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A geographic agent-based approach to modeling healthcare accessibility 基于地理代理的医疗保健可访问性建模方法

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2025-11-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2025.106620

Chao Wang , Zhenhong Du , Xing Jin

Geographic accessibility reflects the opportunity or potential for a specific region to connect with other regions for related socio-economic activities and can be used to evaluate the fairness and rationality of public service facilities. However, most existing healthcare accessibility calculation methods remain at the macro level. They fail to consider changes in residents’ medical strategies or the dynamics based on medical resources, and thus cannot accurately simulate real-world medical behavior. We propose a Geographic Multi-Agent Accessibility (GMAA) method to tackle the Micro Individuals oriented Geographic Accessibility (MIGA) problem. Solving the MIGA problem is not a trivial task because: (1) It is challenging to construct a medical social system from the bottom up at the micro level that can perform heterogeneous modeling of residents and hospitals. (2) Designing strategy update rules for individual residents so that their strategic learning behavior can more realistically simulate the imitation behavior in human society is difficult. (3) It is necessary to redefine healthcare accessibility based on a complex system of individuals. To address these challenges, we first introduced the GMAA method to calculate healthcare accessibility by simulating individual behaviors. Then, we designed a utility function to simulate residents’ behavior, combining evolutionary game theory and The First Law of Geography. Finally, real data from a city in China are collected and compared with classic baseline methods to verify the effectiveness of our method. Our code is available online for reproducibility.

地理可达性反映了特定区域与其他区域进行相关社会经济活动的机会或潜力，可用于评价公共服务设施的公平性和合理性。然而，现有的医疗可及性计算方法大多停留在宏观层面。他们没有考虑居民医疗策略的变化或基于医疗资源的动态，因此不能准确地模拟现实世界的医疗行为。针对微个体导向的地理可达性问题，提出了一种地理多智能体可达性（GMAA）方法。解决多边投资担保机构问题并非易事，因为：(1)在微观层面上自下而上构建一个能够对居民和医院进行异构建模的医疗社会体系是一项挑战。(2)为居民个体设计策略更新规则，使其策略学习行为更逼真地模拟人类社会中的模仿行为是困难的。(3)有必要基于复杂的个体系统重新定义医疗可及性。为了应对这些挑战，我们首先引入了GMAA方法，通过模拟个人行为来计算医疗保健可及性。然后，结合进化博弈论和地理第一定律，设计效用函数来模拟居民的行为。最后，以中国某城市的实际数据为例，与经典基线方法进行对比，验证了本文方法的有效性。我们的代码可在网上复制。

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引用次数: 0

Population shrinkage and urban greening in China: A spatio-temporal analysis of direct and indirect effects 中国人口萎缩与城市绿化：直接和间接影响的时空分析

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2025-11-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2025.106677

Wei Zhang , Shuya Heng , Zixuan Wang , Dewei Yang , Xiaonan Hu , Yunxue Liu

The intrinsic interactions between urbanization processes and vegetation dynamics represent an emerging research frontier in human-environment systems science. However, previous studies have predominantly examined the effects of urban expansion rather than urban shrinkage on vegetation change. This study investigates the complex relationship between urban population shrinkage and vegetation dynamics, using multi-source datasets from 665 Chinese cities spanning the period 2000–2020. Direct impact analysis reveals that population shrinkage generally facilitates vegetation recovery, exhibiting significant time lag and spatial spillover effects. Indirect-effect analyses further demonstrate that population shrinkage affects urban vegetation change through three mediating pathways: land use policy, urban spatial form, and environmental quality. Furthermore, this study proposes a novel hypothesis elucidating the spatial evolution characteristics of urban shrinkage and its impacts on vegetation across divergent urbanization stages. This research clarifies the complex response mechanisms between urban shrinkage and vegetation change, offering significant implications for green transformation strategies in shrinking cities and the advancement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

城市化进程与植被动态之间的内在相互作用是人-环境系统科学的一个新兴研究前沿。然而，以往的研究主要是研究城市扩张对植被变化的影响，而不是城市收缩。利用2000-2020年中国665个城市的多源数据，研究了城市人口萎缩与植被动态之间的复杂关系。直接影响分析表明，人口缩减总体上有利于植被恢复，表现出显著的时滞效应和空间溢出效应。间接效应分析进一步表明，人口收缩通过土地利用政策、城市空间形态和环境质量三个中介路径影响城市植被变化。此外，本文还提出了一个新的假设，来解释不同城市化阶段城市收缩的空间演化特征及其对植被的影响。本研究阐明了城市收缩与植被变化之间复杂的响应机制，对收缩城市的绿色转型战略和推进联合国可持续发展目标具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing the resilience and optimization potential of the summer urban heat island spatial networks using complex network theory: Evidence from 19 major Chinese urban agglomerations 基于复杂网络理论的夏季城市热岛空间网络弹性与优化潜力评价——来自中国19个主要城市群的证据

