制度变革，进而使城市创新更好地满足社会需求。

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引用次数: 0

Provincial gentrification in the Global North – A literature review 全球北方省份的城市化--文献综述

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105586

Jan Kubeš , Zoltán Kovács

This study aims to explore the main characteristics of gentrification in provincial cities in the Global North. The paper builds on recent findings of gentrification research in provincial cities focusing on the demand side. For the sake of the study a literature review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. The paper concludes that gentrification in provincial cities is somewhat delayed, less dynamic and often incomplete compared to gentrification in metropolises. While in metropolises, yuppies are primarily attracted by well-paid jobs and entertainment in the inner city, provincial gentrifiers tend to utilize the practical benefits of inner-city living (e.g., quality of housing, safety, and accessibility). Among the various types of gentrification, marginal gentrification seems to be more widespread in provincial cities. In smaller provincial cities with universities, student gentrification tends to be common, whereas tourism gentrification often dominates in cities with valuable historical buildings. Favorable conditions for new-build and green gentrification in smaller provincial cities are sustained by a relatively good supply of under-utilized sites, high-quality greenery and other natural elements. Future research should devote more attention not only to the different factors of gentrification in global and provincial cities, but also to developing conceptual explanations in these different contexts.

本研究旨在探讨全球北方省会城市城市化的主要特征。本文以最近在省会城市进行的城市化研究成果为基础，重点关注需求方面。为了开展本研究，我们按照 PRISMA 指南进行了文献综述。本文的结论是，与大都市的城市化相比，省会城市的城市化具有一定的滞后性，缺乏活力，而且往往不完整。在大都市，雅皮士主要被内城的高薪工作和娱乐所吸引，而省城的绅士化者则倾向于利用内城生活的实际好处（如住房质量、安全性和交通便利性）。在各种类型的市民化中，边缘市民化似乎在省会城市更为普遍。在拥有大学的较小的省会城市，学生城市化往往很普遍，而在拥有珍贵历史建筑的城市，旅游城市化往往占主导地位。在较小的省会城市中，新建建筑和绿色城市化的有利条件得益于相对充足的未充分利用的土地供应、高质量的绿化和其他自然要素。未来的研究不仅应更多地关注全球城市和省会城市中城市化的不同因素，还应针对这些不同的情况提出概念性解释。

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引用次数: 0

The impacts of public transportation development on gentrification and poverty in Hong Kong neighbourhoods (2006–2021) 公共交通发展对香港社区贵族化和贫困的影响（2006-2021 年）

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105467

Ka Man Leung , Lennon Hung Tat Choy

This study examines gentrification situation and changes in the number of poor households in Hong Kong from 2006 to 2021 with data from three census time points. It examines key neighbourhood characteristics and the impacts of recent public transportation development, focusing on both lower-income neighbourhoods and the whole territory. The findings reveal that lower-income Tertiary Planning Units (TPUs) with lower tenant proportions and new Mass Transit Railway (MTR) stations were more vulnerable to gentrification. There was a negative correlation between household income and the likelihood of losing poor households.

At the territory level, the impact of new MTR stations on gentrification was less significant, indicating greater resilience of the households. Additionally, TPUs with larger proportions of older adults had higher likelihood to experience a loss of poor households. Using difference-in-differences (DiD) approach, improved accessibility from MTR extensions is found to be positively correlated with changes in the proportions of poor households in the TPUs. The results provide valuable insights for designing targeted social welfare, housing and community policies.

