IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105555

Congyu Zhao , Lingqiang Kong , Chao Zhong , Na Ying

This paper constructs an index system to measure the level of inclusive development in China's 283 cities during 2005–2021, and then empirically examines the spatial impact of water ecological civilization city policy, an environmental regulation policy, on inclusive development, based on the spatial difference-in-differences approach. This study offers some fresh insights with the following research findings. First, water ecological civilization city policy plays a positive role in stimulating inclusive development not only in pilot cities locally, but also in surrounding cities due to the spatial spillover effect. Moreover, the spatial spillover effects attenuate as the distance thresholds expand. Second, the heterogeneous impact of water ecological civilization city policy on inclusive development is confirmed, which is more effective in cities with lower population density, lower Engel coefficient, and that are resource-based. Third, water ecological civilization city policy directly promotes inclusive development by accelerating affluence, harmony, and sustainability, which are three pillars of inclusive development. Fourth, this paper also figures out two mediators between the nexus of water ecological civilization city policy and inclusive development, namely residential medical expenditure and human capital, which successfully advanced the current academic findings regarding the negative role of environmental pollution in people's living health and work conditions.

本文构建了衡量 2005-2021 年中国 283 个城市包容性发展水平的指标体系，并基于空间差分法，实证检验了水生态文明城市政策这一环境调控政策对包容性发展的空间影响。本研究通过以下研究成果提出了一些新的见解。首先，水生态文明城市政策不仅对试点城市本地的包容性发展起到了积极的促进作用，而且由于空间溢出效应，还对周边城市的包容性发展起到了积极的促进作用。而且，空间溢出效应随着距离阈值的扩大而减弱。第二，证实了水生态文明城市政策对包容性发展的异质性影响，在人口密度较低、恩格尔系数较低、资源型城市中，水生态文明城市政策更有效。第三，水生态文明城市政策通过加速富裕、和谐和可持续这三个包容性发展的支柱，直接促进包容性发展。第四，本文还发现了水生态文明城市政策与包容性发展之间的两个中介因素，即居民医疗支出和人力资本，成功地推进了当前关于环境污染对人们生活健康和工作条件的负面作用的学术研究结论。

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引用次数: 0

Deciphering the new governance experiment of dilapidated neighborhoods in China: A case of Xi'ma New Village, Wuhan 解读中国破旧小区的新治理实验：武汉西马新村案例

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105569

Zhouwei Hu , Zhigang Li

Approximately 100 million residents in Chinese cities inhabit former work-unit neighborhoods and municipal housing areas. Since the 1990s, the state has retreated from the direct provision of neighborhood services. However, as the alternative approach, commercialized property management has largely failed in these neighborhoods, leading to their gradual decline into “dilapidated neighborhoods.” Consequently, the poor living conditions and inadequate services severely constrained the well-being of these residents. Recently, new governance experiments have emerged in dilapidated neighborhoods across Chinese cities, warranting significant attention and exploration. Drawing on fieldwork and interviews conducted from 2019 to 2023 in Xi'ma New Village, Wuhan City, this research investigates the evolving governance shaped by affordable property management. Our findings indicate that, first, when sponsoring dilapidated neighbourhoods for affordable property management, the state's rationale is to address the crisis and alleviate social tensions; second, state leadership is reinforced through a multi-scalar governance network surrounding property management; third, in this case, the process of how the state achieved the above goals through deploying and mobilizing market and society exemplifies “state entrepreneurialism” in Chinese cities. Thus, the study offers nuanced insights, particularly at the neighborhood level, enabling readers to understand the evolving governance modalities in Chinese cities, especially in the context of (re)increasing state control and leadership.

中国城市中约有 1 亿居民居住在原单位小区和市政住宅区。自 20 世纪 90 年代以来，国家已不再直接提供小区服务。然而，作为替代方式，商业化的物业管理在这些小区基本失效，导致它们逐渐沦为 "破旧小区"。因此，恶劣的居住条件和不完善的服务严重制约了这些居民的福祉。近来，中国城市中的破旧小区出现了新的治理实验，值得关注和探索。本研究通过 2019 年至 2023 年在武汉市西马新村进行的实地调查和访谈，探讨了经济适用房物业管理所塑造的不断发展的治理方式。我们的研究结果表明：第一，在赞助破旧小区进行经济适用房管理时，国家的理由是解决危机和缓解社会紧张；第二，国家领导力通过围绕物业管理的多尺度治理网络得到强化；第三，在本案例中，国家如何通过部署和动员市场与社会来实现上述目标的过程体现了中国城市中的 "国家企业家精神"。因此，本研究提供了细致入微的见解，尤其是在街区层面，使读者能够理解中国城市不断演变的治理模式，尤其是在国家控制和领导力（重新）增强的背景下。