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2025.106683

Huan Gao , Jiayue Chen , Dongrui Han , Xinliang Xu , Luo Liu , Zhi Qiao

Spatial networks of urban heat islands (UHIs) within urban agglomerations are characterized by a non-trivial topology. They critically influence regional climate dynamics and promote coordinated development. For the first time at the national scale, this study constructs a 15-year comparative framework for 19 major Chinese urban agglomerations by systematically integrating multi-source thermal remote sensing data, morphological spatial pattern analysis (MPSA), resistance-based circuit modeling, and complex network robustness theory. A combination of the Simplified Urban Extent algorithm, MSPA, circuit theory, and simulation of network robustness not only identified and quantified UHI connectivity patterns but also evaluated their systemic vulnerabilities under both random and targeted node-removal scenarios. This enabled resilience-oriented optimization. The results show that the area of summer UHI patches in the 19 agglomerations expanded significantly from 6.79 × 10⁴ km² in 2005 to 1.52 × 10⁵ km² in 2020. Correspondingly, the total length of the spatial networks increased from 5.79 × 10⁴ to 9.98 × 10⁴ km, with the density rising by 0.01 km·km⁻², reflecting both large-scale spatial expansion and enhanced inter-patch connectivity. Targeted attack simulations further revealed that removal of structurally critical nodes—identified via multi-metric network centrality assessment—reduced network resilience by 35–60 % more than did random disruptions, highlighting the roles played by key spatial hubs in terms of maintaining UHI network stability. These findings bridge landscape ecology and complex network science, offering a transferable resilience-oriented framework for optimization of urban climate networks and heat risk mitigation in rapidly urbanizing regions.

城市群内城市热岛空间网络具有非平凡拓扑特征。它们对区域气候动态影响重大，促进协调发展。本研究首次在全国尺度上，系统整合多源热遥感数据、形态空间格局分析（MPSA）、基于电阻的电路建模和复杂网络鲁棒性理论，构建了中国19个主要城市群15年的比较框架。将简化城市范围算法、MSPA、电路理论和网络鲁棒性模拟相结合，不仅识别和量化了城市热岛的连接模式，还评估了其在随机和目标节点移除场景下的系统脆弱性。这就实现了面向弹性的优化。结果表明：19个城市群夏季热岛斑块面积由2005年的6.79 × 104 km2显著扩大到2020年的1.52 × 105 km2；相应的，空间网络总长度从5.79 × 104 km增加到9.98 × 104 km，密度增加0.01 km·km−2，反映了大尺度空间扩展和斑块间连通性增强。有针对性的攻击模拟进一步显示，通过多度量网络中心性评估确定的结构关键节点的移除比随机中断更能降低35 - 60%的网络弹性，突出了关键空间枢纽在维持UHI网络稳定性方面所发挥的作用。这些发现在景观生态学和复杂网络科学之间建立了桥梁，为快速城市化地区的城市气候网络优化和热风险缓解提供了可转移的弹性导向框架。

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引用次数: 0

Public transportation equity in mid-sized and large German cities: Immigrant neighborhoods benefit from fixed-rail, low-income areas rely more on buses in large German cities 德国大中型城市的公共交通公平：移民社区受益于固定铁路，低收入地区更多地依赖德国大城市的公共汽车

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2025.106653

Katja Salomo

This study investigates public transportation accessibility in relation to neighborhood-level poverty and immigrant concentration across all mid-sized (100,000–500,000 inhabitants) and large (>500,000 inhabitants) German cities. Using 1 km-by-1 km grids, the analysis draws on 2015 data on poverty rates, immigrant shares, neighborhood centrality, and access to tram/subway, bus, and train systems. Accessibility is defined as the proportion of each grid's residential area located within specified distances of transportation stations meeting minimum service thresholds.