本研究利用三个人口普查时间点的数据，探讨了 2006 年至 2021 年香港的城市化情况和贫困家庭数量的变化。研究以低收入社区和全港为研究对象，探讨了主要社区特征和近期公共交通发展的影响。研究结果显示，租户比例较低的低收入三级规划单位和新地铁站更容易受到绅化发展的影响。在全港范围内，新地铁站对城市化的影响并不显著，这表明住户的适应能力更强。此外，老年人比例较高的城规会有较高的贫困户流失可能性。使用差分法（DiD）研究发现，地铁支线带来的交通便利与城中村贫困家庭比例的变化呈正相关。这些结果为设计有针对性的社会福利、住房和社区政策提供了宝贵的启示。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring urban segregation dynamics: A hub-based agent model integrating preferences, social interactions, and policy interventions 探索城市隔离动态：集偏好、社会互动和政策干预于一体的枢纽代理模型

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105576

Yakup Turgut , Sanja Lazarova-Molnar

Urban segregation emerges from a complex interplay of individual preferences and social interactions within varied urban landscapes. This study presents an expanded Schelling's segregation model, introducing a more granular representation of urban environments through categorization of distinct hubs: Economic, Educational, Cultural, and Green Spaces, along with unspecified areas. Agents within the model are characterized by distinct preferences for these hubs, guiding their movement decisions and thereby influencing the spatial configuration of the city. The model reflects the richness of urban life by capturing the intricacies of preference-based residential choices. Through integration of a survey-based approach, the study sources simulated agents' decision behaviors from real-world data, ensuring a realistic portrayal of urban dynamics. Our findings demonstrate how individual desires, such as the desire for economic stability, educational opportunities, cultural experiences, and environmental quality, combine with social factors to promote urban segregation in complex ways. Additionally, the study examines the impact of various policy interventions on urban segregation and individual well-being. It discusses how different interventions can produce diverse outcomes, showing that each policy can uniquely influence segregation patterns and the happiness of residents.

在不同的城市景观中，个人偏好和社会互动的复杂相互作用导致了城市隔离。本研究提出了一个扩展的谢林隔离模型，通过对不同中心的分类，引入了更细化的城市环境表征：经济中心、教育中心、文化中心、绿地中心以及未指定的区域。模型中的代理人对这些中心有不同的偏好，从而引导他们的行动决策，进而影响城市的空间布局。该模型通过捕捉基于偏好的住宅选择的复杂性，反映了城市生活的丰富性。通过整合基于调查的方法，该研究从现实世界的数据中获取了模拟人员的决策行为，确保了对城市动态的真实描绘。我们的研究结果表明，个人欲望，如对经济稳定性、教育机会、文化体验和环境质量的渴望，是如何与社会因素相结合，以复杂的方式促进城市隔离的。此外，本研究还探讨了各种政策干预措施对城市隔离和个人福祉的影响。它讨论了不同的干预措施如何产生不同的结果，表明每种政策都能独特地影响隔离模式和居民的幸福感。

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引用次数: 0

Development agendas governing the common good – Unfolding planning approaches: A case study of Vantaa, Finland 管理共同利益的发展议程 - 展开规划方法：芬兰万塔案例研究

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105581

Mari Jaakonaho , Zinette Bergman

Contemporary debates suggest that market liberalisation has led to an unfavourable urban planning environment that impedes the ability of public authorities to pursue the common good. To study the significance and potential impact of this, our central line of inquiry was to examine how the common good is manifested within statutory plans in Vantaa, Finland, between 2015 and 2019. Using a mixed methods framework coupled with a refined typology of planning approaches, our findings demonstrate that the common good is orchestrated through three development agendas: public, private and common. In doing so, this study provides insights into the scholarly discourse surrounding the impact of market liberalisation on planning and highlights the importance of developing comprehensive strategies to promote the common good in urban planning.