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引用次数: 0

Implementing without evaluating: The missing link in understanding the effectiveness of financial incentive programs for e-bikes 实施而不评估：了解电动自行车财政激励计划有效性的缺失环节

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105528

Hossein Nosratzadeh , Debjit Bhowmick , Ana Belén Ríos Carmona , Lauren Pearson , Jason Thompson , Thao Thai , Ben Beck

The surging popularity of electric bicycles aligns with global objectives for active and sustainable mobility, a cornerstone of transportation policy. However, persistent barriers such as inadequate infrastructure and safety concerns, coupled with the steep cost of e-bikes, hinder their widespread adoption. To address the latter issue, various financial incentive programs have been implemented with the aim of increasing e-bike use. This review synthesises existing evidence to assess the effectiveness of these incentives in promoting modal shift to e-bikes. The review highlights the scarcity of published evidence on the effectiveness of financial incentive programs, which limits our understanding of the most effective design and structure of such schemes to inform policy. Despite this, findings from available studies indicate an increase in e-bike use and a corresponding decrease in car use among participants in the reviewed programs. There is a critical need for more rigorous studies, preferably employing experimental or quasi-experimental longitudinal designs, to comprehensively assess the effectiveness of e-bike financial incentive programs in delivering e-bike uptake and modal shift away from cars.

电动自行车的迅速普及符合全球积极和可持续交通的目标，这也是交通政策的基石。然而，基础设施不足和安全问题等长期存在的障碍，再加上电动自行车昂贵的价格，阻碍了电动自行车的广泛应用。为了解决后一个问题，人们实施了各种财政激励计划，以提高电动自行车的使用率。本综述综合了现有证据，以评估这些激励措施在促进电动自行车使用模式转变方面的有效性。综述强调，有关财政激励计划有效性的公开证据很少，这限制了我们对此类计划最有效的设计和结构的理解，从而无法为政策提供依据。尽管如此，现有的研究结果表明，电动自行车的使用率有所提高，而在所审查的项目中，参与者的汽车使用率也相应降低。我们亟需进行更严格的研究，最好采用实验或准实验纵向设计，以全面评估电动自行车财政激励项目在提高电动自行车使用率和减少汽车使用方面的有效性。

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引用次数: 0

How digital village construction affects to the effectiveness of rural governance? — Research on the NCA and QCA methods 数字乡村建设如何影响乡村治理的成效？- NCA和QCA方法研究

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105514

Zhimin He , Meiling Chen , Dongming Gu

Digital village construction is not only an effective tool to promote rural revitalization and enhance rural development but also provides crucial support for the modernization and transformation of rural governance (RG). This study utilized a mixed-method approach combining necessary condition analysis and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to analyze the 84 pilot districts of digital village policies in China in groups. A combination of factors influenced RG effectiveness in the context of digital village construction at both the social and technical system levels. Moreover, no single antecedent variable was a necessary factor in influencing RG effectiveness. Instead, seven antecedent variables, when combined, created four configurations that improved RG effectiveness. The analysis of regional heterogeneity revealed significant differences between the types of configurations that enhanced RG effectiveness in western China and those in central and eastern China. By revealing the interactions between factors of digital RG, the results provide insights for further enhancing RG effectiveness in the context of digital rural development.

数字乡村建设不仅是推动乡村振兴、促进农村发展的有效手段，也为乡村治理现代化转型提供了重要支撑。本研究采用必要条件分析法和模糊集定性比较分析法相结合的混合方法，对中国 84 个数字乡村政策试点地区进行分组分析。在数字乡村建设背景下，社会和技术系统两个层面的综合因素影响了农村治理的有效性。此外，没有任何一个前因变量是影响 RG 效果的必要因素。相反，七个前因变量结合在一起，形成了四种提高地区治理有效性的配置。对地区异质性的分析表明，中国西部地区与中国中部和东部地区提高研究与培训效果的配置类型存在显著差异。通过揭示数字农村发展各因素之间的相互作用，研究结果为在数字农村发展背景下进一步提高农村发展的有效性提供了启示。

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引用次数: 0

Unraveling the heterogeneity of pathways linking residential green space quantity and quality to the well-being of older adults in different housing price communities 揭示不同房价社区中居住绿地的数量和质量与老年人福祉之间的联系途径的异质性

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105561

Jinguang Zhang , Tianyu Xia , Yingyi Cheng , Shuai Zhou , Ziying Cai , Bing Zhao , Payam Dadvand