Spatially lagged X (SLX) regression models account for both local effects and spatial spillovers from adjacent grids. Results reveal significant disparities: in both city types, clusters with higher immigrant shares have markedly better access to tram/subway and train systems, independent of centrality. In contrast, clusters with higher poverty rates show improved tram/subway access only in mid-sized cities. In large cities, high-poverty areas, especially when spatially clustered, are associated with better access to bus services, but not to generally more reliable fixed-rail systems.

Immigrant-dense neighborhoods also tend to be more centrally located, while low-income neighborhoods are more peripheral. These patterns challenge the assumption that disadvantaged communities in German cities are predominantly central. Although the cross-sectional design limits causal inference, the findings suggest that low-income populations in large cities may have been disproportionately displaced from central areas, losing access to high-quality transportation and relocating to neighborhoods served primarily by buses.

本研究调查了德国所有中型（10万至50万居民）和大型（50万居民）城市的公共交通可达性与社区贫困和移民集中度的关系。该分析采用1公里乘1公里的网格，利用2015年有关贫困率、移民份额、社区中心性以及电车/地铁、公共汽车和火车系统的可及性的数据。可达性定义为每个网格的居住区域位于交通站点指定距离内满足最小服务阈值的比例。空间滞后X （SLX）回归模型既考虑了局部效应，也考虑了相邻网格的空间溢出效应。结果显示了显著的差异：在两种城市类型中，移民比例较高的城市群具有明显更好的有轨电车/地铁和火车系统，与中心性无关。相比之下，贫困率较高的城市群仅在中等城市改善了有轨电车/地铁的使用。在大城市，高度贫困地区，特别是在空间集中的地区，与更好地获得公共汽车服务有关，但与通常更可靠的固定铁路系统无关。移民密集的社区也往往位于市中心，而低收入社区则位于外围。这些模式挑战了德国城市中弱势社区占主导地位的假设。尽管横断面设计限制了因果推理，但研究结果表明，大城市的低收入人群可能已经不成比例地从中心地区流离失所，失去了获得高质量交通的机会，并搬迁到主要由公共汽车服务的社区。

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引用次数: 0

Towards equitable adaptation: Measures for vulnerable groups in climate change adaptation planning in Polish cities 迈向公平适应：波兰城市气候变化适应规划中针对弱势群体的措施

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2025.106672

Eliza Kalbarczyk , Robert Kalbarczyk

Inclusion of vulnerable groups is considered crucial to ensure equitable adaptation to climate change. The aim of the work is to determine the quality of planning for adaptation to climate change at the local level from the point of view of just adaptation. To achieve this, the type and importance of groups vulnerable to climate change included in the planning documents of 96 Polish cities and the types of adaptation measures dedicated to these groups were determined. Moreover, differences between groups of cities of various sizes in adaptation planning for vulnerable groups were examined.

Polish cities' climate change adaptation plan documents commonly included vulnerable groups. Measures dedicated to vulnerable groups constituted approx. 12 % of the total number of adaptation measures. The most frequent measures were related to children, senior citizens and the sick, including the disabled. Adaptation documents also covered the homeless and the poor. The most frequent types of measures planned for vulnerable groups were related to physical infrastructure, capacity building and green infrastructure. Diversity of the types of adaptation measures aimed at particular vulnerable groups was visible, and this diversity also depended on the size of cities.

包容弱势群体被认为是确保公平适应气候变化的关键。这项工作的目的是从适应的角度来确定地方层面适应气候变化规划的质量。为此，确定了96个波兰城市规划文件中易受气候变化影响群体的类型和重要性，以及针对这些群体的适应措施的类型。此外，还分析了不同规模城市对弱势群体适应性规划的差异。波兰城市的气候变化适应计划文件通常包括弱势群体。专门针对弱势群体的措施约占。占适应措施总数的12%。最常见的措施涉及儿童、老年人和病人，包括残疾人。适应文件还涵盖了无家可归者和穷人。为弱势群体规划的最常见措施类型与有形基础设施、能力建设和绿色基础设施有关。针对特定弱势群体的适应措施类型的多样性是显而易见的，这种多样性也取决于城市的规模。

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引用次数: 0

Does urban-biased international development assistance address urban poverty? Insights from Nigeria 偏向城市的国际发展援助是否解决了城市贫困问题？来自尼日利亚的启示