当代的争论表明，市场自由化导致了不利的城市规划环境，阻碍了公共机构追求共同利益的能力。为了研究这种情况的意义和潜在影响，我们的核心思路是研究芬兰万塔在 2015 年至 2019 年间的法定规划中如何体现共同利益。我们采用了混合方法框架，并对规划方法进行了细化分类，研究结果表明，共同利益是通过公共、私人和共同三个发展议程来协调的。因此，本研究为围绕市场自由化对规划影响的学术讨论提供了见解，并强调了制定综合战略以促进城市规划中共同利益的重要性。

引用次数: 0

The spatial dynamics of financial expenditure on science and technology in Chinese cities: Financial capacity and government competition 中国城市财政科技支出的空间动态：财政能力与政府竞争

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105584

Yonglong Cai , Di Yan , Wenhui Li , Song Liu

Current research tends to concentrate on total financial expenditure, rather than analyzing specific expenditures such as financial expenditure on science and technology (FEST). FEST become an important component of financial expenditure and is still under researched, which little is known about the key factors that have shaped the geographies of FEST at the city level. In this paper, we portray the spatial dynamics of FEST in Chinese cities, and examine the ways in which it is intertwined with institutional, political and economic factors. Our analysis shows that the national FEST scale has experienced a substantial rise in light of the Chinese government's emphasis on science and technology. Local governments spend more FEST scale than central government, but the spatial dynamic of local FEST are geographically uneven. Cities in underdeveloped and developed areas are also continuously increasing the FEST scale. Compared with prefecture-level cities, higher administrative cities spent more financial funds on science and technology. The spatial variation of FEST could be partly explained by two institutional factors: Financial capacity and government competition. Financial capacity is a key factor explaining the uneven spatial dynamics of FEST. Local governments with sufficient financial funds are more inclined to increase the FEST. Government competition will further inspire local governments to increase more FEST scale. Regression results confirm that financial capacity and government competition are both important to explain the geographies of FEST, and the effects of financial capacity and government competition on FEST exhibits time heterogeneity. We argue that ruinous government competition bids fair to become a quagmire of excessive FEST, which may run counter to the goal of demanding strictly controlling excessive financial investment in competitive fields proposed by the State Council.

目前的研究往往集中于财政总支出，而不是分析具体支出，如科技财政支出（FEST）。科技经费支出是财政支出的重要组成部分，但目前对其的研究仍然不足，而对形成城市科技经费支出地理格局的关键因素知之甚少。在本文中，我们描绘了中国城市 FEST 的空间动态，并研究了其与制度、政治和经济因素交织在一起的方式。我们的分析表明，随着中国政府对科技的重视，全国的 FEST 规模出现了大幅增长。与中央政府相比，地方政府的节支规模更大，但地方节支的空间动态在地域上并不均衡。欠发达地区和发达地区的城市也在不断增加 FEST 规模。与地级市相比，行政级别较高的城市在科技方面投入的财政资金更多。FEST 的空间差异可部分归因于两个制度因素：财政能力和政府竞争。财政能力是解释 FEST 空间动态不平衡的关键因素。拥有充足财政资金的地方政府更倾向于增加 FEST。政府竞争将进一步激励地方政府增加更多的 FEST 规模。回归结果证实，财政能力和政府竞争都是解释FEST地理分布的重要因素，而且财政能力和政府竞争对FEST的影响呈现出时间异质性。我们认为，破坏性的政府竞争会使公平成为过度FEST的泥潭，这可能与国务院提出的要求严格控制竞争性领域过度财政投入的目标背道而驰。

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引用次数: 0

Strategic emerging enterprises drive city-level carbon emission efficiency in China 战略性新兴企业推动中国城市碳排放效率的提高

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-11-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105585

Muxin Liu , Hailin Lan , Xi Liang , Jiaqi Chen , Yi Wu

Given the substantial economic and environmental challenges faced by global cities, enhancing carbon emission efficiency at the city level is critical for achieving urban carbon neutrality. In this context, strategic emerging enterprises play a dual role, not only driving economic expansion but also acting as catalysts for environmental sustainability. By analyzing time series data from 2013 to 2022, covering 1805 listed companies in 30 provinces and 293 cities across China, this study explores the relationship between the growth of strategic emerging enterprises and carbon emission efficiency at both the city and regional levels. The findings show a positive spatial correlation between the expansion of these enterprises and increased carbon emission efficiency, with clear spillover effects across neighboring regions. Specifically, 1 % increase in carbon emission efficiency in one city or province leads to corresponding increases of 0.168 % and 0.187 % in surrounding areas. Furthermore, the results reveal a “U-shaped” nonlinear relationship between strategic emerging enterprise growth and carbon emission efficiency, where efficiency initially declines before improving. These results underscore the critical importance of balancing economic expansion with decarbonization objectives at the city level, offering valuable insights for shaping city-focused carbon reduction strategies across sub-national regions.