Preliminary evidence suggests that socioeconomically disadvantaged groups may derive greater health benefits from residential green space (RGS); however, the heterogeneity of the mechanisms underlying the health effects of RGS across socioeconomic status strata remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the association between RGS quantity and quality and subjective well-being (SWB) in older adults, and to unravel the variation in this association and its mechanisms based on housing price levels (as an SES proxy), using a sample of 439 older adults in Nanjing, China. Multivariate linear models and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to evaluate the association between RGS and SWB and to examine their underlying pathways. Multi-group SEM analysis was employed to investigate the effect modification of SES on these pathways. We found that RGS was positively associated with SWB by promoting physical activity and social cohesion, and by reducing perceived air pollution and noise. Older adults in low-SES communities were more likely to benefit from RGS exposure. These variations could be partially explained by differences in physical activity and social cohesion, which were more pertinent for older adults in low-SES communities. Our findings have implications for green interventions aimed at achieving health equity in underdeveloped urban environments.

初步证据表明，社会经济处境不利的群体可能从居住绿地（RGS）中获得更大的健康益处；然而，不同社会经济地位阶层的 RGS 对健康影响的内在机制的异质性仍不清楚。本研究以中国南京市的 439 名老年人为样本，旨在探讨居住绿地的数量和质量与老年人主观幸福感（SWB）之间的关联，并根据房价水平（作为社会经济地位的代表）揭示这种关联的差异及其机制。研究采用多变量线性模型和结构方程建模（SEM）来评估 RGS 与 SWB 之间的关系，并研究两者之间的内在联系。我们还采用了多组 SEM 分析来研究社会经济地位对这些途径的影响。我们发现，通过促进体育活动和社会凝聚力，以及减少空气污染和噪音，RGS 与 SWB 呈正相关。低社会经济地位社区中的老年人更有可能从接触 RGS 中受益。这些差异可部分归因于体育活动和社会凝聚力的不同，而体育活动和社会凝聚力与低社会经济地位社区的老年人更相关。我们的研究结果对旨在欠发达城市环境中实现健康公平的绿色干预措施具有启示意义。

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引用次数: 0

Women's perceived safety in public places and public transport: A narrative review of contributing factors and measurement methods 妇女在公共场所和公共交通中的安全感：对促成因素和测量方法的叙述性审查

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105534

Shreya Dubey , Ajay Bailey , Jinwoo (Brian) Lee

Women's perception of safety in public spaces is influenced not only by potential risks of crime or accidents but also by diverse built environment, individual, and social characteristics. These impacts can manifest through a disruption of social engagement and outdoor activities, which can negatively affect their mobility, overall quality of life, and well-being. This study employs a narrative review approach of 32 academic articles to identify various factors that can affect women's perception of safety in public places and while using public transport. We further selected 21 studies that provide substantive data on the built environment, individual characteristics, and social factors, while also examining their intersectionality. By adopting an intersectionality framework, we evaluated the relative importance of each factor based on its consistency and prominence in previous research and assessed their significance in contributing to women's perception of safety. The findings highlight the importance of urban design and built environment improvements, such as street lighting and walking path conditions, in enhancing women's perceived safety. They also suggest integrating social and built factors into safety strategies and emphasise the potential of emerging technologies for collecting data and assessing safety perceptions across diverse populations.

妇女对公共场所安全的感知不仅受到犯罪或事故潜在风险的影响，还受到不同建筑环境、个人和社会特征的影响。这些影响可能表现为社交活动和户外活动的中断，从而对她们的行动能力、整体生活质量和幸福感产生负面影响。本研究通过对 32 篇学术文章进行叙事性回顾，找出了可能影响女性在公共场所和使用公共交通工具时安全感的各种因素。我们进一步选择了 21 项研究，这些研究提供了有关建筑环境、个人特征和社会因素的实质性数据，同时还考察了这些因素的交叉性。通过采用交叉性框架，我们根据每个因素在以往研究中的一致性和显著性，评估了它们的相对重要性，并评估了它们在促进女性安全感方面的重要性。研究结果强调了城市设计和建筑环境改善（如街道照明和步行路径条件）对提高女性安全感的重要性。他们还建议将社会和建筑因素纳入安全战略，并强调了新兴技术在收集数据和评估不同人群安全感方面的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Power relations in affordable gated communities pre- and during COVID-19, with implications for post-pandemic Chinese cities COVID-19 之前和期间经济适用型封闭社区中的权力关系，以及对流行病后中国城市的影响

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105560

Yiru Jia , Nicky Morrison

Gated communities have become the prevalent residential form in Chinese cities, following China's housing reforms. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, these gated communities became the basic unit for spatial lockdowns, as they offered an effective means to ensure quarantine control and provide basic necessities to residents behind the gates, as well as allow testing and calculating COVID-19 cases. This research focuses on affordable gated communities in Gucun, Shanghai, populated by comparatively disadvantaged households who were also disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 outbreaks. Drawing on new institutionalism as a theoretical framework, we examine the formal and informal rules adopted among the actors tasked with governing these communities before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper provides critical insights into how the pandemic has affected the different actors' power relations and governance practices, intensifying control and support towards these marginalised urban poor. We conclude, raising whether the state's enhanced presence, through its residents' committees, in neighbourhood governance will endure in Chinese post-pandemic cities.