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2025.106661

Liyunpeng Zhang , Chaoshuai Zhang , Yuhang Zhuang , Tianyang Liu , Yingxue Zhou

As critiques of urban-biased international development assistance (IDA) grow, alongside calls for a more equitable resource distribution between rural and urban areas, a paradox arises: can urban-centric strategies effectively address the escalating challenges of urban poverty? Using Nigeria as a case study, we construct a multidimensional urban poverty index from the Demographic and Health Survey and apply a spatiotemporal estimation approach to compare urban populations near active IDA project sites with those near planned but unimplemented sites, isolating the causal effects of IDA on urban poverty. Our findings show that IDA reduces multidimensional urban poverty, particularly by mitigating economic exclusion, with notable effects in secondary cities. However, while IDA strengthens local governance through relaxed financial budgets, institutional exclusion persists due to divergent reform incentives among major donors. We also find that, despite welfare improvements for both urban natives and rural migrants, IDA exacerbates rural-to-urban migration, especially among those facing agricultural distress. We call for policies that transcend the urban-rural divide, prioritizing secondary city growth and integrating urban-focused interventions with rural food security measures to promote sustainable urbanization.

随着对偏向城市的国际发展援助（IDA）的批评越来越多，以及对城乡地区之间更公平的资源分配的呼吁，一个悖论出现了：以城市为中心的战略能否有效应对城市贫困日益加剧的挑战？以尼日利亚为例，我们从人口与健康调查中构建了一个多维城市贫困指数，并应用时空估计方法来比较活跃的IDA项目地点附近的城市人口与计划但未实施的地点附近的城市人口，从而分离出IDA对城市贫困的因果影响。我们的研究结果表明，IDA减少了城市多维贫困，特别是通过减轻经济排斥，在二级城市产生了显著效果。然而，尽管国际开发协会通过放宽财政预算加强了地方治理，但由于主要捐助国之间的改革激励不同，机构排斥仍然存在。我们还发现，尽管城市本地人和农村移民的福利都有所改善，但IDA加剧了农村向城市的移民，尤其是那些面临农业困境的人。我们呼吁制定超越城乡差距的政策，优先发展二级城市，将以城市为重点的干预措施与农村粮食安全措施相结合，以促进可持续城市化。

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引用次数: 0

Rethinking mixed land use measurement and its driving mechanisms: Beyond traditional frameworks and linear assumptions 重新思考混合土地利用计量及其驱动机制：超越传统框架和线性假设

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2025.106681

Jiale Liang , Jérôme Chenal , Nan Xia , Sipei Pan , Zhenkang Wang , Wanxu Chen , Manchun Li

Spatial fragmentation and resource misallocation stemming from functional segregation have emerged as critical challenges to sustainable urban development. As a strategy that combines efficiency with sustainability, mixed land use (MLU) has garnered significant attention. However, existing MLU quantitative models are mainly based on traditional entropy calculations and its result interpretations also follow linear attribution paradigms. Herein, we introduced a measurement framework that combined gravity model and entropy index to quantify MLU among different land use types, considering the diversity of both spatial structure and interaction intensity. Then, we applied the XGBoost model with SHAP value to decouple the contributions of multiple driving factors, and used restricted cubic spline (RCS) to unveil their nonlinear effects. Results revealed a prominent east–west gradient in the degree of MLU across Chinese urban built-up areas. Notably, cities such as Beijing and Chongqing exhibited disruption effects driven by policy and topography factors, respectively, highlighting significant local heterogeneity. Urban shape index and annual housing prices were identified as core drivers among the nine selected factors, signifying that compact spatial forms and moderate economic density contributed most to MLU. Significant Shapley Interaction observed among the factors influencing MLU, indicates that their effects are interdependent rather than isolated. Moreover, inverted U-shaped curves by RCS method showed a nonlinear response between most factors and MLU, demonstrating that their optimization effects on MLU occurred within a specific range, while excessive intensification might suppress the diversity. The proposed framework could offer quantitative insights for understanding MLU, thereby providing actionable “decision coordinates” for resolving land use conflicts and promoting urban sustainability.