鉴于全球城市面临着巨大的经济和环境挑战，在城市层面提高碳排放效率对于实现城市碳中和至关重要。在此背景下，战略性新兴企业扮演着双重角色，它们不仅推动经济扩张，同时也是环境可持续发展的催化剂。本研究通过分析 2013 年至 2022 年的时间序列数据，涵盖了全国 30 个省和 293 个城市的 1805 家上市公司，探讨了城市和区域层面的战略性新兴企业增长与碳排放效率之间的关系。研究结果表明，这些企业的扩张与碳排放效率的提高在空间上呈正相关，并在邻近地区产生了明显的溢出效应。具体而言，一个城市或省份的碳排放效率提高 1%，会导致周边地区的碳排放效率相应提高 0.168%和 0.187%。此外，研究结果还揭示了战略性新兴企业增长与碳排放效率之间的 "U "型非线性关系，即碳排放效率先下降后提高。这些结果强调了在城市层面平衡经济扩张与去碳化目标的重要性，为在次国家区域内制定以城市为重点的碳减排战略提供了宝贵的启示。

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引用次数: 0

Green infrastructure as a planning tool: A comprehensive systematization of urban redesign strategies to increase vegetation within public places 作为规划工具的绿色基础设施：增加公共场所植被的城市再设计战略的全面系统化

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-11-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105551

Luiza Sobhie Muñoz, Denise Helena Silva Duarte

Cities are currently facing climate change. While the greenhouse gases emissions are its main driver on the global scale, on the local one this role is mainly played by the suppression of vegetation to make way to impervious surfaces. Thus, green infrastructure must be part of urban planning policies and processes as a planning tool and a key element to make the increase of the vegetation within the urban fabric viable. However, this task is harder when consolidated areas, where there is a lack of space to add greening, are in focus. Thus, this work aimed to develop a comprehensive review worldwide, including either scientific and grey literature, systematizing urban planning instruments that provide strategies to increase the vegetation in consolidated and public urban spaces. A search carried out in scientific bases and on the cities' official websites resulted in a sample of 126 strategies distributed in 73 documents, 22 countries and 46 cities. These strategies were systematized according to their focus: on street redesign (SR), idle spaces (IS), depaving (DP) and enabling public access in private areas (PP). This systematization brings evidence that the vegetation increase throughout the consolidated urban fabric is a great challenge, but definitely feasible.

城市目前正面临着气候变化。在全球范围内，温室气体排放是气候变化的主要驱动因素，而在地方范围内，这一作用主要是通过抑制植被，为不透水的表面让路来实现的。因此，绿色基础设施必须成为城市规划政策和程序的一部分，作为一种规划工具和关键要素，使城市结构中植被的增加变得可行。然而，如果重点关注的是缺乏绿化空间的综合区域，这项任务就更加艰巨。因此，这项工作旨在对全球范围内的科学文献和灰色文献进行全面审查，系统整理城市规划工具，为增加城市综合空间和公共空间的植被提供策略。通过在科学资料库和城市官方网站上进行搜索，我们获得了 126 项战略样本，这些战略分布在 73 份文件、22 个国家和 46 个城市中。这些战略根据其侧重点进行了系统化：街道重新设计（SR）、闲置空间（IS）、铺设路面（DP）和在私人区域开辟公共通道（PP）。这种系统化的方法证明，在整个综合城市结构中增加植被是一项巨大的挑战，但绝对是可行的。

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引用次数: 0

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