随着中国住房改革的推进，封闭式社区已成为中国城市的普遍居住形式。在 COVID-19 大流行期间，这些封闭式社区成为了空间封锁的基本单位，因为它们提供了一种有效的手段来确保隔离控制，并为门后的居民提供基本的生活必需品，同时允许对 COVID-19 病例进行检测和计算。本研究的重点是上海顾村的经济适用型封闭社区，这些社区的居民都是相对弱势的家庭，他们也受到了 COVID-19 疫情的严重影响。我们以新制度主义为理论框架，研究了在 COVID-19 大流行之前和期间，负责管理这些社区的参与者所采用的正式和非正式规则。本文就疫情如何影响不同参与者的权力关系和治理实践、加强对这些城市边缘贫困人口的控制和支持提出了重要见解。最后，我们提出了国家通过其居民委员会在邻里治理中的强化存在是否会在大流行后的中国城市中持续下去的问题。

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引用次数: 0

Utilizing mobile phone big data to simulate the impact of park boundary openness on the accessibility 利用手机大数据模拟公园边界开放度对可达性的影响

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105547

Wenjing Li , Haoran Zhang , Wenzhou Liu , Jinyu Chen , Peiran Li , Hill Hiroki Kobayashi , Xuan Song , Ryosuke Shibasaki

The openness of a park's boundary is crucial in promoting accessibility to the park. However, there are few studies that have quantified the impact of park boundary openness on accessibility at the whole-city scale. Additionally, current assessments of urban park accessibility often overlook the actual spatial distribution of the population that utilizes park services. In this research, based on billions of GPS data records of Tokyo, Japan, we simulated the impact of park boundary openness on accessibility across various scenarios, considering the actual spatial distribution of the park visitor population across the entire city region. We analyzed the impact of park boundary openness on accessibility in different categories of parks and during different visitation times. Furthermore, we examined the marginal effect of improving park boundary openness. Our results show that park accessibility increase as the park boundary openness increase. Larger parks benefit more from an improvement in boundary openness, and visitors who live closer to parks also benefit more. Additionally, the marginal utility of boundary openness improvement decreases as the number of entrances to the park increases. Our research suggests operation strategies for park boundary openness specific to different park usage pattern should be considered and developed.

公园边界的开放性对于促进公园的可达性至关重要。然而，很少有研究对整个城市范围内公园边界的开放性对可达性的影响进行量化。此外，目前对城市公园可达性的评估往往忽略了使用公园服务的人口的实际空间分布。在这项研究中，我们基于日本东京的数十亿条 GPS 数据记录，模拟了公园边界开放度在各种情况下对可达性的影响，同时考虑了公园游客人口在整个城市区域的实际空间分布。我们分析了公园边界开放度对不同类别公园和不同游览时间的可达性的影响。此外，我们还研究了提高公园边界开放度的边际效应。结果表明，随着公园边界开放度的提高，公园的可达性也会提高。规模较大的公园从提高边界开放度中获益更多，而居住地离公园较近的游客也能从中获益更多。此外，改善边界开放度的边际效用会随着公园入口数量的增加而降低。我们的研究表明，应考虑并制定针对不同公园使用模式的公园边界开放度运营策略。

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引用次数: 0

Association of neighborhood food availability with housing price in inner Changsha, China before and after the COVID-19 epidemic COVID-19疫情前后中国长沙市内居民区食品供应与房价的关系

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105517

Ke Peng , Dongyang Mi , Feng Xu , Chaosu Li

The COVID-19 pandemic notably affected the retail food industry, leading us to ask which types of neighborhoods experienced a rise/decline in “unhealthy/healthy” food outlets following the pandemic. We decomposed neighborhood housing price into 2019 price and the changes since 2019 and examined the repeated cross-sectional associations of neighborhood food availability with housing price measures. Using boundaries of 1640 residential developments in inner Changsha, China, we analyzed food outlet counts within a 0.5-km radius of each development's centroid alongside housing prices and built environment characteristics. We used mixed effects linear regression models to estimate changes in, and differences between, the availability of five types of outlets within established and new developments. Established developments that had higher housing prices in 2019 had more late-night snack shops in 2019 and 2021 and fewer sit-down restaurants in 2021. Increasing housing prices were associated with fewer sit-down restaurants between 2017 and 2019 and more sit-down restaurants between 2019 and 2021 around established developments. Low housing prices might promote availability of “healthy” foods at sit-down restaurants and thereby partly protect residents from high calorie-high fat diets. Community understanding of changes and differences in food availability can provide food resilience against future risks.