功能隔离造成的空间碎片化和资源配置不当已成为城市可持续发展面临的重大挑战。作为一种将效率与可持续性相结合的策略，混合土地利用（MLU）已经引起了人们的广泛关注。然而，现有的MLU定量模型主要基于传统的熵计算，其结果解释也遵循线性归因范式。在此基础上，我们引入重力模型和熵指数相结合的测量框架，在考虑空间结构和相互作用强度差异的情况下，量化不同土地利用类型间的MLU。然后，利用带SHAP值的XGBoost模型对多个驱动因素的贡献进行解耦，并利用受限三次样条（RCS）揭示其非线性效应。结果表明，中国城市建成区的城市绿化程度具有明显的东西梯度。值得注意的是，北京和重庆等城市分别表现出政策和地形因素驱动的破坏效应，突出了显著的地方异质性。在9个因素中，城市形态指数和年房价是最主要的驱动因素，表明紧凑的空间形态和适度的经济密度对城市空间形态的影响最大。影响MLU的因素之间存在显著的Shapley相互作用，表明它们的影响是相互依赖的，而不是孤立的。RCS法得到的倒u型曲线显示，大多数因子与MLU之间存在非线性响应，说明它们对MLU的优化作用发生在一定范围内，而过度强化可能会抑制多样性。所提出的框架可以为理解MLU提供定量的见解，从而为解决土地使用冲突和促进城市可持续性提供可操作的“决策坐标”。

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引用次数: 0

Regional polycentric spatial patterns and air pollution: An empirical study of German metropolitan regions 区域多中心空间格局与空气污染：德国都市圈的实证研究

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2025.106676

Wenzheng Li , Stephan Schmidt , Jintao Gu

This study empirically examines the effectiveness of polycentric urban spatial patterns in reducing air pollution across German metropolitan regions, using satellite-based air quality measures, multi-year datasets and a multi-spatial scale research design. Our findings suggest that polycentric development does not significantly impact regional air pollution overall. However, an intra-regional analysis reveals that urban cores in more polycentric regions experience higher pollution levels compared to their monocentric counterparts. When disaggregating by regional size, we find that polycentricity has no influence on air quality in smaller regions. However, this relationship does not hold as regional size increases, with additional polycentric development leading to higher pollution levels in medium and large regions, particularly in urban core areas. Although we find that differences in population density can explain pollution in the peripheries of polycentric regions, this explanation does not extend to urban core areas. In this case, we find that differences in air quality may be due to the cumulative effects of congestion in larger urban cores, where strong functional links among multiple centers intensify commuting demands and traffic congestion more than in peripheral areas. This prolonged and more congested travel likely contributes to higher pollution levels in urban core areas of polycentric regions. In contrast, smaller regions may avoid these negative externalities because their scale of commuting is insufficient to generate the extended travel times and congestion.

本研究利用基于卫星的空气质量测量、多年数据集和多空间尺度研究设计，实证检验了多中心城市空间模式在减少德国大都市地区空气污染方面的有效性。研究结果表明，多中心发展对区域空气污染总体影响不显著。然而，一项区域内分析显示，多中心地区的城市核心比单中心地区的城市核心污染水平更高。当按区域大小进行分解时，我们发现在较小的区域，多中心性对空气质量没有影响。然而，随着区域规模的扩大，这种关系就不成立了，额外的多中心发展导致中、大区域的污染水平更高，尤其是在城市核心地区。虽然我们发现人口密度的差异可以解释多中心地区外围的污染，但这种解释并不适用于城市核心地区。在这种情况下，我们发现空气质量的差异可能是由于较大城市核心的拥堵累积效应造成的，与周边地区相比，多个中心之间的强大功能联系更加剧了通勤需求和交通拥堵。这种长时间和更拥挤的旅行可能会导致多中心地区城市核心地区的污染水平更高。相比之下，较小的地区可能会避免这些负面外部性，因为它们的通勤规模不足以产生延长的旅行时间和拥堵。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the contribution of migration city networks to policy learning in European cities: The case of Eurocities 探讨移民城市网络对欧洲城市政策学习的贡献：以欧洲城市为例

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2025.106684

Juliana Fornasier

As cities face growing challenges in managing migration and take on a more prominent role in addressing it, they increasingly turn to city networks (CNs) for collaboration. These networks provide opportunities for policy actors to acquire and exchange policy-related knowledge, engaging in a process known as policy learning. However, empirical studies on policy learning at the local level, particularly in the field of migration, remain limited. This article addresses this gap by exploring the role of migration-related CNs in fostering policy learning in European cities. I take Eurocities, the largest European city network doing work on migration, as my case study. Employing a mixed methods approach — including desk research, participant observation, and a survey with members of Eurocities’ Working Group on Migration and Integration — I assess in what ways, and to what extent, the network fosters policy learning among its members. The findings show that CNs only contribute partially to policy learning at the local level, as the learning they promote mostly relates to the individual and organisational levels, with limited influence on policy change. As a result, policy learning should be understood as a more nuanced process that not only results in policy adaptations, but also culminates in less tangible outcomes, such as the acquisition of practical insights and shifts in policy-related perspectives. By introducing migration-related CNs as an arena for learning, this research helps to bridge the gap between the literature on policy learning and on local migration governance.