COVID-19 大流行对食品零售业产生了显著影响，因此我们想知道在大流行之后，哪些类型的社区经历了 "不健康/健康 "食品店的增加/减少。我们将社区住房价格分解为 2019 年的价格和 2019 年以来的变化，并研究了社区食品供应与住房价格措施的重复横截面关联。利用中国长沙市内1640个住宅小区的边界，我们分析了每个小区中心半径0.5公里范围内的食品店数量以及房价和建筑环境特征。我们使用混合效应线性回归模型来估算老旧楼盘和新建楼盘内五类餐饮店供应量的变化和差异。2019 年房价较高的成熟开发项目在 2019 年和 2021 年拥有更多的夜宵店，而 2021 年则拥有较少的餐馆。房价上涨与 2017 年至 2019 年期间成熟楼盘周围的小餐馆数量减少以及 2019 年至 2021 年期间小餐馆数量增加有关。低房价可能会促进就餐餐馆提供 "健康 "食品，从而在一定程度上保护居民免受高热量、高脂肪饮食的影响。社区了解食品供应的变化和差异，可以提供抵御未来风险的食品。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of land governance and ownership regimes on public green spaces in East African cities: The case of Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) and Kampala (Uganda) 土地治理和所有权制度对东非城市公共绿地的影响：亚的斯亚贝巴（埃塞俄比亚）和坎帕拉（乌干达）的案例

IF 6 1区经济学 Q1 URBAN STUDIES

Cities

Pub Date : 2024-10-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2024.105539

Tilahun Mulatu , Larissa Larsen , Kumilachew Yeshitella

Rapid urbanization is exacerbating the loss of public green spaces in many East African cities; however, little research has investigated how different urban governance practices and land tenure systems may influence green space protection. Scholars have argued that polycentric green space governance approaches and diversified land ownership regimes would lead to better protection of public green spaces. This research examines these theories by comparing two East African cities: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Kampala, Uganda. In Addis Ababa, there is a polycentric governance structure, and all public green spaces are state-owned. In Kampala, there is a monocentric governance structure and public green spaces are divided among three land tenure systems (private, communal, and state ownership). We conducted in-depth interviews with 26 stakeholders, from all tiers of government administration including decision-makers, experts, and community representatives. The interviews identified three core factors (inefficient and unenforceable legal framework, limited green space planning and implementation, poor human and financial capacity) and two supporting factors (informal decision-making process and unbalanced power relationships) leading to the gradual loss of public green spaces in both cities. While we did not find evidence to support the superiority of a polycentric governance model relative to a monocentric one, we found evidence that the presence of different land tenure systems may enhance public green space protection. Our research findings provide a more nuanced understanding of how institutional governance, green space planning strategies, and the system of land tenure contribute to the loss of public green spaces in East African cities.

快速城市化加剧了东非许多城市公共绿地的丧失；然而，很少有研究调查不同的城市治理实践和土地所有权制度会如何影响绿地保护。学者们认为，多中心绿地治理方法和多样化的土地所有权制度会更好地保护公共绿地。本研究通过比较两个东非城市来研究这些理论：埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴和乌干达坎帕拉。亚的斯亚贝巴采用多中心治理结构，所有公共绿地均为国有。在坎帕拉，实行的是单中心治理结构，公共绿地被划分为三种土地保有制度（私有、共有和国有）。我们对 26 名利益相关者进行了深入访谈，他们来自各级政府管理部门，包括决策者、专家和社区代表。访谈发现了导致这两个城市公共绿地逐渐丧失的三个核心因素（低效且无法执行的法律框架、有限的绿地规划和实施、较差的人力和财力）和两个辅助因素（非正式的决策过程和不平衡的权力关系）。虽然我们没有找到证据支持多中心治理模式优于单中心治理模式，但我们发现有证据表明，不同土地所有权体系的存在可能会加强对公共绿地的保护。我们的研究结果让我们对东非城市的机构治理、绿地规划战略和土地保有制度如何导致公共绿地丧失有了更细致的了解。

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引用次数: 0

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