随着城市在管理移民方面面临越来越多的挑战，并在解决这一问题方面发挥越来越突出的作用，它们越来越多地转向城市网络（CNs）进行合作。这些网络为政策参与者提供了获取和交流政策相关知识的机会，参与了一个被称为政策学习的过程。但是，在地方一级，特别是在移徙领域，关于政策学习的实证研究仍然有限。本文通过探讨移民相关的中央网络在促进欧洲城市政策学习中的作用来解决这一差距。我以欧洲城市（Eurocities）——欧洲最大的从事移民工作的城市网络——作为我的案例研究。我采用了一种混合方法——包括案头研究、参与性观察，以及对欧洲城市移民与融合工作组成员的调查——来评估该网络以何种方式、在何种程度上促进了成员之间的政策学习。研究结果表明，CNs仅对地方层面的政策学习做出了部分贡献，因为它们促进的学习主要涉及个人和组织层面，对政策变化的影响有限。因此，政策学习应被理解为一个更微妙的过程，不仅导致政策调整，而且最终产生不太有形的结果，例如获得实际见解和政策相关观点的转变。通过引入与移民相关的神经网络作为学习的舞台，本研究有助于弥合政策学习和地方移民治理文献之间的差距。

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引用次数: 0

Rosa Parks railway station area in Paris as an Equitable Transit-oriented development 罗莎帕克斯火车站区在巴黎作为一个公平的公交为主的发展

IF 6.6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2025-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2025.106662

Ndèye AÏta Cissé , John L. Renne , Alain L'Hostis

The surrounding area of the Rosa Parks railway station, located in the administrative district of Pont de Flandres in the 19th borough of Paris, has witnessed significant growth, transitioning from brownfields to vibrant, mixed- use neighborhoods. This development includes transforming the Calberson warehouses along Boulevard McDonald, considered as Paris's largest building (615 m long), into new housing, retail offices, and community facilities. These urban developments have created multiple dynamics in a district with a high proportion of social housing and where the average salary is the lowest in Paris. These evolutions include improving the district's connectivity with a range of public transport services (suburban train, buses and lightrail) and the development of active modes. Furthermore, the land-use mix tends to bring daily services closer to residents. The paper explores three critical aspects of the Rosa Parks area's development.

Firstly we captured the inhabitants' proximity experience through Transit- oriented development and a 15-min City approaches: in this case study, the focus is brought to the low income in order to specify their local mobility experience as an indicator of an Equitable TOD experience.

Secondly, we investigate the district's embracement of Equitable TOD principles: this is studied through the percentage of social housing in the area, the reviewing of policy tools to tackle potential gentrification and the inhabitants' commitment in the urban development of Rosa Parks area. Thirdly, we expose the lessons learned from applying these principles as a framework for social justice and environmental resilience in urban planning: as part of the study, we present a critical review of the Rosa Parks neighbourhood as an equitable TOD and provide further recommendations.

罗莎·帕克斯火车站的周边地区位于巴黎第19区弗兰德雷斯桥的行政区域，见证了显著的增长，从棕地过渡到充满活力的混合用途社区。这个开发项目包括将麦当劳大道沿线的Calberson仓库改造成新的住房、零售办公室和社区设施，该仓库被认为是巴黎最大的建筑（615米长）。这些城市发展在一个社会住房比例很高、平均工资是巴黎最低的地区创造了多重动力。这些发展包括通过一系列公共交通服务（郊区火车、公共汽车和轻轨）改善该地区的连通性，以及积极模式的发展。此外，土地使用组合往往使日常服务更接近居民。本文探讨了罗莎帕克斯地区发展的三个关键方面。首先，我们通过以交通为导向的开发和15分钟的城市方法来捕捉居民的邻近体验：在这个案例研究中，我们将重点放在低收入人群身上，以便将他们的当地移动体验作为公平TOD体验的指标。其次，我们调查了该地区对公平TOD原则的接受程度：这是通过该地区社会住房的百分比，对解决潜在中产阶级化的政策工具的审查以及罗莎帕克斯地区城市发展中居民的承诺来研究的。第三，我们揭示了将这些原则应用于城市规划中的社会正义和环境弹性框架的经验教训：作为研究的一部分，我们对罗莎公园社区作为公平的TOD进行了批判性审查，并提供了进一步的建议。

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引用次数: 0